Abu Ghraib

1
A Picture is Worth a Thousand Words:
An Analysis of the Abu Ghraib Prison Scandal
April 24th
, 2014
HIST 600.03
Bryan Langhill

2
The American public seldom possesses an adequate amount of knowledge when it
comes to the inner workings of the United States Military and the conflicts that are being
fought overseas. The only information that is released to the public is that which provides the
people of the nation with a sense of security, that which is approved by the government. To
the dismay of the American people, the entirety of our involvement overseas and what is
publicized of it are completely dissimilar. The 2004 government cover-up of the torture
conducted at the Abu Ghraib Prison in Iraq, revealed to the American public that the
Administration of George W. Bush hindered the extraction of information from detainees due
to miscommunication between military and government leaders and the disregard for ethical
principles. These scandalous findings tainted the name of not only the Bush Administration, the
Military officers involved in the scandal, the United States Military in general, but the United
States of America as a whole. What had started out as a War on Terror escalated into a War of
Terror for both fighting parties.
On September 11, 2001, members of an insurgent group hijacked American airplanes
and terrorized the American public by attacking the World Trade Center in New York City,
Shanksville, Pennsylvania and the Pentagon in Washington, D.C. By threatening the national
security of the American people and instilling fear into the hearts of Americans, the insurgents
had given the United States a platform to fight on. Terror. The United States Government had
endured an unbelievable tragedy and made the courageous decision to strike back; Americans
took it upon themselves to enter active duty, to devote their lives to and express their
patriotism for the United States of America. The War on Terror began in Afghanistan on
October 7, 2001, and just over a week later on October 16, 2001, Operation Active Endeavor

3
began. Operation Active Endeavor was a maritime operation produced by the North Atlantic
Treaty Organization (NATO) to prevent the movement of both weapons of mass destruction
and terrorists through the Mediterranean Sea. The United States was adamant about finding
those who had planned the attacks on 9/11 and bringing them to justice. The focus was placed
on two men, insurgent leaders by the names of Sadaam Hussein and Osama Bin Laden. The
United States Military would travel the Middle East and use every resource available and every
method possible to capture these men.
The horror of the War on Terror began to affect those soldiers who were in the Middle
East as well as those who remained on base in the States. The Army Reserve provided
volunteers to accept the satisfaction of serving their country without the heightened chance of
deployment. “The Army Reserve layered on more and more education and other benefits to
attract recruits,” bringing in more potential soldiers than ever before. 1 The nation was building
up the amount of soldiers to ensure that the manpower of the United States Military would not
suffer during this war. Unfortunately the promotion of the Army reserve attracted “soldiers
who were more committed to the benefits than to the uniform.”2 The War on Terror needed to
be fought, and those who chose to serve the United States were to expect the unexpected, and
that was deployment.
In December of 2002, President George W. Bush approved the deployment of U.S.
troops and launched an invasion on March 19th of the following year. Under Operation Iraqi
1
Karpinski,JanisL.,and Steven Strasser. OneWoman's Army: The Commanding General of Abu Ghraib Tells Her
Story. New York: Miramax,2005.Print. Pg 23.
2 Ibid.,23.

4
Freedom, the United States forces occupied the city of Baghdad, Iraq. 3 Inhabiting the former
region of Sadaam Hussein was not the most secure assignment that the military personnel
could have had. Insurgents were everywhere, angered by the presence of Americans in their
country, ready to strike whenever the opportunity arose. With this being said, the United
States Military had a job to complete and they had to accept the risks and consequences that
came with that job.
When a terrorist organization’s leader flees, the area they occupied simply falls apart
and all of the atrocities are exposed. Baghdad was the center of Sadaam’s organization, and it
reeked of terror. Insurgents walked amongst the people of the city. The people of the city had
lived within the regime of a terrorist dictator for years and their society had fallen apart. The
United States was dedicated to reconstructing it.
When I arrived in Baghdad in June 2003, my assignment was to help rebuild the national
prison system from rubble, and Abu Ghraib was our biggest challenge. I loathed the old
prison from the moment I saw it. But Iraq’s corrections systemwas in shambles, and we
urgently needed facilities where the country’s run-of-the-mill criminals – murderers,
robbers, rapists, and the like – could be confined humanely and professionally.4
Abu Ghraib was located just outside of Baghdad, and the road there was extremely dangerous
for military personnel to continuously travel. But that was their job, that was their order, and a
soldier does not disobey an order. While training Iraqis to be prison guards at Abu Ghraib, the
United States Military Police, many of them from the Reserve, watched over the prisons and its
detainees while the prison was being rebuilt. New soldiers who were ill-fit for an assignment in
such a dangerous area were uneasy during and after attacks. Mortar attacks were frequent
3 Ibid.,36.
4 Ibid.,55.

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throughout the day and IEDs (Improvised Explosive Devices) were placed along the roads
leading away from Abu Ghraib. The outside was equally as terrifying as the inside; the prison
had been used by Saddam and his supporters to torture those who opposed him and hold them
captive. The Military Police would keep watch over the detainees while Military Intelligence
interrogated those detainees, trying to extract information about the whereabouts of Sadaam
and other insurgents involved in the attack on 9/11.
In the early days of American soldiers occupying Abu Ghraib, the reconstruction
program was escalating quickly and the prison system was improving. The Military Police
personnel, “MPs”, “treated prisoners with respect” and added decent living quarters to the
prison. 5 When several prisoners were released, it had seemed that they preferred the life
inside the walls. Unfortunately that sentiment did not carry through to the end of the U.S.
occupation of Abu Ghraib. The majority of those who guarded the prison and the detainees
were members of the 800th Military Police Brigade and the 372nd Military Police Company. The
800th Military Police Brigade had deployed in January of 2003 while the 372nd Military Police
Company deployed months later in April. These soldiers, most of them either privates or
sergeants, were ordered to stand watch over cellblocks 1A and 1B because that area was the
most renovated and required the most surveillance due to the increased number of prisoners.
The MPs felt as though they were babysitters because they kept watch, they brought the
detainees food, they escorted them to interrogation, they were ordered to simply watch them.6
5 Ibid.,106.
6
Standard Operating Procedure. Dir.Errol Morris.Perf. Lynndie England, Sabrina Harman,Janis Karpinski,and Javal
Davis.Sony Pictures Classics,2008.DVD.

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But the MPs did what they were told, because “when you receive an order, you do what you’re
told.”7 It was their patriotic duty to serve their superiors and their nation; their patriotism “was
the fabric of” their “lives.”8 The Military Police, both the 800th and the 372nd, took care of the
detainees and handed them over to the team of Military Intelligence personnel when they were
needed for interrogation. As more and more prisoners were delivered to Abu Ghraib, it
became more difficult for the Military Police to keep track of the detainees and keep them in
line. “Abu Ghraib was a mess; training was deficient; the chain of command was
dysfunctional.”9 For the majority of the time the guards were unsure of whose orders they
were to follow. The deconstruction of the chain of command and the miscommunication of
military leaders proved to be detrimental to the Abu Ghraib Prison System.
It could be assumed that these military “babysitters” were unable to complete their
assignments due to personal incompetence. Iraq was intimidating, and having to spend all of
the time surrounded by Iraqi prisoners, being spontaneously attacked by insurgents, it was no
doubt exhausting. But they were to do what they were told. Had they “given into the fear and
anger over the constant mortar attacks”?10 The officers of both the 800th Military Police
Brigade and 372nd Military Police Company began taking advantage of their positions in the fall
of 2003. Several MPs, in the middle of the night, began humiliating the detainees for their own
7
Ibid.,
8
9
Danner, Mark.Torture and Truth: America, Abu Ghraib, and the War on Terror. New York: New York Review,
2004.Print.
10
Karpinski,Janis L.,and Steven Strasser. One Woman's Army: The Commanding General of Abu Ghraib Tells Her

7
personal enjoyment. Over the course of four months the number of detainees at Abu Ghraib
rose from approximately 700 to over 3,000.11 Major General Geoffrey Miller, who at the time
was the commander of the terrorist detention center in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, visited Abu
Ghraib in those months to assess the Military Intelligence teams. Miller was known as the
“Guru of Interrogation” who was looking to “gitmo-ize*” the operations at Abu Ghraib in order
to turn it into the “Interrogation Center of Iraq.”12 Miller encouraged the members of the
Military Police Companies to “treat the prisoners like dogs” because “they have to know that
you are in control.”13 Was it the encouragement of Miller and the example set by the Military
Intelligence personnel that drove the members of the Military Police Companies to do what
they did? They had been promoted from their former role as babysitters to enforcers,
conditioned to believe that there was a reason that they were doing what they were doing.
They were convinced that by conducting these humiliating acts against Iraqi detainees, they
were saving American lives. Lynndie England, Private First Class, 372nd Military Police Company,
stated that “the example was already set,” that they “thought things were weird and wrong but
it was okay” because “we didn’t kill’em, we didn’t cut their heads off [. . .] we did what we were
told. We were told to do everything short of killin’em.”14 Prisoners were stripped of their
clothes, held on leashes, and sexually harassed by the MPs. There were instances where the
detainees were forced to touch themselves inappropriately while in front of other detainees
11 Ibid.,132.
12
Standard Operating Procedure. Dir.Errol Morris.Perf. Lynndie England, Sabrina Harman,Janis Karpinski,and
Javal Davis.Sony Pictures Classics,2008.DVD.
 Gitmo was a term used to refer to Guantanamo Bay
13 Ibid.,
14 Ibid.,

8
and the privates on duty. There was even one instance where seven detainees, under the
orders of Specialist Charles Graner of the 372nd Military Police Company, were forced to make a
human pyramid while naked. These despicable acts escalated beyond the point of a simple
misunderstanding.
These humiliating attacks on detainees created a false sense of power amongst the
military personnel because they felt as though it was entertaining and that there was no harm
done. Not only did these actions harm the detainees at the time, but they later harmed the
military personnel involved as well. Pictures were taken. Within the months of October and
November of 2003, the MPs involved in the “torture” of Iraqi detainees took pictures to
document their “accomplishments” as power-hungry soldiers. Many of the soldiers posed in
these pictures, smiling and putting a “thumbs-up” to demonstrate their approval for what was
happening in the background of the photo. Specialist Jeremy Sivits of the 800th Military Police
Brigade asked himself “didn’t I feel it was morally wrong? Yes, but when you’re in war things
change.”15 There was one case where a detainee called Gilligan was draped in a thick black
sheet and forced to stand on a box in order to stay awake. 16 Gilligan had wires tied around his
fingers and extremities and was told that if he fell off, he would be electrocuted. The wires
were not attached to anything, but Gilligan did not know that because his head was covered.
The whole point of this humiliation was to force Gilligan to stay awake; once the MPs took their
pictures, the wires were removed and Gilligan was returned to his cell. The sergeants involved
15 Ibid.,
16 Ibid.,

9
began to use military police dogs to attack and intimidate prisoners because they had to learn
what would happen when they broke the rules. It was utter chaos in cellblocks 1A and 1B.
Not every member of the 800th Military Police Brigade and the 372nd Military Police
Company was involved in these torturous acts because some realized how degrading it was to
commit such an act. The man who conducted most of the acts and served as a ringleader to his
fellow members was Specialist Charles Graner of the 372nd Military Police Company. Charles
Graner was considered a unique member of the Military Police Company because he was
moved between companies due to his skill set, and where it was needed.
At home, he had worked as aprison guard in civilianlife,compiling amediocre record and
facing allegations of spousal abuse. With that history, he faced losing the security
clearance required of MPs, so his Pennsylvania unit cross-trained him as a mechanic. The
372nd, needing bodies and desperate for a soldier with his experience as aguard, assigned
him to an MP position nonetheless. Graner endeared himself to his new buddies in the
372nd, quickly becoming the company wise guy even though he did not have a leadership
ranking.17
Charles Graner, while in the 372nd, met another Military Police Private, First Class, named
Lynndie England and began an affair that continued while stationed at Abu Ghraib. Other MPs
by the names of Javal Davis, Ken Davis, Walter “Tony” Diaz, Jeffery Frost, Megan Ambuhl*,
Jeremy Sivits, and Sabrina Harman were involved in the scandalous events as well. The
downfall of their little game with the detainees was the existence of photographic evidence.
Brent Pack, an Army Special Agent in the Criminal Investigation Division, proclaimed that “if you
17
 Later married Charles Graner to become Megan Ambuhl Graner

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were in those pictures you were in trouble, big trouble.”18 These individuals did not think that
they would ever be exposed, that out there in the middle of desolate Iraq they were completely
free to do whatever they wanted because they thought they had the jurisdiction to do so.
As aforementioned, the chain of command during this time at Abu Ghraib was not
completely structured. The 800th Military Police Brigade was to report to Brigadier General
Janis Karpinski and the 372nd Military Police Company was to report to Lieutenant Colonel Jerry
L. Phillabaum of the 320th Military Police Battalion.19 Unfortunately, whenever Karpinski or
Phillabaum came around to Abu Ghraib to check up on the progress, everybody put on a “dog
and pony show.”20 The working personnel followed suit of the Military Intelligence Agents who
conducted the interrogations.
To understand the series of investigations into the events at Abu Ghraib, one might
imagine a chain leading from the military police and military intelligence soldiers in the
prison, up through their immediate superiors, through the senior commanders in Iraq,
the Middle East, and finally Washington, up through the civilian leadership of the
government by way of the secretary of defense to, finally, the President.21
Military Intelligence Agents of the 205th Military Intelligence Brigade, under the direction of
Colonel Thomas Pappas, encouraged the Military Police Officers to “break down” the detainees
before interrogation so that they may give up information more easily. These orders could be
traced back though the chain of command to General Geoffrey Miller of the Terrorist
18
19
Danner, Mark.Torture and Truth: America, Abu Ghraib, and the War on Terror. New York: New York Review,
2004.Print. Pg 19.
20
21 Danner, Mark. Torture and Truth: America, Abu Ghraib, and the War on Terror. New York: New York Review,
2004.Print. Pg 277.

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Interrogation Center at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, and then to Secretary of Defense Donald
Rumsfeld. Rumsfeld had issued a letter to the senior commanders in Iraq, specifically Abu
Ghraib, discussing the Geneva-Hauge convention as well as a heightened need for “actionable
intelligence” that prompted the use of Military Police dogs as intimidators. 22 There was a
significant push in the quest for intelligence about insurgent leaders and their whereabouts,
and it seemed as though while the chain of command withered, so did the line between
interrogation and torture. So what does this say about the United States? What does this say
about President George W. Bush? It is evident that the men of the administration disregarded
the ethical principles of interrogation and the basic human rights of Iraqi detainees because
they were ultimately blinded by their self-righteous patriotism. At the time, this nation thrived
on fear and animosity and used it to their advantage.
In late November there was an incident that occurred in cellblock 1A. One of the Iraqi
prison guards had brought a gun into the prison. This guard had been persuaded into this by
one of the detainees. When this was brought to the attention of the Military Police Officers,
they attacked the Iraqi guard and to no surprise, took photographs of the situation. After this
event was publicized through the prison, Specialist Joseph Darby of the 372nd Military Police
Company “was putting together a record of the unit’s entire service in Iraq, and asked Graner
for discs of photos from their tour in Ad Diwaniyah.”23 Darby had witnessed several naked
inmates while patrolling through cellblock 1A but would exit quickly in order to avoid
involvement. While going through the discs of photographs that Charles Graner had given to
22
23 Ibid.,216.

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him, Darby discovered several photographs of the humiliating attacks on the prisoners of
cellblocks 1A and 1B. Darby proceeded to deliver the discs to the criminal investigation field
office at Abu Ghraib by slipping it under the door in order to remain anonymous. “When an
agent examined it, he was floored. He gave the pictures to the Criminal Investigation Division
chief, Colonel Marcello, and the scandal unfolded.”24 At first the scandal erupted solely within
the inner military circle at Abu Ghraib. Janis Karpinski, Brigadier General of the 800th Military
Police Brigade was not informed of the occurrences in cellblock 1A until ten days after Colonel
Marcello had informed Karpinski’s Superior, Lieutenant General Ricardo Sanchez, commander
of CJTF7 (Combined Joint Task Force 7).25 On January 17th, 2004, Janis Karpinski received an
admonishment that read:
The 800th Military Police Brigade continues to perform in a manner that does not meet
the standards set by the Army or by CJTF7. In the past 6 months, incidents have occurred
that reflect a lack of clear standards, proficiency, and leadership within the brigade. As
the commander, I hold you ultimately responsible for those deficiencies.
The reported detainee abuse incident at the Baghdad Correctional Facility (Abu Ghraib) is
the most recent example of what I am increasinglyconcluding is a poor leadership climate
that permeates the brigade. As an immediate step, as the senior commander in Iraq, I am
directing the suspension of the platoon leader, company commander, and battalion
commander of the units involved in the incident at Baghdad Correctional Facility. You will
assess their fitness to occupy leadership positions and report the results of your
assessments to Major General Walter Wojdakowski no later than 23 January 2004.
I admonish you to take charge of the brigade and take the corrective actions necessary to
set and enforce standards. To that end, I have requested that the commander, U.S.
Central Command, provide a team of experts to conduct focused training on confinement
operations, with specificemphasis on the requirement to treat allpersons under Coalition
Forces’ control with dignity and respect.26
24 Ibid.,216.
25 Ibid.,18.
26 Ibid.,19.

13
The blame was being placed on Janis Karpinski. She was being set-up to take the fall for the
failure of the Abu Ghraib Prison System before the story went public in April 2004. Between
January and April, the United States Military did what they could to prevent the story from
being made public, but there was no stopping the leak. Several individuals involved had been
emailing the pictures they took to family members and friends back at home, and those
pictures were then leaked to the press.
It was, and still is, a “man’s world” within the United States Military. Under a male
President, a male Secretary of Defense, and various male senior military commanders, the
easiest way out was to blame the female. But there was a flaw in that ideology: the majority of
those who committed that crimes at Abu Ghraib were part of the 372nd Military Police
Company, which was not under the jurisdiction of Brigadier General Janis Karpinski.
Nonetheless she was thrown in front of the scandal because it needed a face, someone to stand
at the front while the MPs shared the blame. Those who were documented as being involved
in the scandal were reprimanded under a court of law. Sabrina Harman, a Specialist, Military
Police, gave detailed account of her charges after evidence came out about the death of a
detainee due to suspicious causes:
They tried to charge me with destruction of government property which I don’t
understand, and maltreatment by taking the photos of a dead guy but he’s dead so I don’t
understand how that’s maltreatment, and then altering evidence for removing the
bandage from his eye to take a photo of it and then I placed it back. When he died they
cleaned him all up and then stuck the bandages on, so it’s not really altering evidence
because they had already done that for me. In order to make the other charges stick they
were going to have to bring in the photos, which they don’t want to bring up the dead

14
guy at all, the OGA, because obviously they covered up murder and that would just make
them look bad so they just dropped all the charges.”27
Several of the perpetrators were charged with the maltreatment of prisoners due to their
abuse of power, but they were all tried on different levels according to the severity of their
involvement. Charles Graner received the worst of the sentences because he served as the
“ringleader” and appeared in almost every photo exposed in the scandal. Charles Graner was
convicted of “conspiracy to maltreat detainees, failing to protect detainees from abuse, cruelty,
and maltreatment, as well as charges of assault, indecency, adultery, and obstruction of
justice,” and sentenced to 10 years in federal prison. 28 Javal Davis was sentenced to six
months, Jeremy Sivits was given a one year sentence, Sabrina Harman was sentenced to six
months, and Lynndie England was sentenced to three years. Although they were not the only
ones reprimanded, they were the ones who were photographed the most. All of them were
either demoted in rank or given a dishonorable discharge and were to pay fines. What had
started off as doing a civil duty and serving their country, turned into something that disgraced
the name of their nation.
As the American people were focusing on those who committed these vicious acts, the
detainees were recovering from their traumatic experiences. In the wake of the story breaking,
the U.S. conducted a thorough investigation at Abu Ghraib. Over a dozen detainees were
deposed and gave detailed accounts of what occurred within the walls of Abu Ghraib. One
detainee by the name of Ameen Sa’eed AL-SHEIKH described his experiences:
27
28
"Abu Ghraib Torture and Prisoner Abuse." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation,n.d. Web. 27 Mar. 2014.

15
Before I got in, a soldier put a sand bag over my head. I didn’t see anything after
that. They took me insidethe building and started to screamat me. They stripped
me naked, they asked me, “Do you pray to Allah?” I said, “Yes.” They said, “Fuck
you” and “Fuck him.” One of them said, “You are not getting out of here healthy,
you are getting out of here handicapped.”29
Each detainee provided information about the occurrences that was used to incriminate many
of the MPs who conducted these horrible acts. These depositions and ultimately the
investigation in general provided information that was cause for reform. The United States
Senate of the 108th Congress drafted a Resolution “expressing the sense of the Senate that the
Abu Ghraib prison must be demolished to underscore the United States abhorrence of the
mistreatment of prisoners in Iraq.”30 This Resolution presented this prison as a “symbol of evil”
to both the people of the Arab world as well as those in the U.S. and moved for the complete
destruction of the facility as an “expression and symbolic gesture that the American people will
not tolerate the past and current mistreatment of prisoners.”31 The people of this nation
recognized the atrocities committed overseas and wanted to do something to show their
respect. Government officials were not keen on amplifying the issues between the U.S. and the
Middle East at this time.
Feelings of animosity at this time existed not only between nations but within the
American government as well. Following the Abu Ghraib prison scandal, members of Congress
did not place the blame on Janis Karpinski, the blame was placed on Secretary of Defense
Donald Rumsfeld. In the months following the scandal’s exposure, the 108th Congress issued
29 Danner, Mark. Torture and Truth: America, Abu Ghraib, and the War on Terror. New York: New York Review,
2004.Print. Pg 226.
30
United States. Cong. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations. Congress.gov. By Larry E. Craig.108th Cong. S Res.
N.p., 2003.Web. 27 Mar.2014.
31 Ibid.,

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Resolutions calling for the immediate removal and/or impeachment of Donald Rumsfeld. The
House of Representatives, sponsored by Rep. Charles B. Rangel, submitted this resolution to the
Committee on the Judiciary, consisting of nine articles of impeachment for “high crimes and
misdemeanors.”32 The articles presented in the Resolution, specifically Articles IV through IX,
highlight Rumsfeld’s unethical involvement in the occurrences at Abu Ghraib.
(Article IV) Donald Rumsfeld contributed to an atmosphere of lawlessness in the
administration of United States military prison facilities in Iraq by rejecting United
States compliance with the Geneva Convention.
(Article V) Donald Rumsfeld, as Secretary of Defense, abdicated his role as the
head of the United States military by allowing the breakdown of discipline in the
administration of military prison facilities in Iraq, and by ignoring warnings by the
International Committee of the Red Cross.
(Article VI) Donald Rumsfeld, as Secretary of Defense, failed in his responsibility to
fully investigate and address the breakdown of discipline and attendant atrocities
at those prison facilities.
(Article VII) Donald Rumsfeld, as Secretary of Defense, failed in his responsibility
to fully inform the President of atrocities committed by United States troops at
military prison facilities in Iraq.
(Article VIII) Donald Rumsfeld, as Secretary of Defense, misled the Congress and
the American people of those atrocities by seeking to suppress information about
the misconduct.
(Article IX) Donald Rumsfeld, as Secretary of Defense, through his malfeasance as
the leader of the United States military forces, is responsible for the atrocities
committed by United States troops in Iraq.33
These articles contain valuable information that serve as corroborating evidence against
Rumsfeld. Rumsfeld’s involvement in the Abu Ghraib prison scandal provided irrefutable
evidence for his impeachment, but unfortunately he was neither immediately removed from
32
United States. Cong. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Impeaching Donald Rumsfeld, Secretary of Defense. By
Charles B. Rangel. 108th Cong., 2nd sess.HR Res. 629. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print.
33 Ibid.,

17
office nor impeached. Donald Rumsfeld, after being called to resign by eight retired Generals
and Admirals, resigned from his position as Secretary of Defense in 2006. Although he was not
removed from office in the manner that many people wanted, he was nevertheless removed
from office following the scandal. If Rumsfeld were to be reprimanded in the same manner as
those who conducted the atrocious acts, justice would have been served, but his resignation
served well.
When uninformed of the details of a scandal, it is easy for the American public to
subject the blame on to one single person. In this case, with the Abu Ghraib Prison scandal, the
blame cannot simply be thrust upon one single person; the complete disregard for human
rights and ethical principles can be threaded up the gubernatorial ladder all the way to the
president. Through the incompetence of the Bush administration, the miscommunication of
government leaders and military officials, and the complete disregard of ethical principles by
military police officers and military intelligence agents, the prison scandal and cover-up at Abu
Ghraib, in Baghdad, Iraq, unfolded and plagued the name of the United States. Although formal
apologies were issued, and those involved were brought to justice, the memory of these
horrible actions will live on. It is an identifier for the military, for the Bush administration, and
the United States as a whole. The War on Terror grew in to a War of Terror at Abu Ghraib, and
that war refuses to stay behind bars.

18
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