In recent years, shrimp culture has become one of the most important aquaculture industries in the world. Current production levels reach over three million tonnes per year, corresponding to a market volume of over US$10 billion (FAO 2008).

1. May | June 2011
Feature title: Maturation diets for shrimp – Is there alternative to natural food?
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2. F: Maturation diets F: Maturation diets
Table 1: Comparison between traditional (control) fresh/frozen food and formulated semi-moist diet
Nauplii/
Treatment Days %Mort/day Avg. SR/day Total spawns Egg/Female Female % Hatch Total Nauplii
Control 124 0.09 3.34% 602 179,364 154,364 86 92,860,000
NutraFeed 124 0.05 4.74 849 186,266 160,188 86 136,000,000
Maturation diets for shrimp
Difference 44.4% 29.5% 29.1% 3.7% 3.7% 0% 46.5%
the biggest shrimp producers in the world. References performance of reciprocally crossed wild-caught
The results (see Table 1) showed signifi- and tank reared Penaeus monodon broodstock.
– Is there alternative to natural food?
Anh, N. T. N., Hoa, N. V., Van Stappen, G., and
cant performance improvements when the Aquaculture 252, 372–384.
Sorgeloos, P. 2008. Effect of different supplemental
broodstock fed on NutraFeed® semi-moist feeds on proximate composition and Artemia Gandy, R. L., Samocha, T. M., Masser, M. P., Fox, J. M.,
diet. biomass production in salt ponds. Aquaculture, Ali, S. A. M., Gatlin III, D. M., and Speed, M. 2007.
Moreover, using the semi-moist diet also 286, 217-225. The effect of unilateral eyestalk ablation and diet
I
proved to be cost effective compared to on the reproductive performance of wild-caught
Braga, A. L., Nakayama, C. L., Martins, J. G., Colares,
n recent years, shrimp culture transfer. Similarly, in many countries the Until now, shrimp broodstock fed matu- traditional diets. 200 white shrimp L. vanna- Farfantepenaeus aztecus (Ives, 1891) using a
E. P and Wasielesky, W. Jr. 2010. Spermatophore
.,
has become one of the most use of shrimp heads or shrimp meal in ration-formulated diet, pelleted or extruded mei were fed control diet (squid, polychates closed recirculating maturation system. Aquac. Res.
quality of the pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus paulensis
38, 580–587.
important aquaculture industries maturation diets was banned. It is not known did not match the performances of animals and nutritional booster) or NutraFeed® SM (Decapoda, Dendrobranchiata) broodstock fed with
in the world. Current production if none-crustacean organisms can transmit fed on fresh/frozen food (Wouters et al., diet. The broodstock were kept in identical different maturation diets. Aquaculture, 307, 44-48. Hoa, N. D., Wouters, R., Wille, R., Thanh,
levels reach over three million tonnes shrimp viruses such as white spot syndrome 2002. Braga et al., 2010). Formulated diets tanks and under the same environmental V., Dong, T. K., Hao, N. V., and Sorgeloos, P.
Coman, G. J., Arnold, S. J., Callaghan, T. R., and
per year, corresponding to a market virus (WSSV) and yellow head virus (YHV) tend to break down due to the unique feed- conditions. Growth, mortalities, spawning 2009. A fresh-food maturation diet with an
Preston, N. P. 2006. Effect of two maturation diet
volume of over US$10 billion (FAO or others but due to their origin, post har- ing behavior of the animals, resulting in pol- events, fecundity, hatching rates and number adequate HUFA composition for broodstock
combinations on reproductive performance of
2008). vest methods and storage, they are all prone luted water and very high FCR. Moreover, of nauplii were determined over 124 days. nutrition studies in black tiger shrimp Penaeus
domesticated Penaeus monodon. Aquaculture,
monodon (Fabricius, 1798). Aquaculture, 297,
to become a vector for other pathogens. palatability and ingestion rates are usually The diet was also used with domesti- 263, 75-83.
116-121.
However, even with this expansion in the Nutritional profile: Due to the fact low. Even using the same food organisms as cated P. monodon broodstock in Australia
Coman, G.J., Arnold, S.J., Peixoto, S., Coman, F.E.,
production there are some unknowns. that fresh/frozen food organisms are been dry meals in formulated diets didn’t result in with remarkable results. This is a significant Peixoto, S., Coman, G.J., Arnold, S.J., Crocos, P.J.,
Crocos, P.J., Preston, N.P., 2006. Reproductive
One of the problems with shrimp (and caught in the wild, their nutritional profile similar performances as when fresh/frozen achievement since it is known that P. mon- Preston, N.P., 2005. Histological examination of final
other crustacean) culture is broodstock varied. Season, location, life cycle, pre and organisms were given. odon are particularly oocyte maturation
post harvesting methods can and will affect Recently, new maturation diet and atresia in wild and
diets and nutrition. picky with their diet
Currently, most, if not all, hatcheries their nutritional profile. This inconsistency (NutraFeed®) for crustacean that can and feeding them
Authors & Company domesticated Penaeus
Dr Sagiv Kolkovski is the Principal scientist, marine aquaculture, at the Department monodon broodstock.
around the world are using fresh or frozen, in the quality and nutritional profile makes completely replace the use of fresh/frozen solely on formu-
of Fisheries, western Australia. He is also the R&D director at Nutrakol Pty Ltd. Judith Aquac. Res. 36,
unprocessed marine organisms as food it hard to standardize protocols even within feed was developed. The diet is semi-moist lated diet used to 666–673.
Kolkovski, ND is a nutritionist and herbalist and the general manager of Nutrakol Pty
items. These include squid, various mollusks the same company. Different countries (around 30-35% moist) and manufactured be challenging, not
Ltd. Nutrakol Pty Ltd is specialized in developing and manufacturing nutritional and natural Preston, N.P., Crocos,
(mussels, oysters or clams), marine poly- and even regions within a country will as short pellets at any length and diameter to mention, achiev-
health solutions for aquaculture. P.J., Keys, S.J, Coman,
chates, crustaceans such as shrimp (Peixoto have different access to fresh/frozen food needed. The diet is stable in the water for ing similar or better
G.J., Koenig, R., 2004.
et al., 2004; Preston et al., 2004, Coman et organisms and will used them differently 24 hours and will not break down when the performances.
Comparative growth
al., 2006) and Artemia biomass (Anh et al., resulting in high fluctuation in FCR’s and shrimp is holding and chewing it. Currently the Company products of selected and non-
2008, Gandy et al., 2007). These feeds are performances between farmers, regions and NutraFeed® diets are based solely on diet is been used Nutrakol specialized in nutritional and health solutions for aquaculture. ‘Tailor-made’ selected Kuruma
usually topped up with nutritional additives countries culturing the same species. dry meals without any fresh or frozen in several commer- diets and additives for broodstock and enrichments for larvae. These products can be shrimp Penaeus
such as vitamins, minerals and fatty acids Water quality: In many cases high water products. They are certified as pathogen cial hatcheries in manufacture to specific requirements or species. Crustacean broodstock semi-moist diets (Marsupenaeus)
(Hoa et al., 2009). flow is needed following feeding of fresh free (all ingredients pass Gamma radiation) Thailand, India and for complete replacement of fresh/frozen food. NutraGreen natural health solutions solely japonicus in
Maturation diets based on combina- / frozen food organisms. In many cases with a shelf life of six months (refrigerated) Malaysia and the based on herbal extracts and specifically design to support gonadal development, immune commercial farm
tion of fresh and frozen marine organisms daily (or even few times during the day) or 12 months (frozen). To boost the hor- company is up-scal- system and digestive system. ponds. Aquaculture
usually results in high reproductive perfor- siphoning is essential to keep good water monal cycle, herbal extracts (NutraGreen® ing the production. 231, 73–82.
NutraFeed®
mances for both domesticated and wild quality and tank hygiene. This is obviously products) are incorporated into the diets. Crustacean semi-moist maturation diet
labor-intensive task that might also affect N
caught broodstock shrimp. These are 100% natural additives aimed at One of the problems with shrimp (and other
NO MORE!
t
crustacean) culture is broodstock diets and nutrition.
Recently, NutrKol developed maturation diet
Aq
Currently, most hatcheries around the world are using
However, this practice is far from ideal, the brood animals.
(NutraFeed® diet range) for crustacea that can
improving broodstock performances includ-
fresh or frozen squid, worms (polychaetes), fish and
ua
completely replace the use of fresh/frozen feed. The
other marine organisms, topped up with nutritional
K
diet is semi-moist and manufactured as short pellets
cu Me
p
additives. This practice is far
Semi-moist maturation diet for Shrimp
at any length and diameter needed. The diet is stable
from ideal, exposing the
ltr et
in the water for 24 hours and will not break down
exposing the cultured animals to several Domestication: It is commonly accepted ing; enhancing egg and larvae quality, sperm
cultured animals to
e,
when the shrimp or lobster is holding and chewing it.
pote
potential pathogens
Na us a
and diseases, NutraFeed® diets were tested with several
n
nutritional crustaceans including; white shrimp L. vannamei,
i
inconsistency tiger prawn P. monodon (wild and domesticated),
ta t W
major issues - that wild broodstock shrimp needs fresh / mortality, vitellogenesis, as well as immune Completely replace the need for fresh/frozen feed with even better results
and is
dependent on
wild fisheries.
bugs (T. orientalis) and tropical lobster (Panulirus
ornatus). The diet can be designed and manufactured
to any crustaceans.
lB o
ra rld
Considering
zil Th
frozen food organisms. For example, Conan ,B
NutraFeed® diets are based solely on dry meals
Biosecurity: Fresh and frozen food organ- system and digestive system support.
t
the cost of
without any fresh or frozen products. They are
oo
b
broodstock
Avoid potential pathogens and diseases
(es
(especially pathogen free (all ingredients pass Gamma radiation)
t of
with a shelf life of six months
h6
‘SPF
‘SPF’), these are
serious risks and (refrigerated) or
isms can, potentially, become transferring et al., 2006 raised the hypotheseis wether Initially these natural herbal additives
12 months (frozen).n).
6
ca
in many cases result in
an
high mortality and/or reduced Herbal extracts
Nutra-Kol Pty Ltd
productivity, leading to significant financial loss. (NutraGreen®
Ideal for SPF (specific pathogen free) broodstock
products) are
vector for different pathogens and diseases. the removal of crustacean component from were developed as natural hormonal
Until now, broodstock fed maturation formulated
incorporated into o
dry diet, pelleted or extruded did not match the
col
the diets. These
performances of animals fed on fresh/frozen
Western Australia, Australia
100% natural
food. The dry diets tend to break down due to the
additives aimed
unique feeding behaviour of the animals, resulting
This is more so when crustaceans are the maturations diet for domesticated P. replacements for woman during IVF treat-
at improving
Better performance
in polluted water and very high FCR. Moreover,
broodstock
Tel: +61 8 9403 2287
palatability and ingestion rates are usually low.
performances
including;
been used (Coman et al., 2006). Although, monodon broodstock has contributed to the
enhancing egg and nd
ments and during menopause period. Fax: +61 8 9403 2287
per
perm
larvae quality, sperm
enesis,
sis
motility, vitellogenesis,
Nutrafeed - Improved bio-security, better performances, great palatability and no contamination of the water T
as well as immune system and
ne st m
digestive system support.
recognized for their contribution to the broodstock low performances. Email: info@nutrakol.com
Currently, three different maturation diets are
manufactured according to species: NutraFeed® SM
for shrimps and prawns, NutraFeed® LM for lobsters
Large experiment
and bugs and, NutraFeed® CM for crabs.
maturation process through supplementing Considering the cost of broodstock
maturation hormones and other nutrients, (especially ‘SPF’), these are serious risks To compare the performances of the ‘Tailor--made’ Nutrition and natural health solutions for aquaculture
the importation of crustaceans such as and in many cases resulting in high mortal- maturation diet against traditional fresh/
Artemia was banned in several countries ity and/or reduced productivity, leading to frozen food organism, a large experiment
in an attempt to reduce the risk of disease significant financial loss. was conducted independently by one of
NutroKol_2_190x58mm.indd 1 07/04/2011 11:22
14 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | May-June 2011 May-June 2011 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 15

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