Uneak White's Personal Brand Exploration Presentation
12.4 Campo
1. Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità
Exposure to PAHs in subjects living in
the vicinity of a solid waste incinerator
Laura Campoa, Silvia Fustinonia, Laura Erspamera, Andrea Ranzib, Giulia Gattic, Petra
Elisabeth Bechtoldc, Carlo Alberto Goldonic, Pier Alberto Bertazzia, Paolo Lauriolab
aDepartment
of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan and Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda
Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; bEnvironmental Health Reference Centre, Regional Agency for
Environmental Prevention of Emilia-Romagna, Modena, Italy; cDepartment of Public Health, Local Health Unit,
Modena, Italy
2. Introduction
• Some studies have suggested associations between solid waste
incinerator (SWI) emissions and health effects, particularly
adverse impacts on reproduction and cancer.
Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità
• Epidemiological evidences are weak (lack of exposure
information, use of surrogate measurements, and difficulty in
controlling for potential confounding factors).
• Concern over the sustainability of the process of solid waste
management by incineration, and putative health effects, has
grown, especially for the general populations living in proximity
to these plants.
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3. Introduction
Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità
• The European Directive 2000/76/EC of the European
Parliament and the Council on the Incineration of Waste
enforces preventive measures to prevent or reduce
negative effects to the environment, as well as to human
health which might arise from incineration and coincineration of waste.
• In order to meet the enforceable requirements of these
regulations, SWI technology has evolved over time,
particularly in terms of emissions control.
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4. Introduction
• Both inorganic and organic chemicals have been identified
in SWI emissions, among which polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs).
• Several PAHs have been classified as carcinogenic to
humans (IARC) and exposure to PAHs has been associated
with negative reproductive, neurodevelopmental, and
cardiovascular effects.
CO
Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità
dioxins
PAHs
VOC
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NOx
PM
SOx
CO2
metals
furans
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5. Aim of the study
Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità
To investigate PAH exposure in subjects living near a
SWI by biological monitoring.
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6. Methods. The study
Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità
The study was conducted between May and June 2010, in Modena
(Italy), a medium-sized town (180,000 residents) located in EmiliaRomagna region.
This study is part of the “Moniter Study” (http://www.arpa.emr.it/moniter/)
aimed to study the impact of the eight SWI present in this region on the health
of the resident population.
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7. Methods. Subjects
General population subjects
• Exposed: living and
working within 4 km from
the incinerator
Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità
• Unexposed: living and
working outside this area,
within a 15 km distance
from the incinerator
Subjects
Number
Age
Male (%)
BMI
kg/cm2
Smokers (%)
Exposed
65
48.2±6.2
44.6
25.4±4.1
23.1
Unexposed
103
48.1±6.8
44.7
25.6±4.6
22.3
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8. Methods. Subjects
For each subject:
Questionnaire on personal and professional characteristics,
residential history, health status and life-style (smoking, diet)
Smoking habit characterization (urinary cotinine analysis)
Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità
Quantification of 10 urinary PAHs (U-PAHs)
Quantification of urinary BTEX and SPMA
Quantification of blood Pb, Cd, and Hg; serum Cu and Zn; urinary
Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Mn, and Ni
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9. Methods. Environmental exposure variables
In addition to the binary classification (exposed vs. unexposed), two
other exposure variables were used:
Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità
1. the distance of each subject’s residence from the incinerator
(linear distance from each individual geo-referenced location of
residences to the SWI)
2. the average personal exposure to SWI particulate matter (PM,
ng/m3) calculated by simulation models taking in account the
concentration values provided by fall-out pollution maps for a
period of 30 days prior to the sampling date
PM = 8/24 PMwork+ 16/24 PMresidence
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10. Methods. U-PAH quantification
Measurement of 10 PAHs (from naphthalene to chrysene) in the
presence of 7 deuterated analogues as internal standards by
SPME-GC-MS
Sampling
Analysis
GC - MS
Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità
SPME
within-run precision: <20%
between-run precision: <20%
accuracy: 91-120%
LOQ: 0.5-5.4 ng/L
[Campo et al., Anal Bioanal Chem (2011)]
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11. Results 1. Environmental exposure
Exposed vs. Unexposed
5.5
2.9
PM (ng/m3)
Unexposed
Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità
Exposed
0.87
Exposed
1.02
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PM (ng/m3)
Distance (Km)
Unexposed
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12. Results 2. Presence of U-PAHs in samples
• U-PAHs above the LOQ in 6% (Acy) to
100% (Nap and Phe) of samples
• Ace, Ant, BaA and Chr were
more frequently detected in
exposed subjects (p<0.05)
• Nap, Flu, Phe, Ant and Pyr detected in
more than 50% of samples
Exposed
100
Unexposed
90
% samples >LOQ
Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Nap
Acy
Ace
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Flu
Phe
Ant
Pyr
Flt
BaA
Chr
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13. Results 3. Relative abundance
100
exposed
90
Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità
Relative abundance
unexposed
80
70
60
50
40
4-ring PAHs ≈ 3%
3-ring PAHs ≈ 16%
30
20
10
0
Nap Acy
Ace
Flu
Phe
Ant
Pyr
Flt
BaA Chr
Nap
Median levels (ng/L)
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Flu
Phe
Ant
Pyr
36.7
1.46
6.0
<0.5
1.1
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14. Results 4. U-PAH levels (ng/L)
Ant
Phe
0.8
9.5
7.2
<0.5
Unexposed
Exposed
Unexposed
Exposed
Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità
Pyr
1.3
Unexposed
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1.7
Ratio exposed/Unexposed:
• Phe: 1.15
• Ant: 1.81
• Pyr: 1.27
Exposed
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15. Results 5. Multivariate linear regression analysis
• Dependent variables: U-PAHs
• Independent variables: different exposure indices
Flu
Phe
Ant
Pyr
Exposed vs. unexposed (ref.)
Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità
Nap
-0.16*
ns
ns
0.38**
ns
Distance from SWI
ns
-0.24**
-0.13**
-0.18**
-0.12**
PM exposure
ns
0.11**
0.04*
ns
ns
**= p<0.05>; *= p<0.1; ns= not significant
Models were corrected for smoking, diet, and traffic exposure
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16. Results 6. Effect of distance from SWI
Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità
Flu
Phe
Ant
Pyr
The exposure to selected PAHs, measured
by biological monitoring, is higher for
subjects living closer to the SWI.
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17. Results 7. Effect of PM exposure
Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità
Flu
Phe
The exposure to selected PAHs, measured by biological
monitoring, is higher for subjects exposed to higher levels of PM
emissions from the SWI
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18. Conclusion 1. Quantification of U-PAHs
• Nap (IARC 2B) has been found in all study subjects, while
BaA and Chr (IARC 2B) were found in 20% of exposed
subjects.
• Phe, Ant, and Pyr were higher in exposed subjects.
Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità
• Ace, Ant, BaA and Chr were at a measureable levels in a
higher percentage of exposed subjects.
The simultaneous quantification of several
U-PAHs gives the possibility to obtain both
the urinary excretion profiles and the
assessment
of
exposure
to
specific
compounds.
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19. Conclusions 2. Exposure to SWI emissions
• Our results strongly suggest that SWI is a significant source
of PAHs to the study population.
Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità
• In previous studies, exposure to PAHs from SWI, measured
by 1-hydroxypyrene, did not result significant.
• The measurement of U-PAHs permitted to highlight PAH
exposure from SWI for the first time.
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20. On-going research
• “Biomonitoring of the general population living near a
modern waste incinerator: a pilot study in Modena, Italy”
(Ranzi et al.), submitted to Environment International.
Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità
• On-going study: recruited 500 subjects living near the same
SWI and samples collected.
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21. Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità
Exposure to PAHs in subjects living in
the vicinity of a solid waste incinerator
Laura Campoa, Silvia Fustinonia, Laura Erspamera, Andrea Ranzib, Giulia Gattic, Petra
Elisabeth Bechtoldc, Carlo Alberto Goldonic, Pier Alberto Bertazzia, Paolo Lauriolab