This presentation by CIFOR scientist Sven Wunder was given on December 6 at the 2014 Global Landscapes Forum in Lima, Peru. The presentation was given at a session of the Global Landscapes Forum titled "Knowledge products and tools for sustainable landscape management in a post-2015 development agenda" which discussed the role of knowledge products and tools and how they are used by relevant stakeholders in achieving a more sustainable management of forests and forest resources at the landscape scale and within the framework of the post-2015 agenda.

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2. PEN is a…
! pan-tropical collection of
! uniform, quarterly, (intended) high-quality data by
! mainly PhD student partners on
! household economics – central RQ: “how much do
forest and environmental resources contribute?”
! coordinated by CIFOR – but highly collaborative
! => huge ‘bean-counting+’ exercise: income sources
! => basic, not policy research -- but policy framing

3. PEN field sites
24 countries, 33 partners, 58 sites, 360 villages,
8,000+ households. Data collected 2006–2010

4. PEN sample: a delicate balance
! Criteria for site selection:
• Rural in a tropical or sub-tropical developing region,
• Some access to forests (0 < forest cover < 100%)
! Site selection was opportunistic (PhD students) – with
some posterior gap-filling (e.g. West Africa, SE Asia)
! Within sites: stratified village selection (along pre-
defined gradients), random hh selection in villages
=> Broadly representative of smallholder-dominated
tropical and sub-tropical landscapes with moderate-
to-good access to forest resources.
=> Slight bias toward areas with “good forests” (vis-a-
vis “rural developing world” baseline); Africa

5. PEN methods
Research tools are online:
http://www.cifor.org/pen
! Summarized in Angelsen et al. (eds.)
2011 book (available for free
download from CIFOR website)
! ESRC (UK) positive evaluation 2012:
methods and capacity building may
be just as important as PEN results
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6. World Development Special Issue
Free download online: www.cifor.org/pen

7. 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3
income shares
other
environment
business
livestock
wages
forest
crops
Source: CIFOR-PEN dataset
Income sources in the PEN dataset
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=> Clearly supports “high env. income” hypothesis
– …much more than some of us had thought! "

8. The role of extractive incomes:
“More than 10,000
years after the
Agricultural
Revolution started,
millions of rural
smallholders across
the developing world
may still derive as
much income from
foraging forests and
wildlands as from
cultivating crops”
(Wunder, Angelsen, Belcher
World Development 2014)

9. • Digital uptake: Monitoring & evaluating
download data of PEN papers (World
Development) from CIFOR website
Outcomes & uptake pathways

10. Outcomes & uptake pathways
• Help World Bank and statistical bureaus
doing Living Standard Measurement
Surveys (LSMS) to do a better job in
(environmental) ‘bean counting’…
# Joint project working with FAO, World Bank,
PROFOR, IFRI, Univ. Copenhagen: develop
forestry module for LSMS.
# PEN and climate change:
a) REDD opportunity costs (mitigation)
b) village climate cross section (adaptation)

11. Combining PEN with climate data…
Source: PEN & CRU data

12. …and their fluctuations
=> Can then be used econometrically: relating hh
incomes to climate change and assets

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