The document discusses various routes of drug administration other than oral administration. It addresses 12 different routes including buccal/sublingual, topical, intramuscular, subcutaneous, rectal, pulmonary, intranasal, intraocular, vaginal, and intravenous. For each route, it outlines key factors that influence drug absorption such as vascularity of the administration site, drug lipophilicity, and epithelial barriers. It also provides examples of drugs administered via different routes.

2. DIPAK KUMAR
DASH
M.PHARM
PHARMACEUTICS 2

3.  The majority of drug are
administered generally orally.
But in some cases it is not good route
of administration.
For reason like patient non
compliance, first pass
effect, immediate drug action etc.
In that cases other route are
preferable.
EX-Intramuscular
3

4. 1. BUCCAL/SUBLINGUAL
2. TOPICAL
3. INTRAMUSCULAR
4. SUBCUTANEOUS
5. RECTAL
6. PULMONARY
7. INTRANASAL
8. INTRAOCULAR
9. VAGINAL
10. INTRA VEINOUS
4

5.  Drug places between tongue incase
of sublingual.
Drug places between cheek and gum
in case of buccal.
Barrier to drug absorption in this
route is epithelium of oral mucosa.
5

6. 6

7. Lipophilicity of drug
Salivary secretion
Ph of saliva
Binding to oral mucosa
Storage compartment
Thickness of oral epithelium
7

8.  As self-contained discrete dosage form which when
applied to the intact skin deliver the drug's through the
skin, at controlled rate to the systemic circulation.
SKIN is the largest organ in body.
Principal barrier is stratum corneum.
8

9. 9

10. STRATUM CAPILLARY LAYER
CORNEUM
BLOOD
CIRCULATION
DRUGS
UPTAKE
PERMEATION
Epidermis Dermis Sub dermal tissue
A MULTI LAYER SKIN MODEL SHOWING THE SEQUENCE OF
TRANSDERMAL PERMEATION OF DRUG
10

11. Thickness of stratum corneum.
Presence of hair folicle
Trauma
Hydration of skin
Age
Grooming
Vehicle or base
Environmental humidity and
temperature
11

12. Absorption of drug from intramuscular
relatively rapid.
Factor to consider
oVascularity of injection site
oLipid solubility
oMolecular size
oVolume of injection
oViscosity of injection vehicle
12

13. 13

14. 14

15. Absorption of drug from subcutaneous site
slower than the intramuscular site.
Rate of absorption from this site can
increase by.
1. Enhancing blood flow to the injection site
2. Increasing drug tissue contact area
15

16. 16

17. Diminished popularity due to psychology.
Important route for children and older person.
Drug given as suppositories or solution.
Absorption from solution is better.
Presence of fecal matter in rectum retard
absorption of drug.
17

18. 18

19. Drugs intended for systemic effect can be
administer by inhalation.
Rapid exchange of gases between blood and
inspired air occur.
Drug administer as gases and aerosol.
As large surface area of alveoli and rich
perfusion permit extremely rapid absorption.
Particle size of drop let should small 0.6 micron.
19

20. 20

21. Drug absorption from nasal mucosa is rapid as
observe after parenteral administration.
Route also treat local symptoms like nasal
congestion , rhinitis.
Absorption depend upon drug lipophilicity.
 factor to be consider pH and pathological
condition.
EX-ANTIHISTAMINS
21

22. 22

23. Drug applied in conjunctival sac.
Barrier is cornea.
Higher ph decrease tear promote
absorption.
Eye can hold 10micro liter of fluid.
23

24. Drug given for contraception, for bacterial
and fungal infection.
Vaginal duct is 7.5-9cm long.
Mechanism of transport is passive diffusion.
Example of drug-steroidal drug.
24

25. 25

26. 26

27. By dissolution study.
Types of apparatus
1. Paddle type
2. Basket type
Method of dissolution
• Rotating basket method
• Paddle method
• Reciprocating cylinder method
• Flow through cell method
• Paddle open disc method
• Cylinder method
• Reciprocating disc method
27

28. 28

29. 29

30. 30

31. 22-44Milo Glibaldi Biopharmaceutics and
Clinical
 Pharmaceutics, Reprint 2006 , 4thEdn
published by Pharma book syndicate
Hydrabad, page number 24-32
Robert E.Notari Biopharmaceutics and
clinical Pharmaceutics, Second Indian reprint
2008, CBS Publisher and distributors New
Delhi, Page no.
Leon Shargel /Andrew B.C. YU.
Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutics, 4th
Edn 1999, Published by McGraw-Hill
companies New York, page no. 99-108
31

32. 32

33. 33