The document analyzes the economic outlook for the UK and globally in light of the ongoing credit crisis. It discusses how global growth is expected to slow significantly in the next two years. The UK economy has stalled with no growth in Q2 2008 and weak consumer confidence. However, the downturn will be less severe than previous recessions due to actions by central banks and governments. Inflation should ease, credit spreads may fall, and government spending will support growth, limiting damage to the labor market. Still, public finances are a major constraint on further stimulus.

1. Anaerobic Digestion – a Banker’s Perspective
Mike Rowe – Senior Partner Partner Exeter IFS

2. October 20th 2008
UK Economy: The Road to Hell?
David Tinsley
UK Economist
nabCapital, London
David.tinsley@eu.nabgroup.com
2

3. Two years of slower global growth ahead…
W o rld G D P g ro w th A n n u a l p e r c e n ta g e c h a n g e
6
(1980-2006 av erage)
5
4
3
2
1
0
Source:1IMF WEO 4
980 198 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012
● From 2004 onwards, global growth picked-up well above its long run average of 3.5% to rates around
5%, its strongest performance since the 1980s.
● Although the IMF have revised down the growth prospects for the United States, eurozone and Japan in
light of the global credit crunch, global growth is still expected to dip below its long-run average, slowing
from 3.9% in 2008 to 3.0% in 2009 before recovering in 2010.
3

4. The credit crunch is still ongoing
T h re e -m o n th c re d it s p re a d
r e la tiv e to 3 - mo n th o v e r n ig h t in d e x e d s w a p r a te
Pe r c e n t
4 .0
3 .5
Un it e d S t a t e s
3 .0
2 .5
2 .0
Un it e d Kin g d o m
1 .5
1 .0
0 .5
e urozone
0 .0
0 2 - Ju l- 0 7 1 0 - O c t- 0 7 1 8 - Ja n - 0 8 2 7 - A p r - 0 8 0 5 - A u g - 0 8
Source: Bloomberg
● Recent developments suggest that we are now at the end of the beginning as banks are actively
forced to deleverage in order to remain in business
● Further consolidation looks inevitable.
● Money markets remain stressed and it now seems that quarter-ends are causing more problems
despite central bank liquidity injections.
4

5. Important though to keep the overall size in
perspective
Source: IMF Global Financial Stability Review (October 2008)
● Although the most recent estimates put total financial losses at up to $1.4 trillion, as a percentage of
GDP, this is much smaller than the Asian crisis or indeed the Japanese banking crisis of the 1990s.
● It is also geographically much more widely spread.
5

6. In response, central banks are now easing
C e n tra l b a n k p o lic y ra te s Pe r c e n t
8
UK b a s e r a t e
7
Fe d f u n d s r a t e
6
5
EC B r e p o r a t e 4
3
2
Bo J t a r g e t r a t e 1
0
1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007
Source: Bloomberg
● Central banks engaged in co-ordinated rate cuts, easing by 50bps.
● Attempts to reduce the cost of money are now running alongside attempts to increase its quantity.
● Previous history suggests that central banks are happy to create steep yield curves to recapitalise the
banking system as well as other methods.
6

7. Surviving the recession: the bad the ugly and the
good
7

8. The Bad : The UK economy has stalled…
U K G D P g ro w th Pe r c e n ta g e c h a n g e o n p e r io d
4 .5
Ye ar -o n -ye ar 4 .0
3 .5
3 .0
2 .5
2 .0
Qu ar te r -o n -q u ar te r tr e n d 1 .5
1 .0
0 .5
0 .0
1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007
● There was no growth in the second quarter, with an annual rate of 1.4%. Growth in Q1 was just 0.3%.
● If ‘trend’ growth is 0.7% per quarter then we have already had a year of below trend growth.
8

9. The Ugly: So the consumer is very unhappy…
G fK U K C o n s u m e r C o n fid e n c e 20
10
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006
Sources: GfK.
● The July GfK measure of consumer confidence fell to lowest level since 1990.
● The recovery since then has been marginal and probably reflects some boost from falling oil prices.
9

10. The Good: The current slowdown will be the most
severe this century…
U K d o w n tu rn s G DP g r o w th o n a q u a r te r a g o
1 .2
Ju n e 2004
1 .0
M ar ch 2001
0 .8
0 .6
0 .4
0 .2
Ju n e 2008? 0 .0
- 0 .2
- 0 .4
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Nu mb e r o f q u a r te r s o f s lo w d o w n
But it will remain modest compared with the output losses seen in the early 1980s and 1990s.
After a brief fall, growth should start to resume back towards trend.
10

11. The Good: But inflation should ease rapidly in the
coming months…
U K C P I In fla tio n
p e r c e n ta g e c h a n g e o n a y e a r a g o
6
Fo r e c a s t
5
4
He a d lin e
3
2
1
'C o r e '
0
-1
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
S o u r c e : n a b Ca p ita l
● CPI inflation hit 5.2% in September. But from here it should decline sharply.
● Weakening activity should see underlying inflation ease and allow rate cuts.
11

12. The Good …and any reversal in libor spreads would
add to the stimulus
T h re e -m o n th L ib o r m in u s B a n k R a te
b a s is p o in ts
200
150
'C r e d it c r u n c h '
ave r ag e 100
50
0
1997-Ju l 07 ave r ag e
-50
-100
1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007
Source: Bloomberg
● Looking at the spread between inter-bank rates and the Bank of England base rate, we see the long-
term average has been below 20 basis points
● But since last summer the spread has ballooned, and remains elevated.
● Should market tensions ease, credit costs could fall extremely sharply.
12

13. The Good: Previous episodes of financial stress
suggest that spreads can fall back very quickly
C re d it S p re a d : 3 -m o n th lib o r le s s
B a n k R a te b a s is p o in ts
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
-50
-100
1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006
S o u r c e : B a n k o f En g la n d
● The current stresses and strains are not unprecedented.
● Back in September 1981, the spread widened to 288bps before easing by to 38 by end of March 1982.
● A similar retracement would be the equivalent of a 75bps rate cut on top of any additional cuts in Bank
Rate by the MPC.
13

14. The Good: So the economy should be growing just
below trend in 2010
C o n trib u tio n s to a n n u a l U K G D P
Pe r c e n ta g e p o in ts
g ro w th 6
In v e s t m e n t Go ve r n m e n t 5
c o n s u m p t io n 4
3
2
1
0
S t o c k b u ild in g -1
Ne t t r a d e -2
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Pr iv a te Co n s u mp tio n G DP
● Even by 2010, consumption will still be close to levels seen this year.
● Government spending and investment will support growth in the meanwhile.
● But how plausible is this?
14

15. The Good: UK labour market fundamentals are different
U K e m p lo y m e n t g r o w th s in c e 1 9 9 7
th o u s a n d s
2 ,0 0 0
1 ,8 0 0
1 ,6 0 0
1 ,4 0 0
UK
1 ,2 0 0
1 ,0 0 0
800
600
n o n -UK 400
200
0
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
Source: Office for National Statistics
● Most of the 3 million+ jobs created since 1997 have gone to non-UK sources.
● Most are economic migrants who would be expected to return to their countries of origin in the event of
job losses.
● So the rise in the UK claimant count will be much less than in the 1990s.
15

16. The Good: Eastern European workers have become the
fastest growing sector
U K a n n u a l e m p lo y m e n t g ro w th
c hange on y ear;
Un ite d K in g d o m th o u s a n d s
In d ia n S u b c o n tin e n t 500
A u s tr a lia a n d Ne w Z e a la n d
A f r ic a 400
US A
EUA 8 300
EU1 4
200
100
0
-100
-200
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
Source: Office for National Statistics
● Accession 8 countries now account for 508,000 jobs, back in 2004 there were just 76,000 employees.
● Most tend to be concentrated in construction, leisure and tourist sectors all of which are more likely to be
adversely affected by the consumer downturn.
● So we could see half a million jobs lost in the UK with little increase in the UK claimant count rate as
migrant workers are not eligible to claim it.
16

17. The Good: Government spending will support growth
as the private sector stagnates
T o ta l m a n a g e d e x p e n d itu re G ro s s p u b lic in v e s tm e n t
( in c a s h te r ms ) Pe r c e n ta g e c h a n g e o n a y e a r a g o ( in c a s h te r ms ) Pe r c e n ta g e c h a n g e o n a y e a r a g o
12 50
Bu d g e t 2 0 0 7
10 40
Bu d g e t 2 0 0 8
8 30
6 Bu d g e t 2 0 0 7 20
4 10
Bu d g e t 2 0 0 7
2 0
0 -10
Bu d g e t 2 0 0 8
-2 -20
-4 -30
1980-81 1985-86 1990-91 1995-96 2000-01 2005-06 2010-11 1980-81 1985-86 1990-91 1995-96 2000-01 2005-06 2010-11
● Government spending will continue to boost growth this year and next.
● Investment grows by 11.5%yoy in 2008-09 before stabilising at around 6%. That suggests that it
should contribute to GDP growth this year.
● Net investment rates have also been very strong in 2007-08 and 2008-09. The slowdown in later years
is another reason to remain suspicious of HMT growth forecasts.
17

18. Though public finances are the biggest constraint on
extra Government intervention
P u b lic s e c to r n e t b o rro w in g £ b illio n
120
Ca p ita l In je c tio n s
n a b Ca p ita l f o r e c a s t
2 0 0 8 B u d g e t Tr e a s u r y Fo r e c a s t 100
80
60
40
20
0
2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10
● HM Treasury yet again forecasts that the PSBR will be lower in future years.
● Our Central Forecast is that borrowing will hit £80bn in 2009/10 and if the recession proves deep and
prolonged, the risk is that we could see a deficit as high as £100bn.
18

19. And further falls in the pound look likely
S te rlin g -d o lla r e x c h a n g e ra te S te rlin g -e u ro e x c h a n g e ra te
US D p e r £ 1 €1 per £1
2 .2 1 .8 0
2 .1 Sp o t r ate
Se p te m b e r 1 .7 0
Consensus 2 .0
1 .9 Se p te m b e r 1 .6 0
Sp o t r ate Consensus
1 .8
1 .5 0
1 .7
NA B f o r e c a s t s 1 .6 1 .4 0
1 .5
1 .3 0
1 .4 NA B
fo r e cas ts
1 .3 1 .2 0
1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009
● We have long been bearish on sterling.
● The downgrading of UK and eurozone growth prospects have helped boost the US dollar and push
down on commodities prices.
● We look for sterling to fall further against the dollar.
19

20. The Good: Corporate balance sheets may be better
placed to withstand the downturn than previously
Net Rate of Return % UK company insolvencies
16 4,500
UK PNFCs
4,000
14
Voluntary
3,500
12
3,000
10
2,500
8
2,000
Manufacturing
6 1,500
4 1,000
2 Com pulsory 500
0 0
1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Source: Office for National Statistics
● The corporate rate of return is high going into the downturn, especially for service sector firms.
● And the rate of insolvencies remains fairly low by historical comparisons.
20

21. The Good: And companies have cash on hand
N e t l e n d i n g / b o rro w i n g % G DP
8
Ho u s e h o ld s
No n - f in a n c ia l 6
co r p o r ate s 4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
Go ve r n m e n t -8
-10
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Source: Office for National Statistics
● Business investment is also likely to hold up better than expected as non-financial corporates still have
plenty of funds on hand.
● The forced deleveraging of the banking system will be focused on the housing system.
21

22. The Good: Note that not all is doom and gloom in the
housing market
H o u s in g S ta rts Fo u r - q u a r te r mo v in g s u m,
th o u s a n d s
S p a in 800
700
600
500
Un it e d
400
State s Fr a n c e
300
200
Un it e d Kin g d o m
100
0
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
● The UK has not experienced the building booms seen elsewhere, especially when compared with the
United States and Spain.
● Indeed construction activity is slowing sharply. Any oversupply of housing could well have disappeared
by 2010, especially as housing gets cheaper.
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23. Conclusions: Global
• Despite the global credit crunch, the global economy looks to be in reasonable shape
with growth this year and next just below historical averages..
• We are now at the ‘end of the beginning’ of the credit crunch. The financial sector will
not return to its pre-2007 shape. There will be fewer banks and less credit product.
Indeed, the entire sector is likely to contract.
• Governments are now actively pursuing a battery of responses to aid the banking
system. The public sector will recapitalise the banking system. The ‘big’ idea for reducing
interbank rates looks to be government guarantees. A battery of policy measures by the
Fed alongside deep cuts in interest rates means the US economy seems to have
avoided the worst-case scenarios. But we still expect a protracted recession.
• Main risk now is that emerging markets start to get infected by the credit crunch as
capital flees back to the G7, removing the main hope of navigating through the turmoil in
relative safety.
23

24. Conclusions: UK
• In the UK the household sector is under considerable stress and a sharp retrenchment looks likely.
Consumer spending will fall sharply as household budgets fall and debt is repaid.
• The economy will enter a technical recession by the end of this year. However, it should prove
less deep than previous episodes.
• We still see a very large adjustment in property prices as we have seen in every other recession. With
inflation lower, the fall in nominal house prices will have to be even larger and a fall in nominal
terms of 25% to 30% is possible.
• Easing inflation will provide scope for BoE rate cuts (to 3.5% by February). Money market spreads
could ease back by the end of March 2009.
• But Government spending and investment will support some businesses, especially those in
infrastructure.
• And corporate balance sheets are in good shape. Most will be able to wait out the recession. Some
will benefit from falling asset prices.
• Net exports are also likely to provide a lift, especially if sterling falls back against the US dollar and any
contagion of the credit crunch to emerging markets is contained.
• By 2010 growth will get back to trend.
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25. Attracting Bank Support
25

26. Identify your market + potential viability
• No MARKET No BUSINESS
• ‘fag packet’ budget - does it work?
• Personal gut reaction – do you honestly think it will work
• 2 pages A4 should be enough to outline the proposed business
• Hold initial discussions with your professional advisors – including the bank!
26

27. How robust is your business model
"extensive Northern Hemisphere glaciation."
Science magazine - Dec. 10, 1976
"the world's climatologists are agreed" that we must "prepare for the next ice age."
Science Digest – Feb. 1973
"Warning: Earth's Climate is Changing Faster Than Even Experts Expect"
The Christian Science Monitor - Aug. 27, 1974
"may mark the return to another ice age."
New York Times (Sept. 14, 1975)
"a major cooling of the climate is widely considered inevitable"
The Times - May 21, 1975
"many signs" that "Earth may be heading for another ice age."
The New York Times - Aug. 14, 1975
27

28. 28

29. Supply and Demand
• How secure is your source + supply of ingredients
• Do you have a long term contract
• Length of contract will be in a factor in the term of bank support
• Where will the digestate go?
29

30. Detailed Businessplan
• Background – how have you got here?
• Management Experience
• Market
• Technology
• Costings - architect/QS supported for large build projects
• Capital contribution
• Viability
• Funding - structure between short term and long term debt
• Grant support
• ROC’s
30

31. Bank Analysis of Lending request
• Who are we lending to - Ltd Company? Partnership? Sole Trader?
• Primary Exit - cash generation
• Secondary Exit - security
31

32. Primary Exit
• Cash generation not purely profit is key
• The stronger the cash generation the less security the bank is likely to require
• Detailed budgets + cashflows required
• Conduct sensitivity analysis eg revenue down 10%, costs up 10%
• Calculate interest cover - minimum 150%
• Debt Service Cover – minimum 125%
32

33. Secondary Exit
• What security is available
• Freehold deeds?
• Personal guarantee’s will always be required if lending to a limited company
• Bank will usually need a professional valuation - maximum Loan to Value is
usually 70%
33

34. Different Types of Funding
• Overdraft
• Term loan - consider interest rate hedging
• Asset Finance
• Invoice Discounting
• Project Finance
34

35. Clydesdale approach
• Creating Specialist Team for the Sector
• View the sector as having strong growth potential
• Connectivity
35

36. In Summary
• Identify and research your market
• Initial ‘fag packet’ assessment of viability
• Can you get security of supply?
• Discuss with your professional team at an early stage before incurring too many
costs
• Go and discuss with Clydesdale!
• Once everyone ‘on board’ prepare detailed businessplan
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