Ultra Low Power Energy Harvesting Devices

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Ultra Low Power Energy Harvesting Devices
Published on June 2010

Report Summary

Ultra-low power energy harvesters, or micro energy scavengers, are small electromechanical devices which harvest ambient energy
and convert it into electricity. Energy scavengers can harvest different types of energies. Solar energy can be harvested with
photovoltaic solar cells, thermal energy can be harvested with thermoelectric generators, mechanical energy can be harvested with
piezoelectric, electromagnetic or electrostatic converters, and finally, electromagnetic energy can be harvested through RF
resonators.

Energy harvesting and power management integrated circuits (ICs) are in a position to enable the commercial rollout of the next
generation of low power electronic devices and systems. Low power devices are being deployed for wireless as well as wired
systems, such as mesh networks, sensor and control systems, and micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS). Applications include
home automation, building automation, industrial process/automated meter reading, medical, military, automotive tire pressure
sensors, radio frequency identification (RFID) and others.

Battery maintenance and replacement are often cited as the biggest reason to use energy harvesting. The first markets for these new
technologies have been applications where batteries are problematic, such as building and home automation, military and avionic
devices, communications and location devices, and transportation.

Wireless sensor systems are emerging as a key technology for future remote environmental monitoring in both internal and external
environments. Ultra-low power energy harvesting is an important emerging area of low power technology that can provide energy to
wireless sensor networks, utilizing the vibrations inherent in structures, vehicles and machinery to create power or harvest energy, as
well as solar or heat or human motions that can drive sensors and switches, eliminating the need for wires and batteries

Ultra-low power energy harvesting, however, is the only current option where long term, 'fit and forget,' autonomous powering of
wireless sensor nodes is the vision. Energy harvesting is a natural complement to ultra-low powering, including wireless mesh sensor
networks.

STUDY GOAL AND OBJECTIVES

The coming decade will see the rapid emergence of low-cost, intelligent, wireless switches and wireless sensors and their widespread
deployment throughout our environment. While wearable systems will operate over communications ranges of less than a meter,
building management systems will operate with inter-nodal communications ranges on the order of meters to tens of meters, and
remote environmental monitoring systems will require communications systems and associated energy systems that will allow reliable
operation over kilometers. Autonomous power should allow wireless sensor nodes to operate in a 'deploy and forget' mode. The use
of rechargeable battery technology is problematic due to battery lifetime issues related to node power budget, battery self-discharge,
number of recharge cycles and long-term environmental impact. Duty cycling of wireless sensor nodes with long 'sleep' times
minimizes energy usage. A case study of a multi-sensor, wireless building management system operating on the Zigbee protocol
demonstrates that, even with a one-minute cycle time for an 864ms 'active' mode, the sensor module is already in sleep mode for
almost 99% of the time. For a 20-minute cycle time, the energy utilization in sleep mode exceeds the active mode energy by almost a
factor of three and thus dominates the module's energy utilization, thereby providing the ultimate limit to the lifetime of the power

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system.

The report reviews the various energy harvesting technologies currently available or under development. These include mechanical
(electromagnetic, piezoelectric and electrostatic), light (indoor and solar), thermal, electromagnetic flux, and human power. Each suits
only certain application scenarios, and some have yet to produce useful amounts of energy for practical application.

The study identifies and, where possible, describes the main commercial and academic centers of expertise in developing energy
harvesting technologies. The emphasis here is on the UK and Europe, although others are identified. Although it is a small sector that
is dominated by academics and very small companies, this is an area where Europe leads in practical application as well as
technology development. A list of key patents is compiled to show which organizations are claiming related intellectual property in the
field.

REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY

Supplying power to a network of sensor-transmitters has traditionally required expensive wiring installation or routine battery changes.
Gathering data from difficult or dangerous-to-reach locations using wired sensors may be impossible and may even compromise the
safety of personnel while installing wiring and replacing batteries. A perpetual power source is essential for many wireless sensor
network (WSN) applications. Energy harvesting technologies are on the verge of new breakthroughs with energy storage, and they
are being paired with ultra-low power chipsets as well as plug-and-play software.

While still in an early phase, energy harvesting devices, which translate abundant sources of energy such as light, heat and
mechanical into electrical energy, are rapidly being integrated with wireless sensor technologies. By 2011, there will be 150M to 200M
wireless sensors being used in factory automation, process and environmental control, security, medicine, and condition-based
maintenance, as well as in defense applications and intelligence gathering. Such wireless sensor systems will:

' require numerous individual devices (known as nodes or motes) to provide comprehensive monitoring capability;
' be located in inaccessible places much of the time; and
' have to operate with long intervals between scheduled maintenance. Periodic maintenance, such as replacing batteries, would
clearly increase operating costs, and could be inconvenient, at best, if it required interruption of a continuous process.

There is clearly a need to develop an energy source that can last years with little or no maintenance.

With all these developments, iRAP felt the need to conduct thorough technology, industry and market analyses of ultra-low power
energy harvesting for WSNs.

CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE STUDY

The growing opportunity for developing 'zero power' applications stems from exponential trends in three separate technologies. First,
each new generation of wireless sensors, or microcontrollers, can accomplish much more for much less power. Second, wireless
networking is evolving radios and protocols that carry increasing amounts of information at decreasing power levels. Finally, the ability
to capture and utilize minute amounts of power by various means has expanded dramatically. This harvesting ability has now
surpassed the falling power demands for many small systems, opening the door to myriad possibilities.

The report targets two types of ultra-low power energy harvesting devices ' wireless switches for building automation and wireless
sensor networks. It analyzes the worldwide markets for ultra-low power energy harvesting for these devices using several
technologies ' electromagnetic, vibration to electricity, heat to electricity, solar to electricity and radio frequency to electricity ' and



covering six applications ' wireless sensor networks (WSNs), building automation (wireless, battery-less, low-power switches in big
commercial buildings), automotives (tire pressure monitoring systems, or TPMSs), medical uses such as body area networks (BANs);
precision agriculture; and consumer electronics and IT peripherals. Information and projections are for the period from 2009 to 2014.

This iRAP report focuses on market data and analysis of the growing market for energy harvesting and next-generation storage
solutions, specifically for wireless switches and wireless sensor networking.

The report provides the most thorough and up-to-date assessment that can be found anywhere on the subject. The study also
provides extensive quantification of the many important facets of market developments in the emerging markets of ultra-low power
energy harvesting for WSNs. This, in turn, contributes to the determination of what kind of strategic response suppliers may adopt in
order to compete in this dynamic market.

SCOPE AND FORMAT

The market data contained in this report quantify opportunities for ultra-low power energy harvesting for wireless switches and WSNs.
In addition to product types, it also covers the many issues concerning the merits and future prospects of ultra-low power energy
harvesting for WSNs, including corporate strategies and the means for providing these highly advanced products and service
offerings. It also covers, in detail, the economic and technological issues regarded by many as critical to the industry's current state of
change.

The report provides separate comprehensive analyses for the U.S., Japan, western Europe, China, Korea, and the rest of the world.
Annual forecasts are provided for each region for the period 2009 through 2014. Cost analysis of ultra-low power energy harvesting
for WSNs is provided. Global patent activity and market competition and dynamics in the new technology are also targeted in the
report. The report profiles 30 companies, including many key and niche players worldwide, as technology providers and raw material
suppliers to ultra-low power energy harvesting for WSNs product manufacturers.

TO WHOM THE STUDY CATERS

This study would benefit existing original equipment manufacturing (OEM) companies involved in wireless switches and 'the WSN
business as suppliers or potential suppliers and clients looking for ultra-low power energy harvesting devices as alternate power
solutions to the conventional battery in a fit-and-forget environment.

This study provides a technical overview of ultra-low power energy harvesting for wireless switches and WSNs, especially recent
technology developments and existing barriers. Therefore, audiences for this study include marketing executives, business unit
managers and other decision makers in the market, as well as those in companies peripheral to this business.

Because the report also analyzes the strategies and prospects of leading firms active in this space, it will be of interest to:

' firms in the spaces who want to understand the next wave of opportunities and how low power energy harvesting will impact them
in the future;

' advanced materials, components and sub-contract manufacturing companies who need to analyze the potential for selling their
products and services into the low power energy harvesting segment; and

' investment bankers, venture capitalists and private equity investors who need a realistic appraisal of the revenue potential and
timeframes associated with low power energy harvesting technologies based on nanostructured materials.



REPORT SUMMARY

Recent developments in energy harvesting and autonomous sensing mean that it is now possible to power wireless sensors solely
from energy harvested from the environment. Clearly, this is dependent on sufficient environmental energy such as vibration, heat
and light being present. It is also possible to transfer energy wirelessly to nodes by means of effects such as electromagnetic
induction (as used in wireless switches). Energy harvesting is a developing technology area, and prominent technologies facilitate the
generation of electricity from electromagnetic induction, electricity from light (photo-voltaics), vibration (vibration energy harvesting) or
thermal gradients (thermo-electrics). The intermittent nature of many environmental energy sources means that viable devices must
harvest energy from their operating environment when possible, and buffer excess energy in some kind of energy storage system
such as thin-film batteries or supercapacitors.

The confluence of multiple technologies (low power micro-controllers and radios, sophisticated power management, better batteries,
practical energy harvesting, and robust networking protocols) has enabled these wireless sensor network (WSN) projects to work in
real-world situations to solve real-world problems.

Energy harvesting techniques can deliver energy densities of 7.5 mW/cm2 from outdoor solar, 100 µW/cm2 from indoor lighting, 100
µW/cm 2 from vibrational energy and 60 µW/cm2 from thermal energy typically found in building environments. A truly autonomous,
'deploy and forget,' battery-less system can be achieved by scaling the energy harvesting system to provide all of the system needs.

Energy harvesting is now commercially viable technology. This is because the necessary lower power electronics and more efficient
energy gathering and storage methods are now sufficiently affordable, reliable and longer lived for a huge number of applications,
especially WSN, to be practicable.

Successfully applied energy harvesting makes very real the prospect of small electronics systems, such as wireless sensors that are
self-powered, maintenance-free, and virtually unrestricted in their placement. With careful power management and energy efficient
design, developers can now effectively address applications that were totally impractical only a few years ago. This is just the
beginning, as reducing power needs and increasing harvesting options perpetually broaden the range of possibilities.

The 2009 market was estimated to be about $79.5 million. In spite of the recession, iRAP estimates that the market will reach $1,254
million in 2014, for an average annual growth rate (AAGR) of 73.6%.

Other major findings of this report are:

Electromagnetic energy harvesting kits will have the highest market share. Vibration-to-energy harvesting kits have a much smaller
market share. Thermoelectric generators (TEG), photo-voltaic EH, and radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting will have a combined
market share of less than 6% in 2009.

Among the five markets, the potential market for energy harvesting based on wireless sensors and switches in buildings alone is in
several billion pieces per year with a market share of over 90% in 2009.

Although starting with low numbers in 2009, the markets for energy harvesting (EH) devices and wireless sensors used in multiple
applications such as WSNs (industrial machinery, agriculture, structural health monitoring), tire pressure monitoring systems and
medical related market such as body area network (BAN) would reach sizable numbers by 2014.

In 2009, the European market share is highest followed by North America, Japan, China, and the rest of the world (ROW).

In 2014, the Europe market share will remain highest, despite a slight share decrease followed by North America. However, China will
take over Japan to reach the third place by 2014.



Table of Content

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION I
STUDY GOAL AND OBJECTIVES II
REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY III
CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE STUDY III
SCOPE AND FORMAT IV
METHODOLOGY V
INFORMATION SOURCES V
WHOM THE STUDY CATERS TO VI
AUTHOR'S CREDENTIALS VII
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY VIII
SUMMARY TABLE GLOBAL MARKET FOR ULTRA-LOW POWER ENERGY HARVESTING DEVICES BY TECHNOLOGY,
THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) IX
SUMMARY FIGURE GLOBAL MARKET FOR ULTRA-LOW POWER ENERGY HARVESTING DEVICES BY TECHNOLOGY, 2009
AND 2014 ($ MILLIONS) IX
INDUSTRY OVERVIEW 1
INDUSTRY OVERVIEW (CONTINUED) 2
MANUFACTURERS 3
TABLE 1 ULTRA-LOW POWER ENERGY HARVESTING DEVICE SUPPLIERS 4
TABLE 1 ULTRA-LOW POWER ENERGY HARVESTING DEVICE SUPPLIERS (CONTINUED) 5
TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW 6
TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW (CONTINUED) 7
TABLE 2 COMPARISON OF POWER CONSUMPTION OF DEVICES WITH RATINGS OF µWS TO WATTS 8
TABLE 3 CHARACTERSTICS OF VARIOUS ENERGY SOURCES AVAILABLE IN AMBIENT AND HARVESTED POWER 9
FIGURE 1 COMPARISION OF LIFETIME VERSUS POWER CONSUMPTION FOR SEVERAL ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS 10
ENERGY HARVESTING DEVICES 11
ENERGY FROM VIBRATION AND MOVEMENT 11
TABLE 4 DIFFERENTIATION IN ELECTROSTATIC V/S PIEZOELECTRIC V/S ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY HARVESTING
CONCEPTS 12
TABLE 5 COMMERCIAL MODELS OF ENERGY HARVESTING DEVICES ( PIEZO GENERATORS/ELECTROMAGNETIC
BASED)AVAILABLE IN 2009 13
TABLE 5 (CONTINUED) 14
POWER FROM HUMAN MOVEMENT AND ELECTROMAGNETIC SWITCHES 16
THERMAL ENERGY HARVESTING 17
TABLE 6 COMMERCIAL MODELS OF THERMO-ELECTRIC GENERATORS AVAILABLE IN 2009 18
SOLAR ENERGY HARVESTING 19
TABLE 7 COMMERCIAL MODELS OF LOW POWER SOLAR ENERGY HARVESTING DEVICES AVAILABLE IN 2009 20



RADIO FREQUENCY (RF) ENERGY HARVESTING 21
TABLE 8 COMMERCIAL MODELS OF RF ENERGY HARVESTING DEVICE AVAILABLE IN 2009 22
MICROPOWER MANAGEMENT 23
MATERIALS USED IN ENERGY HARVESTING 24
TABLE 9 MATERIALS USED IN ULTRA-LOW POWER ENERGY HARVESTING DEVICES IN 2009 24
APPLICATIONS 30
WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS (WSNS) 30
CASE STUDY: WIRELESS SENSOR DEPLOYMENT IN REMOTE ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING 30
TABLE 10 SENSOR SPECIFICATIONS FOR A PROTOTYPE OF A REMOTE, WIRELESS WATER QUALITY MONITORING
SYSTEM 31
TABLE 11 ESTIMATED ENERGY BUDGET FOR REMOTE ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING SYSTEM 32
BUILDING AUTOMATION 33
CASE STUDY: WIRELESS SENSOR DEPLOYMENT IN BUILDING MANAGEMENT 35
TABLE 12 SENSOR SPECIFICATIONS FOR A WIRELESS MODULE IN A BUILDING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 36
TABLE 13 DATA FOR THE CALCULATED ENERGY BUDGET FOR WIRELESS SENSOR SYSTEM IN OPERATION AND IN
SLEEP MODE 37
TABLE 14 ENERGY BUDGET FOR A WIRELESS SENSOR SYSTEM CYCLE TIME FROM 1 SECOND TO 24 HOURS 38
FIGURE 2 DAILY ENERGY CONSUMED FROM STORAGE V/S DUTY CYCLE (CASE STUDY 2) 39
FIGURE 3 COMPARISION OF ENERGY HARVESTER DIMENSIONS (SOLAR, THERMAL AND VIBRATION) V/S A GIVEN DUTY
CYCLE (%) 40
CASE STUDY: WIRELESS SWITCH 41
AUTOMOTIVES ' TIRE PRESSURE MONITORING SYSTEM (TPMS) 42
MEDICAL RELATED USES SUCH AS BODY AREA NETWORK (BAN) 42
WSN IN INDOOR APPLICATIONS 43
FIGURE 4 PATIENT REMOTE HEALTH MONITORING 44
PRECISION AGRICULTURE 44
CONSUMER ELECTRONICS AND ITS PERIPHERALS 45
INDUSTRY STRUCTURE 46
TABLE 15 MAJOR SUPPLIERS OF MACRO-LEVEL (CM3) ENERGY HARVESTING KITS AND PRODUCT LAUNCH STATUS 47
TABLE 16 MAJOR SUPPLIERS OF MICRO-LEVEL (MM3) ENERGY HARVESTING KITS AND PRODUCT LAUNCH STATUS 48
INDUSTRY STRUCTURE (CONTINUED) 49
COMPANY ALLIANCES 50
TABLE 17 COMPANY ALLIANCES IN 2009 50
PRICE ANALYSIS OF ULTRA-LOW POWER ENERGY HARVESTING KITS 52
SWITCHES 52
SENSORS 52
SENSORS (CONTINUED) 53
FIGURE 5 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A TYPICAL VIBRATION ENERGY HARVESTER 54
TABLE 18 COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE MODELS OF LOW POWER ENERGY HARVESTING KITS AND PRICES IN 2009 55
WIRED VS. WIRELESS ' COST AND RELIABILITY 56
GLOBAL MARKET AND REGIONAL MARKET SHARES 57
TABLE 19 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE/SHARE FOR ULTRA-LOW POWER ENERGY HARVESTING POWER SOURCE ELEMENTS
FOR WIRELESS SWITCHES AND WIRELESS SENSORS, 2009 58
TABLE 20 PROJECTED GLOBAL MARKET SIZE/SHARE FOR ULTRA-LOW POWER ENERGY HARVESTING SOURCE
ELEMENTS FOR WIRELESS SWITCHES AND SENSORS, 2014 59



TABLE 21 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE/PERCENTAGE SHARE FOR ULTRA-LOW POWER ENERGY HARVESTING DEVICES USED
FOR WIRELESS SWITCHES AND WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS BY APPLICATION, 2009 AND 2014 ($MILLIONS) 60
FIGURE 6 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR ULTRA-LOW POWER ENERGY HARVESTING DEVICES USED FOR WIRELESS
SWITCHES AND WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS BY APPLICATION 2009 AND 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 61
TABLE 22 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR ULTRA-LOW POWER ENERGY HARVESTING DEVICES TO POWER WIRELESS
SENSOR NETWORKS, 2009 AND 2014 62
MARKET ACCORDING TO TECHNOLOGY 63
TABLE 23 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND SHARE FOR ULTRA-LOW POWER ENERGY HARVESTING DEVICES USED FOR
WIRELESS SWITCHES AND WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS ACCORDING TO TECHNOLOGY, 2009 AND 2014 63
FIGURE 7 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR ULTRA-LOW POWER ENERGY HARVESTING DEVICES USED FOR WIRELESS
SWITCHES AND WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS BY TECHNOLOGY, 2009 AND 2014 ($ MILLION) 64
MARKET FOR ULTRA-LOW POWER ENERGY HARVESTING KITS BY PHYSICAL SIZE 65
TABLE 24 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE/PERCENTAGE SHARE FOR ULTRA-LOW POWER ENERGY HARVESTING DEVICES BY
SIZE, 2009 AND 2014 65
FIGURE 8 MARKET FOR ULTRA-LOW POWER ENERGY HARVESTERS BY SIZE 66
MARKET FOR ULTRA-LOW POWER ENRGY HARVESTERS BY REGION 67
TABLE 25 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE/PERCENTAGE SHARE FOR ULTRA-LOW POWER ENERGY HARVESTING DEVICES BY
REGION, 2009 AND 2014 67
FIGURE 9 MARKET SHARE FOR ULTRA-LOW POWER ENERGY HARVESTERS BY REGION 68
PATENTS AND PATENT ANALYSIS 69
U.S. PATENTS IN ULTRA-LOW POWER ENERGY HARVESTING DEVICES FOR WIRELESS NETWORKNG 69
ENERGY HARVESTING APPARATUS AND METHOD 69
STRAIN ENERGY SHUTTLE APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR VIBRATION ENERGY HARVESTING 69
ENERGY HARVESTING TECHNIQUE TO SUPPORT REMOTE WIRELESS MEMS RF SENSORS 70
MECHANICAL VIBRATION TO ELECTRICAL ENERGY CONVERTER 70
ENERGY HARVESTING DEVICES 71
BROADBAND ENERGY HARVESTER APPARATUS AND METHOD 71
ENERGY HARVESTING FOR WIRELESS SENSOR OPERATION AND DATA TRANSMISSION 71
BROADBAND ENERGY HARVESTER APPARATUS AND METHOD 72
SYSTEM TO MONITOR THE HEALTH OF A STRUCTURE, SENSOR NODES, PROGRAM PRODUCT, AND RELATED METHOD
72
ELECTROMECHANICAL GENERATOR FOR, AND METHOD OF, CONVERTING MECHANICAL VIBRATIONAL ENERGY INTO
ELECTRICAL ENERGY 73
HUMAN POWERED PIEZOELECTRIC POWER GENERATING DEVICE 73
POWER GENERATION UTILIZING TIRE PRESSURE CHANGES 73
SHAFT MOUNTED ENERGY HARVESTING FOR WIRELESS SENSOR OPERATION AND DATA TRANSMISSION 74
DEVICE FOR CONVERTING MECHANICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY 74
HIGH EFFICIENCY VIBRATION ENERGY HARVESTER 74
ENERGY HARVESTING SYSTEM, APPARATUS AND METHOD 75
AUTONOMOUS POWER SOURCE 75
APPARATUS FOR SUPPLYING POWER TO A SENSOR 75
ENERGY-AUTONOMOUS ELECTROMECHANICAL WIRELESS SWITCH 76
DEVICE FOR CONVERTING MECHANICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY 76
HIGH EFFICIENCY PASSIVE PIEZO ENERGY HARVESTING APPARATUS 76
PATENT ANALYSIS 77
TABLE 26 NUMBER OF U.S. PATENTS GRANTED TO COMPANIES FOR ULTRA-LOW POWER ENERGY HARVESTING
DEVICES FROM 2005 THROUGH JULY 2009 77
FIGURE 10 ILLUSTRATION OF U.S. PATENTS GRANTED TO TOP COMPANIES FOR ULTRA-LOW POWER ENERGY



HARVESTING DEVICES FROM 2005 THROUGH JULY 2009 78
INTERNATIONAL OVERVIEW OF U.S. PATENT ACTIVITY IN LOW POWER ENEGY HARVESTING DEVICES 78
TABLE 27 NUMBER OF U.S. PATENTS GRANTED BY ASSIGNED COUNTRY/REGION FOR LOW POWER ENERGY
HARVESTING DEVICES FROM 2005 THROUGH JULY 2009 79
IMPORTANT SELECTED WORLD PATENTS 79
WO/2008/124762 ENERGY HARVESTING FROM MULTIPLE PIEZOELECTRIC SOURCES 79
GB0902395.3 80
WO/2004/030948 TELEMETRY UNIT 80
WO/2004/030950 POWER CONSUMPTION PROTOCOL 81
COMPANY PROFILES 82
ADAPTIVENERGY 82
ADVANCED CERAMETRICS, INC. 83
ADVANCED LINEAR DEVICES, INC. 83
AMBIENT MICRO, LLC 84
AMBIOSYSTEMS LLC 84
ANALOG DEVICES, INC. 84
ARVENI 85
ASTRI 85
CERAMTEC AG 85
CONTINENTAL TEVES AG & CO. 86
CROSSBOW TECHNOLOGY, INC. 86
CYMBET' CORPORATION 87
ENOCEAN ALLIANCE 87
EOPLEX TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 88
ETV CORPORATION PTY LIMITED 89
FERRO SOLUTIONS, INC. 89
FUJI CERAMICS 89
GREENPEAK TECHNOLOGIES NV 90
HOLST CENTRE 90
IMEC 91
INFINITE POWER SOLUTIONS 91
INTEL CORPORATION 91
KCF TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 92
LUMEDYNE TECHNOLOGIES INC. 92
MICROPELT GMBH 92
MICROSTRAIN, INC. 93
MIDE TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION 93
MILLENNIAL NET, INC. 94
NEXTREME THERMAL SOLUTIONS, INC. 94
OMRON MANAGEMENT CENTER OF AMERICA, INC. 95
PEHA 95
PERPETUUM 96
PIEZO SYSTEMS, INC. 96
PIEZOTAG LTD. 97
POWERCAST CORPORATION 97
POWERFILM, INC. 98
SANYO ELECTRIC CO., LTD. 98
SCHRADER ELECTRONICS LTD. 99



SENSOR DYNAMICS AG 99
SMART MATERIAL GMBH 100
SOLAR WORLD INC 100
THERMO LIFE® ENERGY CORP. LABORATORY 101
TEXAS INSTRUMENTS INC 101
TPL, INC. 102
TRANSENSE TECHNOLOGIES PLC 102
TYNDALL INSTITUTE 103
ANNEXURE A TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS AND SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS FOR LOW COST, LOW POWER, LOW RATE
WIRELESS PERSONAL AREA NETWORK (LR-WPAN) AND ZIGBEE 104
TABLE 28 COMPARISON OF LR-WPAN WITH OTHER WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES 104
ANNEXURE A (CONTINUED) 105
ZIGBEE 106
ZIGBEE TECHNOLOGY CONTENT AND FEATURES 106
ANNEXURE B GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST BY OTHER COMPANIES 107
TABLE 29 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST BY OTHER COMPANIES 107


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