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AAYAAM INSTITUTE OF MGMT. &
TECH., BANDIKUI
1
dEI;wVj dk ifjp;
• dEI;wVj ,d ,slh bysDVªksfud e’khu gS tks fd
iz;ksxdrkZ }kjk lwpuk dks xzg.k djrh gS rRi'pkr ;g
mu lwpukvks ij funsZ'kkuqlkj dk;Z djdsa rhozxfr ls
iw.kZr% 'kq) ifj.kke iznku djrh gSA
rdUkhdh Òk"kk es dEI;wVj buiqV fMokbZlksa ds
ek/;e ls MsVk o funsZ'k izkIr djrh gS] MsVk o
funsZ'kksa dk laxzg.k djrh gS rFkk funsZ'kksa ds
vuqlkj MsVk dh izkslsflax djrh gS ,oa vUr esa
vkmViqV fMokbZlksa ds ek/;e ls mi;ksxh ifj.kke
nsrh gSA
AAYAAM INSTITUTE OF MGMT. &
TECH., BANDIKUI
2
dEI;wVj dk CykWd fp=
AAYAAM INSTITUTE OF MGMT. &
TECH., BANDIKUI
3
dEI;wVj dh vko’;drk
igys ds tekus esa ijEijkxr rjhds ls dk;Z djus ds fy, vfrfjDr Je o lkexzh
dh vko';drk gksrh Fkh A dbZ ckj ns[kk x;k gS fd fdlh dk;Z dks djus ds
fy;s cgqr lkjs yksxks dks dke esa yxk;k tkrk Fkk tSls fdlh HkrhZ
izfdz;k esa cgqr ls yksxks dks yxk;k tkrk Fkk tks jftLVj esa fjdkMZ dk
bUnzkt] la/kkj.k djuk vkfn dk;Z djrs Fks A ftles dkQh le; o dkQh ek=k
esa LVs'kujh dke esa vkrh FkhA ysfdu vkt ;as lkjk dke dEI;wVj }kjk
rhoz xfr ls fd;k tkrk gSA lkjk fjdkMZ cVu nckrs gh vkids lkeus gksrk
gSA bles lkjk dke ,d gh txg LVksj fd;k tkrk gS rkfd vko’;drk gksusas ij
dqN gh lSd.M esa okafNr ifj.kke izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
AAYAAM INSTITUTE OF MGMT. &
TECH., BANDIKUI
4
igys cSadks esa iSlks ds ysu nsu ds fy, yEch yEch ykbZus yxk djrk
FkhA D;ksfd leLr dk;Z cSafdax LVkWQ }kjk gLrfyf[kr jftLVjks ls la/kkfjr
gksrk FkkA ftlesa dkQh le; [kpZ gksrk FkkA vke vkneh jkf= ds le;
cSadks ls foRRkh; ysu nsu ugh dj ldrk FkkA fdUrq vkt cSafdax
lsokvksa ds dEI;wVjkbts’ku gksus ds lkFk fdlh Hkh le; foRrh; ysu nsu
fd;k tk ldrk gSA
iqfyl foHkkx ess leLr vkbZ- vkbZ- ,Q- QkWeksZ dk fuLrkj.k gLrfyf[kr
gksrk Fkk ,oa iqjkus fjdkMZ dh izfrfyfi;k Li"V izkIr ugh gks ikrh Fkh
rFkk lokZf/kd egRoiw.kZ M.C.R. cukus esa izfr ekg dkQh LVkWQ
yxkuk gksrk Fkk fdUrq lhik ds rgr dEI;wVjkbts'ku gks tkus ls leLr vkbZ-
vkbZ-,Q- QkeZl dEI;wVjtfur feyus yxs gSa rFkk iqjkuh ,Q-vkbZ-vkj ,oa
vU; vkbZ-vkbZ-,Q- QkeZl ds Qzs'k fizUV fy;s tk ldrs gSA ,elhvkj ds fy,
vyx ls LVkQ yxkus dh ctk; dqN gh lSds.Mks esa dEI;wVj }kjk ,elhvkj
AAYAAM INSTITUTE OF MGMT. &
TECH., BANDIKUI
5
dEI;wVj ds mi;ksx
• cSafdax ,oa O;olk; ds {ks= esa %& cSadks ds dk;Z
esa dEI;wVj ds iz;ksx ls foRrh; ysu nsu vklku gqvk gSA
vkt 24 ?kUVs foRrh; ysu nsu lEHko gks x;k gSA ?kj
cSBs & cSBs fctyh] ikuh] Qksu ,oa vU; lsokvks ds fcy
bUVjusV ds tfj;s vFkok ATM ds tfj;s tek djk;s tk ldrs gSA
fofHkUu vkS|ksfxd ysu & nsu bZ & cSafdax ds tfj;s fd;s tk
ldrs gSA
• Òou fuekZ.k ds {ks= esa %& uohu Òou] iqy] ckaèk
vkfn ds fMtkbu dEI;wVj ij rS;kj gksrs gSA ftlls lkbV ij vkus
okyh leL;k dk fujkdj.k rqjUr gks ldrk gSA rS;kj gksus ij
Òou dk ,fyos'ku dSlk gksxk bls Hkh ns[kk tk ldrk gS ,oa
vko’;drk ds vuqlkj ifjorZu fd;k tk ldrk gSA
• fpfdRlk ds {ks= esa %& fofHkUu Ádkj ds tfVy
vkWijs'ku dEI;wVjkbTM e'khuks ds tfj;s fd;s tk jgs gSA
buls ekuoh; Hkwyks dh otg ,oa vf/kd pkSMs dV yxkus
tSlh leL;kvks ls futkr feyh gS rFkk vis{kkd`r de nnZ ;qDr
vkWijs'ku fof/k;k lEHko gks x;h gSA
AAYAAM INSTITUTE OF MGMT. &
TECH., BANDIKUI
6
• euksjatu ds {ks= esa %& dEI;wVj ij fofHkUu
izdkj ds euksjatd [ksy [ksys tk ldrs gS] laxhr]
fofM;ksa ,oa ,uhesVsM xzkfQDl ns[sk tk ldrs
gSA fQYeksa esa dEI;wVj dh enn ls fof'k"V izdkj
ds izHkko mRiUu fd;s tkrs gSA
• lwpuk ds vknku iznku ds {ks= esa %&
dEI;wVj ds }kjk vkt lwpuk dk vknku iznku dkQh
lqxe gks x;k gSA bUVjusV ds vkxeu ds i'pkr~
bZ&esy vkt lwpuk ds vknku iznku dk izeq[k lk/ku
gks x;k gSA
• f'k{kk ds {ks= esa %& vkt fofHkUu fdrkcsa ,o
V;wVksfj;y bUVjusV dh fofHkUu osc lkbV~l ij
ekStwn gS ftudk v/;;u dj O;fDr vius Kku esa o`f}
dj ldrk gSA fofHkUu f'k{kk laxBu vkWu ykbu
AAYAAM INSTITUTE OF MGMT. &
TECH., BANDIKUI
7
dEI;wVj ds ykHk
• 1- xfr%&
• dEI;wVj dh dk;Z djus dh xfr cgqr vf/kd gksrh gSA og tfVy
ls tfVy x.kukvksa dks Hkh dqN lSd.M esa gh gy dj nsrk
gSA ,d dEI;wVj vadxf.kr dh vjcks x.kuk,a ,d lSd.M esa gh
dj ldrk gSaA
• 2 fo'oluh;rk %&
• dEI;wVj dsoy mu funsZ'kks ij gh x.kuk djrk gSa tks dh
mls iznku dh x;h gSA ;fn mls lgh funsZ'k fn;s x;s gSa rks
ifj.kke 'kr izfr'kr lgh gksrs gS fdUrq ;fn funsZ'k lgh ugha
gSa rks ifj.kke lgh ugha feysxsA
• 3 fofo/krk %&
• dEI;wVj dk mi;ksx esfMdy esa] xzkfQDl cukus esa] laxhr
fuekZ.k esa] euksjatu esa] fofM;ks pyfp= cukus esa]
[ksyks esa fd;k tkrk gSA
AAYAAM INSTITUTE OF MGMT. &
TECH., BANDIKUI
8
• 4 mRikndrk %&
• dEI;wVj ds mi;ksx ls ,d fuf'pr le; esaa o de Je ls vf/kd la[;k
esa mRikn izkIr fd;s tk ldrs gSA ftlls mRiknu esa o`f}
gksrh gSA
• 5-,d:irk %&
• dEI;wVj dHkh Hkh dk;Z ls Fkdrk ugha gS vFkkZr mlds
dke esa lnSo ,d:irk jgrh gS ;fn ;gh dke ekuo }kjk fd;k tkrk
gSa rks mldks FkksMs le; ckn mls FkdkoV gksus yxrh gS
vkSj og vkjke pkgrk gS fdUrq dEI;wVj ds lkFk ,slk ugha
gksrk gS mls fdlh vkjke dh vko’;drk ugha gksrh gSA
mnkgj.kr;k jsYkos ds dEI;wVj cgqr yEcs le; rd pyrs jgrs
gSaA
• 6- 'kS{kf.kd ykHk %&
• dEI;wVj ds dbZ ,sls izksxzke miyC/k gSa ftuds }kjk Nk=
vius fofHkUu fo"k;ks dk v/;;u dj ldrk gSa] bl izdkj ds
fo'ks"k izksxzkeks dks V~;wVj izksxzke dgk tkrk gSaA ;g
AAYAAM INSTITUTE OF MGMT. &
TECH., BANDIKUI
9
gkMZos;j
dEI;wVj gkMZos;j dk rkRi;Z gS e’khuh fgLls
;kuh iqtsZA vFkkZr dEI;wVj ds os midj.k
tks HkkSfrd :i esa gksrs gS] gkMZos;j
dgykrs gSA vxj dEI;wVj dh rqyuk ekuo ls
dh tk, rks ekuo 'kjhj ds fgLlksa dks
gkMZos;j dgk tk ldrk gSA blh izdkj dEI;wVj
ds fgLlksa dks gkMZos;j dgk tkrk gSaaaA
gkMZos;j dk mi;ksx lksQ~Vos;j ds fcuk
dqN Hkh ugha gSA mnkgj.k &
ekml] dh cksMZ] eksfuVj] lh0 ih0 ;w0A
AAYAAM INSTITUTE OF MGMT. &
TECH., BANDIKUI
10
lkWQ~Vos;j
dEI;wVj ls dk;Z djokus ds fy, gesa dEI;wVj dks crkuk
gksrk gS fd mls D;k djuk gSA bl dk;Z ds fy, gesa
dEI;wVj dks funsZ’k nsus iM+rs gSaA bu funsZ’kksa
ds lewg dks izksxzke dgk tkrk gSA bu izksxzkeksa
ds lewg dks gh lkWQ~Vos;j dgrs gSaA dksbZ Hkh
gkMZos;j rHkh dk;Z djrk gS] tc mls mlls lEcaf/kr
lkWQ~Vos;j ls funsZ’k feyrs gSA ;fn dEI;wVj dh
rqyuk ekuo ls dh tk, rks ekuo efLr"d esa gksus okyh
izfdz;kvksa dh rqyuk dEI;wVj ds lkWQ~Vos;j ls dh tk
ldrh gSA ftl izdkj ekuo efLr"d dh izfdz;kvksa ds
QyLo:i mRiUu funsZ’kksa ij ekuo 'kjhj ds vax dk;Z
djrs gSa] Bhd mlh izdkj lkWQ~Vos;j ls izkIr
funsZ’kksa ds vuq:i dEI;wVj gkMZos;j lapkfyr gksrk
gSA ftl izdkj ekuoh; 'Okkl ekuo dks lapkfyr djus ds fy,
vko’;d gS mlh izdkj dEI;wVj dks lapkfyr djus ds fy, fo|
qr dh vko’;drk gksrh gSA
AAYAAM INSTITUTE OF MGMT. &
TECH., BANDIKUI
11
dsUnzh; lalk/ku bdkbZ (CPU)
dEI;wVj dk ;g Hkkx fof'k"V ekuk tkrk gS
D;ksafd ;gh Hkkx dEI;wVj dks fn;s tkus
okys lkjs izksxzkeksa dks pykrk gSA
dsUnzh; lalk/ku bdkbZ dks dEI;wVj dk
efLr"d dgk tkrk gS] bldk laidZ dEI;wVj ds
lkjs ?kVdksa ls tqMk jgrk gS ftl izdkj ekuo
'kjhj dk eq[; Hkkx efLRk"d gksrk gSa vkSj
mldk laidZ 'kjhj ds lHkh Hkkxksa ls gksrk
gSA efLRk"d ds }kjk gh ekuo 'kjhj lapkfyr
gksrk gSa mlh izdkj dsUnzh; lalk/ku bdkbZ
AAYAAM INSTITUTE OF MGMT. & TECH.,
BANDIKUI
12
dsUnzh; lalk/ku bZdkbZ (CPU)
dk CykWd fp=
buiqV
bdkbZ
dsUnzh; lalk/ku
bdkbZ
vadxf.krh; o rkfdZd
bdkbZ
fu;U=.k bdkbZ
eq[; lxzag.k
bdkbZ
vkmViqV
bdkbZ
AAYAAM INSTITUTE OF MGMT. & TECH.,
BANDIKUI
13
dsUnzh; lalk/ku bdkbZ dh
fdz;kfof/k
dEI;wVj esa MkVk ;k vkadM+s buiqV
bdkbZ ds ek/;e ls dsUnzh; lalk/ku bdkbZ
dks fn, tkrs gSaA mn~ns’; ds vuq:i
dsUnzh; lalk/ku bdkbZ dh vadxf.krh; ,oa
rkfdZd bdkbZ }kjk bu vkadM+ksa dh
izkslsflax dh tkrh gSA izkslsflax dh
fdz;kfof/k ij fu;a=.k bdkbZ }kjk fu;a=.k j[kk
tkrk gSA rRi’pkr~ okafNr ifj.kke eq[;
laxzg.k bdkbZ esa laxzfgr gksdj vkmViqV
bdkbZ ij iznf’kZr gksrk gSA
AAYAAM INSTITUTE OF MGMT. & TECH.,
BANDIKUI
14
dsUnzh; lalk/ku bZdkbZ ds
HkkXk
enjcksMZ %& enjcksMZ dEI;wVj dk eq[; Hkkx gksrk gSa
bl ij NksVh&NksVh fpIl gksrh gSa o blds Åij cgqr lkjs
LyksV~l gksrs gSa ftl ij dEI;wVj ds Hkkxks dks tksMk tkrk
gSaaA enjcksMZ dbZ izdkj ds miyC/k gSa tSls bUVsy]
edZjh] vkll vkfnA
AAYAAM INSTITUTE OF MGMT. & TECH.,
BANDIKUI
15
izkslslj %& izkslslj dks enj cksMZ ij
yxk;k tkrk gSA bldk dk;Z dEI;wVj dks fn;s
x;s funsZ’kksa dks iw.kZ djuk gksrk
gSA ;g fn[kus es NksVs vkdkj dh vk;rkdkj
fMokbl gksrh gS ftlds Åij cgqr lkjh
dkaVsuqek fiu gksrh gSA dqN izkslsslj
fcuk fiu ds
Hkh vkrs gSaA cktkj esa dbZ izdkj ds
izkslslj miyC/k gSA
tSls & P4, Core-2-Duo,
Dual Core, AMD 64 Bit, 32Bit.
AAYAAM INSTITUTE OF MGMT. & TECH.,
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16
• jSe vkSj jkse %& tc dEI;wVj ij dksbZ izksxzke
py jgk gksrk gS ml izksxzke ds funsZ'kksaa vkSj
muls lacaf/kr MkVk dks Le`fr d{k esa vLFkk;h
rkSj ij lqjf{kr j[kk tkrk gSA rkfd lh-ih-;w viuk dk;Z
rhoz xfr ls dj ldsA blesa fofHkUu izdkj dh
izksxzkfeax dh tk ldrh gSaA jSe vkSj jkse blh
Le`fr d{k ds Òkx gksrs gSA
• gkMZ fMLd MªkbZo %& dEI;wVj esa
izksxzke ,oa MkVk dks gkMZfMLd ij LFkk;h rkSj
ij laxzfgr fd;k tkrk gSA bls MkVk dscy ;k vkbZMh
dscy }kjk enjcksMZ ij yxs LykWV ls tksM+k tkrk
gSA bldks flLVe dh yksdy fMLd Hkh dgrs gSA
• fMLIys@fizaVj ,MsIVj dkMZ %& dEI;wVj
AAYAAM INSTITUTE OF MGMT. & TECH.,
BANDIKUI
17
1. ih-lh-vkbZ-
LyksV~l
2. izkslslj
3. jse LyksV~l
AAYAAM INSTITUTE OF MGMT. & TECH.,
BANDIKUI
18
eWkuhVjeWkuhVj;g ns[kus esa fcYdqy Vh-oh- T©lk gksRkk;g ns[kus esa fcYdqy Vh-oh- T©lk gksRkk
gS ijURkq Rkduhdh :i lsgS ijURkq Rkduhdh :i ls dqNdqN fHkUu gksRkkfHkUu gksRkk
gSA ;g vkmViqV ;qfDr;ksa esa lokZf/kd dke esagSA ;g vkmViqV ;qfDr;ksa esa lokZf/kd dke esa
vkus okyk midj.k gSA bls fotqvy fMLIys ;wfuVvkus okyk midj.k gSA bls fotqvy fMLIys ;wfuV
Hkh dgrs gSaA iz;ksxdrkZ ekWuhVj ds }kjk ghHkh dgrs gSaA iz;ksxdrkZ ekWuhVj ds }kjk gh
dEI;wVj ls varfØZ;k djrk gSA ;g buiqV odEI;wVj ls varfØZ;k djrk gSA ;g buiqV o
vkmViqV midj.kksa dk dk;Z djrk gSAvkmViqV midj.kksa dk dk;Z djrk gSA vkmViqVvkmViqV
ds :i esa dke esa fy, tkus okys lk/kkj.k dEI;wVjds :i esa dke esa fy, tkus okys lk/kkj.k dEI;wVj
rFkk buiqV ds :i esa Vp LØhu dEI;wVj dk mi;ksxrFkk buiqV ds :i esa Vp LØhu dEI;wVj dk mi;ksx
gksrk gSAgksrk gSA
AAYAAM INSTITUTE OF MGMT. & TECH.,
BANDIKUI
19
ekWfuVj ds izdkj
CRTCRT ekWfuVj %&ekWfuVj %& vf/kdka'k dEI;wVjks esa blvf/kdka'k dEI;wVjks esa bl
izdkj dk ekWfuVj dke esa fy;k tkrk gSA ;g cgqrizdkj dk ekWfuVj dke esa fy;k tkrk gSA ;g cgqr
dqN ?kj esa dke vkus okys Vsfyfotu ds leku gksrsdqN ?kj esa dke vkus okys Vsfyfotu ds leku gksrs
gSA buesa fiDpj V~;wcgSA buesa fiDpj V~;wc CRTCRT dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrkdk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk
gSA dEI;wVj dh Ldhzu cgqr NksVs&NksVsgSA dEI;wVj dh Ldhzu cgqr NksVs&NksVs
fcUnqvks esa caVh jgrh gSA ftrus vf/kd fcUnqfcUnqvks esa caVh jgrh gSA ftrus vf/kd fcUnq
gksrsa gSA Ldhzu ij mruh gh vPNh QksVksgksrsa gSA Ldhzu ij mruh gh vPNh QksVks
fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA bu fcUnqvks dksfn[kkbZ nsrh gSA bu fcUnqvks dks PixelsPixels dgrs gSAdgrs gSA
AAYAAM INSTITUTE OF MGMT. & TECH.,
BANDIKUI
20
Q~ysV isuy fMLIysQ~ysV isuy fMLIys ((FPD)FPD) ekWfuVjekWfuVj
%&%&
;g ubZ rduhd ij vk/kkfjr eksuhVj gSA buesa;g ubZ rduhd ij vk/kkfjr eksuhVj gSA buesa
vkosf’kr jlk;uksa vkSj xSlksa dks dkap dhvkosf’kr jlk;uksa vkSj xSlksa dks dkap dh
IysVksa ds e/; la;ksftr fd;k tkrk gSA ;g iryhIysVksa ds e/; la;ksftr fd;k tkrk gSA ;g iryh
fMLIys ;qfDr Q~ysV isuy fMLIys dgykrhfMLIys ;qfDr Q~ysV isuy fMLIys dgykrh
gSA ,Q-ih-Mh- eksfuVj vR;f/kd irys] piVs]gSA ,Q-ih-Mh- eksfuVj vR;f/kd irys] piVs]
otu esa gYds o de fo|qr [kir okys gksrsotu esa gYds o de fo|qr [kir okys gksrs
gSA ;g rhu izdkj ds gksrs gSa %&gSA ;g rhu izdkj ds gksrs gSa %&
1- nzoh; fdzLVy fMLIys eksfuVj1- nzoh; fdzLVy fMLIys eksfuVj
2- xSl IykTek fMLIys eksfuVj2- xSl IykTek fMLIys eksfuVj
3- bysDVªksY;wfeuslsV fMLIys eksfuVj3- bysDVªksY;wfeuslsV fMLIys eksfuVj
AAYAAM INSTITUTE OF MGMT. & TECH.,
BANDIKUI
21
fyfDoM+ fdzLVy fMLIysfyfDoM+ fdzLVy fMLIys (LCD)(LCD)
eksfuVjeksfuVj
• vktdy bl izdkj ds eksfuVj izpyu esa gSAvktdy bl izdkj ds eksfuVj izpyu esa gSA
ysiVkWi esa Hkh bl izdkj ds eksfuVj iz;qDrysiVkWi esa Hkh bl izdkj ds eksfuVj iz;qDr
gksrs gSAgksrs gSA jktLFkku iqfyl ds lhik izkstsDVjktLFkku iqfyl ds lhik izkstsDV
ds r`rh; pj.k esa bl izdkj ds eksfuVj dke esads r`rh; pj.k esa bl izdkj ds eksfuVj dke esa
fy, tk jgs gSAfy, tk jgs gSA
xSl IykTek vkSj bysDVªksY;wfeuslsVxSl IykTek vkSj bysDVªksY;wfeuslsV
eksfuVj dk fMLIys ,y-lh-Mh- eksfuVjeksfuVj dk fMLIys ,y-lh-Mh- eksfuVj
¼fyfDoM+ fdzLVy eksfuVj½ dh rqyuk esa¼fyfDoM+ fdzLVy eksfuVj½ dh rqyuk esa
vPNh DokfyVh dk gksrk gS fdUrq budhvPNh DokfyVh dk gksrk gS fdUrq budh
dher vis{kkd`r vf/kd gksrh gSAdher vis{kkd`r vf/kd gksrh gSA
AAYAAM INSTITUTE OF MGMT. & TECH.,
BANDIKUI
22
• Vp Ldzhu eksuhVj %&
Vp Ldzhu ekuo
vaxqfy;kssa ds Li’kZ ds
izfr laosnu’khy gksrs gSaA
Ldzhu dh lrg ij cgqr ls Li’kZ
laosnh izksxzke Li’kZ
fcUnq gksrs gSA izR;sd
Li’kZ fcUnq }kjk mls Li’kZ
djus ij buiqV ladsr mRiUu
fd, tkrs gSaA
Vp Ldzhu ij lkekU;r% ,d ehuw iznf’kZr gksrk gSA bl
ehuw esa ftl fodYi dks pquuk gks mls maxyh ls Nwrs
gSaA Vp Ldzhu cgqr gh fe=or gksrs gS rFkk bUgsa
iz;ksx djus ds fy, dEI;wVj fo’ks"kK gksuk vko’;d
ughsa gSA Vp Ldzhu dk mi;ksx mu LFkkuksa ij gksrk
gS tgka vke yksxksa dks dksbZ tkudkjh izkIr djuh gks
;k dksbZ fo’ks"k dk;Z djuk gks tSls& cM+s&cM+s
jsYos LVs’kuksa ij Vªsu dh fLFkfr] fdjk;k vkfn dh
tkudkjh izkIr djus rFkk ,-Vh-,e- ls jkf’k fudkyus] cSysal
dk irk yxkus ds fy, Vp Ldzhu dk gh mi;ksx fd;k tkrk
gSA
AAYAAM INSTITUTE OF MGMT. & TECH.,
BANDIKUI
23
ekml
• ekml eksuhVj ij utj vkus okys
IokbaVj dks fu;af=r djrk gSA
vkerkSj ij ekml dk IkokbzaVj ,d rhj
ds #i esa utj vkrk gSA pwWfd
,Iyhds’ku ds vk/kkj ij bldk vkdkj
cnyrk jgrk gSA ekml esa ,d] nks ;k
rhu cVu gks ldrs gSa] ftuds tfj;s
funsZ’kksa ds fodYi pqus tkrs gSa
vkSj fDyd djUks ij funsZ'k lapkfYkr
g®Rks gSaA dqN ekml esa Oghy
cVu gksrs gSa] ftudh enn ls
ekWuhVj ij utj vk jgh lwpuk dks
LØksy djds ns[kk tk ldrk gSA
AAYAAM INSTITUTE OF MGMT. & TECH.,
BANDIKUI
24
Ekkml dk iz;ksXk
• IokbfUVx:
cxSj dksbZ cVu bR;kfn nck;s gq;s dsoy ekml IokbUVj dks
LØhu ij fuf'pRk LFkku ij ?kqekRks gq;s igqapuk] IokbfUVx
dgykRkk gSaA
• flaxy fDyd:
cka;sa cVu dks ,d ckj vukfedk vaxqyh ls nckdj NksM+uk
fDyd dgykRkk gSA
• Mcy fDyd:
cka;sa cVu dks fdlh vkbdu ij nks ckj fDyd djuk Mcy fDyd
dgykRkk gSA Mcy fDyd djus ij og lk¶Vos;j dk;kZfUoRk
gks TkkRkk gSA
• jkbV fDyd:
nka;sa cVu dks ,d ckj e/;fedk vaxqyh ls nckdj NksM+uk
jkbV fDyd dgykRkk gSA
AAYAAM INSTITUTE OF MGMT. & TECH.,
BANDIKUI
25
dhcksMZ
• dhcksMZ MsVk buiqV djus dk lcls vklku rjhdk gSA ftu
la[;kvksa] v{kjksa rFkk fo’ks"k dSjsDVjksa dks ge le> ldrs
gS] dhcksMZ mudks fo|qrh; rjaxksa esa ifjofrZr dj nsrk
gSA bu ladsrksa dks flLVe ;wfuV rd Hkstrk gS] tks
mUgsa izkslsl djrk gSA vf/kdrj dhcksMZ] cVuksa dh ,d
[kkl O;oLFkk dk mi;ksx djrk gSa ftls QWERTY dgrs gSaA ;g
'kCn dhcksMZ ds ysvkmV dks iznf’Zkr djrk gSA vktdy
dhcksMZ dh fofHkUu fdLesa izpfyr gSa tSls
NksVs&cM+s] fjftM o ¶ySfDlcyA
• ikjaifjd dhcksMZ %& ;s dhcksMZ] vk;rkdkj] vkdkj esa
cM+s o Bksl gksrs gSa rFkk buesas QaD’ku]
usfoxs’kuy ,oa U;wesfjd cVu 'kkfey gksrs gSaA
AAYAAM INSTITUTE OF MGMT. & TECH.,
BANDIKUI
26
AAYAAM INSTITUTE OF MGMT. & TECH.,
BANDIKUI
27
dh&cksMZ dh:
A ls Z] 0 ls 9 RkFkk fo'ks"k fpUg T©ls%& ~, !, @, $, %, ^,
&, * vkfn gksRks gSaA
QaD'ku dhTk:
;s F1 ls F12 Rkd gksRkh gS RkFkk ;s gkV key dgykRkh
gSA vyx&vyx lk¶Vos;j esa fofHkUu dk;Z buds }kjk fd;s TkkRks
gSaA vf/kdRkj lk¶Vos;j esa F1 key gsYi key gksRkh gSA
RkFkk bl key dks nckus ls vkuykbu gsYi vkRkh gSA
fn'kk ;k djlj dUVªksy dhTk:
bu key ij ← ↑ → ↓ fn'kk ds fu'kku gksRks gSa A fTkuls
ck;sa] Åij] nk;sa RkFkk uhps dlZj dks ys TkkRks gSa Home,
End, Page Up, Page Down key Hkh dlZj fu;a=d gksRkh gSaA
AAYAAM INSTITUTE OF MGMT. & TECH.,
BANDIKUI
28
dh dlZj pyus dh fn'kk
↑ vius LFkku ls dlZj dk ,d ykbu Åij pyukA
↓ vius LFkku ls dlZj dk ,d ykbu uhps pyukA
→ vius LFkku ls dlZj dk ,d v{kj nk;sa pyukA
← vius LFkku ls dlZj dk ,d v{kj ck;sa pyukA
^← vius LFkku ls dlZj dk ,d 'kCn ck;sa pyukA
^→ vius LFkku ls dlZj dk ,d 'kCn nk;sa pyukA
Home vius LFkku ls dlZj ys[k dh izFke ykbu ds izFke
'kCn(;k dkye)esa TkkukA
End vius LFkku ls dlZj dk ys[k ds vURk esa TkkukA
PgDn LØhu ij nf'kZRk MkVk ds fiNys Hkkx dks LØhu ij
ykus gsRkqA
PgUp LØhu ij nf'kZRk MkVk ds vxys Hkkx dks LØhu ij
ykus gsRkqA
AAYAAM INSTITUTE OF MGMT. & TECH.,
BANDIKUI
29
• dSIlykWd dh:
bl key dks nckus ls dh&cksMZ dSfiVy ysVlZ
¼cM+s ;k vij ½ RkFkk bl dh dks nqckjk nckus ij
¼NksVs ;k yksoj½ esa fy[kRkk gSA blds vku ;k vkQ
dh lwpuk Hkh dh cksMZ ij dSIlykd dh ykbV Tkyus ;k
cUn gksus ls izkIr dj ldRks gSaA
• f'k¶V dhTk:
;g key dhcksMZ esa nksuks RkjQ gksRkh gSA bl key
dks nck;s j[kus ds ckn fdlh Hkh ySVj dks izsl djsaxs
Rkks dSfiVy ysVj ¼cMs v{kj) esa fy[ksxk] ;fn dSIlykd
vku gS Rkks f'k¶V key dks nckus ls NksVs v{kj esa
fy[ksxkA dqN key(s) esa nks fu'kku gksRks gSa Rkks
f'k¶V nckdj Vkbi djus ij Åij dk fu'kku fizUV gksxk
vU;Fkk lkekU; fLFkfRk esa uhps dk fu'kku fizUV
gksxkA
AAYAAM INSTITUTE OF MGMT. & TECH.,
BANDIKUI
30
• dUVªksy ,oa vkWYV dhTk:
Ctrl key dks gkWV key Hkh dgrs gS ;s Lislckj ds nksuks
RkjQ gksRkh gSaA bu key dks nckus ij dEI;wVj dqN
fo'ks"k dk;Z djRkk gSA lk¶Vos;j esa Hkh budk iz;ksx
djds 'kkVZdV dek.M ,fDVosV gksRks gSa T©ls%&
fo.Mks esa dUVksy Iyl lh ¼ Ctrl + C ½ key dkih djsxk]
RkFkk ¼ Ctrl + X ½ dV djsxk] ¼ Ctrl + S ½ lso djsxk blh
Rkjg Alt +F nckus ij fo.Mks esa ,e-,l- oMZ vkfn esa
Qkby esuw iqyMkmu gks TkkRkk gSA
• ,UVj@fjVuZ dh:
lkekU;Rk% ;g key nks dk;ksZ esa iz;ksx gksRkh
gS ,d dek.M lekfIRk dh lwpuk bl key dks izsl dj ds
nh TkkRkh gSa] RkHkh dEI;wVj izkslsflax ÁkjEHk
djRkk gS] nwljk ,e- ,l-oMZ vkfn esa bl key dks nckus
ls u;k iSjkxzkQ ;k ubZ ykbu 'kq: gks TkkRkh gSA
AAYAAM INSTITUTE OF MGMT. &
TECH., BANDIKUI
31
• ikWTk dh :
bl key dks nckus ls MkWl esa fn;s x;s dek.M dh izkslsflax dks
jksd ldRks gSa ;fn nqckjk nck;sa Rkks izkslsflax fQj 'kq: gks
Tkk;sxhA
• VSc dh :
blls dlZj ,d fuf'pRk vURkjky ds ckn :dRkk gSA fo.MksTk esa
Mk;ykWx ckDl esa fodYi pquus ds fy;s Hkh bldk mi;ksx djRks
gSaA
• Ldsi dh :
;g key igys fn;s x;s dek.M dks lekIr djRkk gS rFkk iqyMkmu
ehuw ,oa 'kkVZdV ehuw cUn gks tkrs gSaA
• fizUV LØhu dh :
bl key dks nckus ls MkWl izkEIV esa Tkks Hkh LØhu ij fy[kk
gksxk mls fizUVj ls fizUV dj nsxkA fo.MksTk okRkkoj.k esa bl
key dks nckus ls LØhu dh besTk fDyi cksMZ ij vk TkkRkh gS
fTkls fdlh Hkh lkW¶Vos;j esa isLV dj ldRks gSaA
AAYAAM INSTITUTE OF MGMT. & TECH.,
BANDIKUI
32
• fMyhV dh :
bl key dks nckus ij dlZj TkgkW gS mlds nkfgus RkjQ
ds djsDVj fMyhV gksRks gSaA
• cSd Lisl :
cSd Lisl key dks nckus ls dlZj ,d Lisl ihNs ¼ck;ha
RkjQ½ ,d ,d djsDVj fMyhV djRkk gqvk TkkRkk gSA
• U;wesfjd dh iSM rFkk ueykWd dh :
dh&cksMZ ds nkfguh vksj dqN Key gksRkh gSa fTku
ij 0 ls 9 RkFkk isTk&vi] isTk&Mkmu] gkse bR;kfn ds
cVu gksRks gSaA ;fn Åij ueykWd dh vku gS Rkks bl
dhiSM ls U;wesfjd MkVk fy[k ldRks gSA ;fn ueykWd
key vkQ gS Rkks dlZj fu;a=d vkfn dh Rkjg dke djRkh
gSA
AAYAAM INSTITUTE OF MGMT. & TECH.,
BANDIKUI
33
• bUlVZ&dh :
bUlVZ&dh vkWu gksus dh n'kk esa 'kCnksa
ds e/; u;s 'kCn dk lekos'k fd;k Tkk ldRkk gS
vU;Fkk igys ls fy[ks 'kCn ij u;s 'kCn vafdRk gks
Tkk;saxsA bl izfØ;k dks Øe'k% Insert Mode
RkFkk Overwrite Mode dgk TkkRkk gSA
AAYAAM INSTITUTE OF MGMT. & TECH.,
BANDIKUI
34
• dk;Z ds vk/kkj ij dhcksMZ nks izdkj ds gksrs gSA
1- jsfeaxVu dhcksMZ 2- buLØhIV dhcksMZ
• jsfeaxVu dhcksMZ&;s dhcksMZ fgUnh VkbZijkbZVj dh rjg
gksrs gSa rFkk buds }kjk ge fgUnh esa mlh rjg ls gh dk;Z djrs
gSa tSls fgUnh VkbZijkbZVj ls djrs gSaA
• buLØhIV dhcksMZ& ¼bafM;u LØhIV½ ;g dhcksMZ bl
izdkj ls rS;kj fd;k gS dh tSls ge gkFk ls v{kj fy[krs gSaA blesa
Loj ck;sa iSM dh rjQ gSa rFkk O;atu nk;sa iSM dh rjQ cuk;s
x;s gSa] blesa Lojksa ds vyx ls ek=k ugh yxkuh iM+rh gSA
rFkk O;atuksa dks vkil esa feykus ds fy;s gYkar dk iz;ksx fcuk
f’k¶V&dh ds fd;k tkrk gSA
AAYAAM INSTITUTE OF MGMT. & TECH.,
BANDIKUI
35
buiqV midj.k
• buiqV midj.k %& dEI;wVj esa dksbZ
Hkh MkVk ;k izksxzke ftu midj.kksa dh
lgk;rk ls igqpk;k tkrk gS] mUgs buiqV
midj.k dgrs gSA mnkgj.k Lo:i ;fn ges
dksbZ i= dEI;wVj ij rS;kj djuk gS tks
dhcksMZ ds ek/;e ls mlesa fo"k; oLrq dks
VkbZi fd;k tkrk gS vFkkZr dh dhcksMZ
buiqV midj.k dk dk;Z djsxhA buiqV
midj.kksa ds mnkgj.k & dhcksMZ] Ldsuj]
ckjdksM jhMj] Vp Ldzhu eksuhVj]
AAYAAM INSTITUTE OF MGMT. & TECH.,
BANDIKUI
36
vkmViqV midj.k
vkmViqV midj.k %& dEI;wVj ij fd;s x;s dk;Z
ds ifj.kke ftu midj.kksa ij izkIr gksrs gS mUgs
vkmViqV midj.k dgrs gSA ;g midj.k lhih;w ls
izkslsflax ds Ik'pkr~ izkIr vfUre ifj.kkeksa dks
vklkuh ls i<h tkus okyh Hkk"kk esa ifjofrZr dj
iznf'kZr djrs gSA vxj vkmViqV dks isij ij ysuk gks
rks fizUVj dk mi;ksx djrs gS vkSj ;fn bls n`'; :i
esa ns[kuk gks rks ekWuhVj dk mi;ksx djrs gSA
tSls%& fizaVj] xzkQ Iy®Vj] ekWuhVj] LihdjA

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Computer Basic in Hindi - Chapter 1

  • 1. AAYAAM INSTITUTE OF MGMT. & TECH., BANDIKUI 1 dEI;wVj dk ifjp; • dEI;wVj ,d ,slh bysDVªksfud e’khu gS tks fd iz;ksxdrkZ }kjk lwpuk dks xzg.k djrh gS rRi'pkr ;g mu lwpukvks ij funsZ'kkuqlkj dk;Z djdsa rhozxfr ls iw.kZr% 'kq) ifj.kke iznku djrh gSA rdUkhdh Òk"kk es dEI;wVj buiqV fMokbZlksa ds ek/;e ls MsVk o funsZ'k izkIr djrh gS] MsVk o funsZ'kksa dk laxzg.k djrh gS rFkk funsZ'kksa ds vuqlkj MsVk dh izkslsflax djrh gS ,oa vUr esa vkmViqV fMokbZlksa ds ek/;e ls mi;ksxh ifj.kke nsrh gSA
  • 2. AAYAAM INSTITUTE OF MGMT. & TECH., BANDIKUI 2 dEI;wVj dk CykWd fp=
  • 3. AAYAAM INSTITUTE OF MGMT. & TECH., BANDIKUI 3 dEI;wVj dh vko’;drk igys ds tekus esa ijEijkxr rjhds ls dk;Z djus ds fy, vfrfjDr Je o lkexzh dh vko';drk gksrh Fkh A dbZ ckj ns[kk x;k gS fd fdlh dk;Z dks djus ds fy;s cgqr lkjs yksxks dks dke esa yxk;k tkrk Fkk tSls fdlh HkrhZ izfdz;k esa cgqr ls yksxks dks yxk;k tkrk Fkk tks jftLVj esa fjdkMZ dk bUnzkt] la/kkj.k djuk vkfn dk;Z djrs Fks A ftles dkQh le; o dkQh ek=k esa LVs'kujh dke esa vkrh FkhA ysfdu vkt ;as lkjk dke dEI;wVj }kjk rhoz xfr ls fd;k tkrk gSA lkjk fjdkMZ cVu nckrs gh vkids lkeus gksrk gSA bles lkjk dke ,d gh txg LVksj fd;k tkrk gS rkfd vko’;drk gksusas ij dqN gh lSd.M esa okafNr ifj.kke izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
  • 4. AAYAAM INSTITUTE OF MGMT. & TECH., BANDIKUI 4 igys cSadks esa iSlks ds ysu nsu ds fy, yEch yEch ykbZus yxk djrk FkhA D;ksfd leLr dk;Z cSafdax LVkWQ }kjk gLrfyf[kr jftLVjks ls la/kkfjr gksrk FkkA ftlesa dkQh le; [kpZ gksrk FkkA vke vkneh jkf= ds le; cSadks ls foRRkh; ysu nsu ugh dj ldrk FkkA fdUrq vkt cSafdax lsokvksa ds dEI;wVjkbts’ku gksus ds lkFk fdlh Hkh le; foRrh; ysu nsu fd;k tk ldrk gSA iqfyl foHkkx ess leLr vkbZ- vkbZ- ,Q- QkWeksZ dk fuLrkj.k gLrfyf[kr gksrk Fkk ,oa iqjkus fjdkMZ dh izfrfyfi;k Li"V izkIr ugh gks ikrh Fkh rFkk lokZf/kd egRoiw.kZ M.C.R. cukus esa izfr ekg dkQh LVkWQ yxkuk gksrk Fkk fdUrq lhik ds rgr dEI;wVjkbts'ku gks tkus ls leLr vkbZ- vkbZ-,Q- QkeZl dEI;wVjtfur feyus yxs gSa rFkk iqjkuh ,Q-vkbZ-vkj ,oa vU; vkbZ-vkbZ-,Q- QkeZl ds Qzs'k fizUV fy;s tk ldrs gSA ,elhvkj ds fy, vyx ls LVkQ yxkus dh ctk; dqN gh lSds.Mks esa dEI;wVj }kjk ,elhvkj
  • 5. AAYAAM INSTITUTE OF MGMT. & TECH., BANDIKUI 5 dEI;wVj ds mi;ksx • cSafdax ,oa O;olk; ds {ks= esa %& cSadks ds dk;Z esa dEI;wVj ds iz;ksx ls foRrh; ysu nsu vklku gqvk gSA vkt 24 ?kUVs foRrh; ysu nsu lEHko gks x;k gSA ?kj cSBs & cSBs fctyh] ikuh] Qksu ,oa vU; lsokvks ds fcy bUVjusV ds tfj;s vFkok ATM ds tfj;s tek djk;s tk ldrs gSA fofHkUu vkS|ksfxd ysu & nsu bZ & cSafdax ds tfj;s fd;s tk ldrs gSA • Òou fuekZ.k ds {ks= esa %& uohu Òou] iqy] ckaèk vkfn ds fMtkbu dEI;wVj ij rS;kj gksrs gSA ftlls lkbV ij vkus okyh leL;k dk fujkdj.k rqjUr gks ldrk gSA rS;kj gksus ij Òou dk ,fyos'ku dSlk gksxk bls Hkh ns[kk tk ldrk gS ,oa vko’;drk ds vuqlkj ifjorZu fd;k tk ldrk gSA • fpfdRlk ds {ks= esa %& fofHkUu Ádkj ds tfVy vkWijs'ku dEI;wVjkbTM e'khuks ds tfj;s fd;s tk jgs gSA buls ekuoh; Hkwyks dh otg ,oa vf/kd pkSMs dV yxkus tSlh leL;kvks ls futkr feyh gS rFkk vis{kkd`r de nnZ ;qDr vkWijs'ku fof/k;k lEHko gks x;h gSA
  • 6. AAYAAM INSTITUTE OF MGMT. & TECH., BANDIKUI 6 • euksjatu ds {ks= esa %& dEI;wVj ij fofHkUu izdkj ds euksjatd [ksy [ksys tk ldrs gS] laxhr] fofM;ksa ,oa ,uhesVsM xzkfQDl ns[sk tk ldrs gSA fQYeksa esa dEI;wVj dh enn ls fof'k"V izdkj ds izHkko mRiUu fd;s tkrs gSA • lwpuk ds vknku iznku ds {ks= esa %& dEI;wVj ds }kjk vkt lwpuk dk vknku iznku dkQh lqxe gks x;k gSA bUVjusV ds vkxeu ds i'pkr~ bZ&esy vkt lwpuk ds vknku iznku dk izeq[k lk/ku gks x;k gSA • f'k{kk ds {ks= esa %& vkt fofHkUu fdrkcsa ,o V;wVksfj;y bUVjusV dh fofHkUu osc lkbV~l ij ekStwn gS ftudk v/;;u dj O;fDr vius Kku esa o`f} dj ldrk gSA fofHkUu f'k{kk laxBu vkWu ykbu
  • 7. AAYAAM INSTITUTE OF MGMT. & TECH., BANDIKUI 7 dEI;wVj ds ykHk • 1- xfr%& • dEI;wVj dh dk;Z djus dh xfr cgqr vf/kd gksrh gSA og tfVy ls tfVy x.kukvksa dks Hkh dqN lSd.M esa gh gy dj nsrk gSA ,d dEI;wVj vadxf.kr dh vjcks x.kuk,a ,d lSd.M esa gh dj ldrk gSaA • 2 fo'oluh;rk %& • dEI;wVj dsoy mu funsZ'kks ij gh x.kuk djrk gSa tks dh mls iznku dh x;h gSA ;fn mls lgh funsZ'k fn;s x;s gSa rks ifj.kke 'kr izfr'kr lgh gksrs gS fdUrq ;fn funsZ'k lgh ugha gSa rks ifj.kke lgh ugha feysxsA • 3 fofo/krk %& • dEI;wVj dk mi;ksx esfMdy esa] xzkfQDl cukus esa] laxhr fuekZ.k esa] euksjatu esa] fofM;ks pyfp= cukus esa] [ksyks esa fd;k tkrk gSA
  • 8. AAYAAM INSTITUTE OF MGMT. & TECH., BANDIKUI 8 • 4 mRikndrk %& • dEI;wVj ds mi;ksx ls ,d fuf'pr le; esaa o de Je ls vf/kd la[;k esa mRikn izkIr fd;s tk ldrs gSA ftlls mRiknu esa o`f} gksrh gSA • 5-,d:irk %& • dEI;wVj dHkh Hkh dk;Z ls Fkdrk ugha gS vFkkZr mlds dke esa lnSo ,d:irk jgrh gS ;fn ;gh dke ekuo }kjk fd;k tkrk gSa rks mldks FkksMs le; ckn mls FkdkoV gksus yxrh gS vkSj og vkjke pkgrk gS fdUrq dEI;wVj ds lkFk ,slk ugha gksrk gS mls fdlh vkjke dh vko’;drk ugha gksrh gSA mnkgj.kr;k jsYkos ds dEI;wVj cgqr yEcs le; rd pyrs jgrs gSaA • 6- 'kS{kf.kd ykHk %& • dEI;wVj ds dbZ ,sls izksxzke miyC/k gSa ftuds }kjk Nk= vius fofHkUu fo"k;ks dk v/;;u dj ldrk gSa] bl izdkj ds fo'ks"k izksxzkeks dks V~;wVj izksxzke dgk tkrk gSaA ;g
  • 9. AAYAAM INSTITUTE OF MGMT. & TECH., BANDIKUI 9 gkMZos;j dEI;wVj gkMZos;j dk rkRi;Z gS e’khuh fgLls ;kuh iqtsZA vFkkZr dEI;wVj ds os midj.k tks HkkSfrd :i esa gksrs gS] gkMZos;j dgykrs gSA vxj dEI;wVj dh rqyuk ekuo ls dh tk, rks ekuo 'kjhj ds fgLlksa dks gkMZos;j dgk tk ldrk gSA blh izdkj dEI;wVj ds fgLlksa dks gkMZos;j dgk tkrk gSaaaA gkMZos;j dk mi;ksx lksQ~Vos;j ds fcuk dqN Hkh ugha gSA mnkgj.k & ekml] dh cksMZ] eksfuVj] lh0 ih0 ;w0A
  • 10. AAYAAM INSTITUTE OF MGMT. & TECH., BANDIKUI 10 lkWQ~Vos;j dEI;wVj ls dk;Z djokus ds fy, gesa dEI;wVj dks crkuk gksrk gS fd mls D;k djuk gSA bl dk;Z ds fy, gesa dEI;wVj dks funsZ’k nsus iM+rs gSaA bu funsZ’kksa ds lewg dks izksxzke dgk tkrk gSA bu izksxzkeksa ds lewg dks gh lkWQ~Vos;j dgrs gSaA dksbZ Hkh gkMZos;j rHkh dk;Z djrk gS] tc mls mlls lEcaf/kr lkWQ~Vos;j ls funsZ’k feyrs gSA ;fn dEI;wVj dh rqyuk ekuo ls dh tk, rks ekuo efLr"d esa gksus okyh izfdz;kvksa dh rqyuk dEI;wVj ds lkWQ~Vos;j ls dh tk ldrh gSA ftl izdkj ekuo efLr"d dh izfdz;kvksa ds QyLo:i mRiUu funsZ’kksa ij ekuo 'kjhj ds vax dk;Z djrs gSa] Bhd mlh izdkj lkWQ~Vos;j ls izkIr funsZ’kksa ds vuq:i dEI;wVj gkMZos;j lapkfyr gksrk gSA ftl izdkj ekuoh; 'Okkl ekuo dks lapkfyr djus ds fy, vko’;d gS mlh izdkj dEI;wVj dks lapkfyr djus ds fy, fo| qr dh vko’;drk gksrh gSA
  • 11. AAYAAM INSTITUTE OF MGMT. & TECH., BANDIKUI 11 dsUnzh; lalk/ku bdkbZ (CPU) dEI;wVj dk ;g Hkkx fof'k"V ekuk tkrk gS D;ksafd ;gh Hkkx dEI;wVj dks fn;s tkus okys lkjs izksxzkeksa dks pykrk gSA dsUnzh; lalk/ku bdkbZ dks dEI;wVj dk efLr"d dgk tkrk gS] bldk laidZ dEI;wVj ds lkjs ?kVdksa ls tqMk jgrk gS ftl izdkj ekuo 'kjhj dk eq[; Hkkx efLRk"d gksrk gSa vkSj mldk laidZ 'kjhj ds lHkh Hkkxksa ls gksrk gSA efLRk"d ds }kjk gh ekuo 'kjhj lapkfyr gksrk gSa mlh izdkj dsUnzh; lalk/ku bdkbZ
  • 12. AAYAAM INSTITUTE OF MGMT. & TECH., BANDIKUI 12 dsUnzh; lalk/ku bZdkbZ (CPU) dk CykWd fp= buiqV bdkbZ dsUnzh; lalk/ku bdkbZ vadxf.krh; o rkfdZd bdkbZ fu;U=.k bdkbZ eq[; lxzag.k bdkbZ vkmViqV bdkbZ
  • 13. AAYAAM INSTITUTE OF MGMT. & TECH., BANDIKUI 13 dsUnzh; lalk/ku bdkbZ dh fdz;kfof/k dEI;wVj esa MkVk ;k vkadM+s buiqV bdkbZ ds ek/;e ls dsUnzh; lalk/ku bdkbZ dks fn, tkrs gSaA mn~ns’; ds vuq:i dsUnzh; lalk/ku bdkbZ dh vadxf.krh; ,oa rkfdZd bdkbZ }kjk bu vkadM+ksa dh izkslsflax dh tkrh gSA izkslsflax dh fdz;kfof/k ij fu;a=.k bdkbZ }kjk fu;a=.k j[kk tkrk gSA rRi’pkr~ okafNr ifj.kke eq[; laxzg.k bdkbZ esa laxzfgr gksdj vkmViqV bdkbZ ij iznf’kZr gksrk gSA
  • 14. AAYAAM INSTITUTE OF MGMT. & TECH., BANDIKUI 14 dsUnzh; lalk/ku bZdkbZ ds HkkXk enjcksMZ %& enjcksMZ dEI;wVj dk eq[; Hkkx gksrk gSa bl ij NksVh&NksVh fpIl gksrh gSa o blds Åij cgqr lkjs LyksV~l gksrs gSa ftl ij dEI;wVj ds Hkkxks dks tksMk tkrk gSaaA enjcksMZ dbZ izdkj ds miyC/k gSa tSls bUVsy] edZjh] vkll vkfnA
  • 15. AAYAAM INSTITUTE OF MGMT. & TECH., BANDIKUI 15 izkslslj %& izkslslj dks enj cksMZ ij yxk;k tkrk gSA bldk dk;Z dEI;wVj dks fn;s x;s funsZ’kksa dks iw.kZ djuk gksrk gSA ;g fn[kus es NksVs vkdkj dh vk;rkdkj fMokbl gksrh gS ftlds Åij cgqr lkjh dkaVsuqek fiu gksrh gSA dqN izkslsslj fcuk fiu ds Hkh vkrs gSaA cktkj esa dbZ izdkj ds izkslslj miyC/k gSA tSls & P4, Core-2-Duo, Dual Core, AMD 64 Bit, 32Bit.
  • 16. AAYAAM INSTITUTE OF MGMT. & TECH., BANDIKUI 16 • jSe vkSj jkse %& tc dEI;wVj ij dksbZ izksxzke py jgk gksrk gS ml izksxzke ds funsZ'kksaa vkSj muls lacaf/kr MkVk dks Le`fr d{k esa vLFkk;h rkSj ij lqjf{kr j[kk tkrk gSA rkfd lh-ih-;w viuk dk;Z rhoz xfr ls dj ldsA blesa fofHkUu izdkj dh izksxzkfeax dh tk ldrh gSaA jSe vkSj jkse blh Le`fr d{k ds Òkx gksrs gSA • gkMZ fMLd MªkbZo %& dEI;wVj esa izksxzke ,oa MkVk dks gkMZfMLd ij LFkk;h rkSj ij laxzfgr fd;k tkrk gSA bls MkVk dscy ;k vkbZMh dscy }kjk enjcksMZ ij yxs LykWV ls tksM+k tkrk gSA bldks flLVe dh yksdy fMLd Hkh dgrs gSA • fMLIys@fizaVj ,MsIVj dkMZ %& dEI;wVj
  • 17. AAYAAM INSTITUTE OF MGMT. & TECH., BANDIKUI 17 1. ih-lh-vkbZ- LyksV~l 2. izkslslj 3. jse LyksV~l
  • 18. AAYAAM INSTITUTE OF MGMT. & TECH., BANDIKUI 18 eWkuhVjeWkuhVj;g ns[kus esa fcYdqy Vh-oh- T©lk gksRkk;g ns[kus esa fcYdqy Vh-oh- T©lk gksRkk gS ijURkq Rkduhdh :i lsgS ijURkq Rkduhdh :i ls dqNdqN fHkUu gksRkkfHkUu gksRkk gSA ;g vkmViqV ;qfDr;ksa esa lokZf/kd dke esagSA ;g vkmViqV ;qfDr;ksa esa lokZf/kd dke esa vkus okyk midj.k gSA bls fotqvy fMLIys ;wfuVvkus okyk midj.k gSA bls fotqvy fMLIys ;wfuV Hkh dgrs gSaA iz;ksxdrkZ ekWuhVj ds }kjk ghHkh dgrs gSaA iz;ksxdrkZ ekWuhVj ds }kjk gh dEI;wVj ls varfØZ;k djrk gSA ;g buiqV odEI;wVj ls varfØZ;k djrk gSA ;g buiqV o vkmViqV midj.kksa dk dk;Z djrk gSAvkmViqV midj.kksa dk dk;Z djrk gSA vkmViqVvkmViqV ds :i esa dke esa fy, tkus okys lk/kkj.k dEI;wVjds :i esa dke esa fy, tkus okys lk/kkj.k dEI;wVj rFkk buiqV ds :i esa Vp LØhu dEI;wVj dk mi;ksxrFkk buiqV ds :i esa Vp LØhu dEI;wVj dk mi;ksx gksrk gSAgksrk gSA
  • 19. AAYAAM INSTITUTE OF MGMT. & TECH., BANDIKUI 19 ekWfuVj ds izdkj CRTCRT ekWfuVj %&ekWfuVj %& vf/kdka'k dEI;wVjks esa blvf/kdka'k dEI;wVjks esa bl izdkj dk ekWfuVj dke esa fy;k tkrk gSA ;g cgqrizdkj dk ekWfuVj dke esa fy;k tkrk gSA ;g cgqr dqN ?kj esa dke vkus okys Vsfyfotu ds leku gksrsdqN ?kj esa dke vkus okys Vsfyfotu ds leku gksrs gSA buesa fiDpj V~;wcgSA buesa fiDpj V~;wc CRTCRT dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrkdk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA dEI;wVj dh Ldhzu cgqr NksVs&NksVsgSA dEI;wVj dh Ldhzu cgqr NksVs&NksVs fcUnqvks esa caVh jgrh gSA ftrus vf/kd fcUnqfcUnqvks esa caVh jgrh gSA ftrus vf/kd fcUnq gksrsa gSA Ldhzu ij mruh gh vPNh QksVksgksrsa gSA Ldhzu ij mruh gh vPNh QksVks fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA bu fcUnqvks dksfn[kkbZ nsrh gSA bu fcUnqvks dks PixelsPixels dgrs gSAdgrs gSA
  • 20. AAYAAM INSTITUTE OF MGMT. & TECH., BANDIKUI 20 Q~ysV isuy fMLIysQ~ysV isuy fMLIys ((FPD)FPD) ekWfuVjekWfuVj %&%& ;g ubZ rduhd ij vk/kkfjr eksuhVj gSA buesa;g ubZ rduhd ij vk/kkfjr eksuhVj gSA buesa vkosf’kr jlk;uksa vkSj xSlksa dks dkap dhvkosf’kr jlk;uksa vkSj xSlksa dks dkap dh IysVksa ds e/; la;ksftr fd;k tkrk gSA ;g iryhIysVksa ds e/; la;ksftr fd;k tkrk gSA ;g iryh fMLIys ;qfDr Q~ysV isuy fMLIys dgykrhfMLIys ;qfDr Q~ysV isuy fMLIys dgykrh gSA ,Q-ih-Mh- eksfuVj vR;f/kd irys] piVs]gSA ,Q-ih-Mh- eksfuVj vR;f/kd irys] piVs] otu esa gYds o de fo|qr [kir okys gksrsotu esa gYds o de fo|qr [kir okys gksrs gSA ;g rhu izdkj ds gksrs gSa %&gSA ;g rhu izdkj ds gksrs gSa %& 1- nzoh; fdzLVy fMLIys eksfuVj1- nzoh; fdzLVy fMLIys eksfuVj 2- xSl IykTek fMLIys eksfuVj2- xSl IykTek fMLIys eksfuVj 3- bysDVªksY;wfeuslsV fMLIys eksfuVj3- bysDVªksY;wfeuslsV fMLIys eksfuVj
  • 21. AAYAAM INSTITUTE OF MGMT. & TECH., BANDIKUI 21 fyfDoM+ fdzLVy fMLIysfyfDoM+ fdzLVy fMLIys (LCD)(LCD) eksfuVjeksfuVj • vktdy bl izdkj ds eksfuVj izpyu esa gSAvktdy bl izdkj ds eksfuVj izpyu esa gSA ysiVkWi esa Hkh bl izdkj ds eksfuVj iz;qDrysiVkWi esa Hkh bl izdkj ds eksfuVj iz;qDr gksrs gSAgksrs gSA jktLFkku iqfyl ds lhik izkstsDVjktLFkku iqfyl ds lhik izkstsDV ds r`rh; pj.k esa bl izdkj ds eksfuVj dke esads r`rh; pj.k esa bl izdkj ds eksfuVj dke esa fy, tk jgs gSAfy, tk jgs gSA xSl IykTek vkSj bysDVªksY;wfeuslsVxSl IykTek vkSj bysDVªksY;wfeuslsV eksfuVj dk fMLIys ,y-lh-Mh- eksfuVjeksfuVj dk fMLIys ,y-lh-Mh- eksfuVj ¼fyfDoM+ fdzLVy eksfuVj½ dh rqyuk esa¼fyfDoM+ fdzLVy eksfuVj½ dh rqyuk esa vPNh DokfyVh dk gksrk gS fdUrq budhvPNh DokfyVh dk gksrk gS fdUrq budh dher vis{kkd`r vf/kd gksrh gSAdher vis{kkd`r vf/kd gksrh gSA
  • 22. AAYAAM INSTITUTE OF MGMT. & TECH., BANDIKUI 22 • Vp Ldzhu eksuhVj %& Vp Ldzhu ekuo vaxqfy;kssa ds Li’kZ ds izfr laosnu’khy gksrs gSaA Ldzhu dh lrg ij cgqr ls Li’kZ laosnh izksxzke Li’kZ fcUnq gksrs gSA izR;sd Li’kZ fcUnq }kjk mls Li’kZ djus ij buiqV ladsr mRiUu fd, tkrs gSaA Vp Ldzhu ij lkekU;r% ,d ehuw iznf’kZr gksrk gSA bl ehuw esa ftl fodYi dks pquuk gks mls maxyh ls Nwrs gSaA Vp Ldzhu cgqr gh fe=or gksrs gS rFkk bUgsa iz;ksx djus ds fy, dEI;wVj fo’ks"kK gksuk vko’;d ughsa gSA Vp Ldzhu dk mi;ksx mu LFkkuksa ij gksrk gS tgka vke yksxksa dks dksbZ tkudkjh izkIr djuh gks ;k dksbZ fo’ks"k dk;Z djuk gks tSls& cM+s&cM+s jsYos LVs’kuksa ij Vªsu dh fLFkfr] fdjk;k vkfn dh tkudkjh izkIr djus rFkk ,-Vh-,e- ls jkf’k fudkyus] cSysal dk irk yxkus ds fy, Vp Ldzhu dk gh mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
  • 23. AAYAAM INSTITUTE OF MGMT. & TECH., BANDIKUI 23 ekml • ekml eksuhVj ij utj vkus okys IokbaVj dks fu;af=r djrk gSA vkerkSj ij ekml dk IkokbzaVj ,d rhj ds #i esa utj vkrk gSA pwWfd ,Iyhds’ku ds vk/kkj ij bldk vkdkj cnyrk jgrk gSA ekml esa ,d] nks ;k rhu cVu gks ldrs gSa] ftuds tfj;s funsZ’kksa ds fodYi pqus tkrs gSa vkSj fDyd djUks ij funsZ'k lapkfYkr g®Rks gSaA dqN ekml esa Oghy cVu gksrs gSa] ftudh enn ls ekWuhVj ij utj vk jgh lwpuk dks LØksy djds ns[kk tk ldrk gSA
  • 24. AAYAAM INSTITUTE OF MGMT. & TECH., BANDIKUI 24 Ekkml dk iz;ksXk • IokbfUVx: cxSj dksbZ cVu bR;kfn nck;s gq;s dsoy ekml IokbUVj dks LØhu ij fuf'pRk LFkku ij ?kqekRks gq;s igqapuk] IokbfUVx dgykRkk gSaA • flaxy fDyd: cka;sa cVu dks ,d ckj vukfedk vaxqyh ls nckdj NksM+uk fDyd dgykRkk gSA • Mcy fDyd: cka;sa cVu dks fdlh vkbdu ij nks ckj fDyd djuk Mcy fDyd dgykRkk gSA Mcy fDyd djus ij og lk¶Vos;j dk;kZfUoRk gks TkkRkk gSA • jkbV fDyd: nka;sa cVu dks ,d ckj e/;fedk vaxqyh ls nckdj NksM+uk jkbV fDyd dgykRkk gSA
  • 25. AAYAAM INSTITUTE OF MGMT. & TECH., BANDIKUI 25 dhcksMZ • dhcksMZ MsVk buiqV djus dk lcls vklku rjhdk gSA ftu la[;kvksa] v{kjksa rFkk fo’ks"k dSjsDVjksa dks ge le> ldrs gS] dhcksMZ mudks fo|qrh; rjaxksa esa ifjofrZr dj nsrk gSA bu ladsrksa dks flLVe ;wfuV rd Hkstrk gS] tks mUgsa izkslsl djrk gSA vf/kdrj dhcksMZ] cVuksa dh ,d [kkl O;oLFkk dk mi;ksx djrk gSa ftls QWERTY dgrs gSaA ;g 'kCn dhcksMZ ds ysvkmV dks iznf’Zkr djrk gSA vktdy dhcksMZ dh fofHkUu fdLesa izpfyr gSa tSls NksVs&cM+s] fjftM o ¶ySfDlcyA • ikjaifjd dhcksMZ %& ;s dhcksMZ] vk;rkdkj] vkdkj esa cM+s o Bksl gksrs gSa rFkk buesas QaD’ku] usfoxs’kuy ,oa U;wesfjd cVu 'kkfey gksrs gSaA
  • 26. AAYAAM INSTITUTE OF MGMT. & TECH., BANDIKUI 26
  • 27. AAYAAM INSTITUTE OF MGMT. & TECH., BANDIKUI 27 dh&cksMZ dh: A ls Z] 0 ls 9 RkFkk fo'ks"k fpUg T©ls%& ~, !, @, $, %, ^, &, * vkfn gksRks gSaA QaD'ku dhTk: ;s F1 ls F12 Rkd gksRkh gS RkFkk ;s gkV key dgykRkh gSA vyx&vyx lk¶Vos;j esa fofHkUu dk;Z buds }kjk fd;s TkkRks gSaA vf/kdRkj lk¶Vos;j esa F1 key gsYi key gksRkh gSA RkFkk bl key dks nckus ls vkuykbu gsYi vkRkh gSA fn'kk ;k djlj dUVªksy dhTk: bu key ij ← ↑ → ↓ fn'kk ds fu'kku gksRks gSa A fTkuls ck;sa] Åij] nk;sa RkFkk uhps dlZj dks ys TkkRks gSa Home, End, Page Up, Page Down key Hkh dlZj fu;a=d gksRkh gSaA
  • 28. AAYAAM INSTITUTE OF MGMT. & TECH., BANDIKUI 28 dh dlZj pyus dh fn'kk ↑ vius LFkku ls dlZj dk ,d ykbu Åij pyukA ↓ vius LFkku ls dlZj dk ,d ykbu uhps pyukA → vius LFkku ls dlZj dk ,d v{kj nk;sa pyukA ← vius LFkku ls dlZj dk ,d v{kj ck;sa pyukA ^← vius LFkku ls dlZj dk ,d 'kCn ck;sa pyukA ^→ vius LFkku ls dlZj dk ,d 'kCn nk;sa pyukA Home vius LFkku ls dlZj ys[k dh izFke ykbu ds izFke 'kCn(;k dkye)esa TkkukA End vius LFkku ls dlZj dk ys[k ds vURk esa TkkukA PgDn LØhu ij nf'kZRk MkVk ds fiNys Hkkx dks LØhu ij ykus gsRkqA PgUp LØhu ij nf'kZRk MkVk ds vxys Hkkx dks LØhu ij ykus gsRkqA
  • 29. AAYAAM INSTITUTE OF MGMT. & TECH., BANDIKUI 29 • dSIlykWd dh: bl key dks nckus ls dh&cksMZ dSfiVy ysVlZ ¼cM+s ;k vij ½ RkFkk bl dh dks nqckjk nckus ij ¼NksVs ;k yksoj½ esa fy[kRkk gSA blds vku ;k vkQ dh lwpuk Hkh dh cksMZ ij dSIlykd dh ykbV Tkyus ;k cUn gksus ls izkIr dj ldRks gSaA • f'k¶V dhTk: ;g key dhcksMZ esa nksuks RkjQ gksRkh gSA bl key dks nck;s j[kus ds ckn fdlh Hkh ySVj dks izsl djsaxs Rkks dSfiVy ysVj ¼cMs v{kj) esa fy[ksxk] ;fn dSIlykd vku gS Rkks f'k¶V key dks nckus ls NksVs v{kj esa fy[ksxkA dqN key(s) esa nks fu'kku gksRks gSa Rkks f'k¶V nckdj Vkbi djus ij Åij dk fu'kku fizUV gksxk vU;Fkk lkekU; fLFkfRk esa uhps dk fu'kku fizUV gksxkA
  • 30. AAYAAM INSTITUTE OF MGMT. & TECH., BANDIKUI 30 • dUVªksy ,oa vkWYV dhTk: Ctrl key dks gkWV key Hkh dgrs gS ;s Lislckj ds nksuks RkjQ gksRkh gSaA bu key dks nckus ij dEI;wVj dqN fo'ks"k dk;Z djRkk gSA lk¶Vos;j esa Hkh budk iz;ksx djds 'kkVZdV dek.M ,fDVosV gksRks gSa T©ls%& fo.Mks esa dUVksy Iyl lh ¼ Ctrl + C ½ key dkih djsxk] RkFkk ¼ Ctrl + X ½ dV djsxk] ¼ Ctrl + S ½ lso djsxk blh Rkjg Alt +F nckus ij fo.Mks esa ,e-,l- oMZ vkfn esa Qkby esuw iqyMkmu gks TkkRkk gSA • ,UVj@fjVuZ dh: lkekU;Rk% ;g key nks dk;ksZ esa iz;ksx gksRkh gS ,d dek.M lekfIRk dh lwpuk bl key dks izsl dj ds nh TkkRkh gSa] RkHkh dEI;wVj izkslsflax ÁkjEHk djRkk gS] nwljk ,e- ,l-oMZ vkfn esa bl key dks nckus ls u;k iSjkxzkQ ;k ubZ ykbu 'kq: gks TkkRkh gSA
  • 31. AAYAAM INSTITUTE OF MGMT. & TECH., BANDIKUI 31 • ikWTk dh : bl key dks nckus ls MkWl esa fn;s x;s dek.M dh izkslsflax dks jksd ldRks gSa ;fn nqckjk nck;sa Rkks izkslsflax fQj 'kq: gks Tkk;sxhA • VSc dh : blls dlZj ,d fuf'pRk vURkjky ds ckn :dRkk gSA fo.MksTk esa Mk;ykWx ckDl esa fodYi pquus ds fy;s Hkh bldk mi;ksx djRks gSaA • Ldsi dh : ;g key igys fn;s x;s dek.M dks lekIr djRkk gS rFkk iqyMkmu ehuw ,oa 'kkVZdV ehuw cUn gks tkrs gSaA • fizUV LØhu dh : bl key dks nckus ls MkWl izkEIV esa Tkks Hkh LØhu ij fy[kk gksxk mls fizUVj ls fizUV dj nsxkA fo.MksTk okRkkoj.k esa bl key dks nckus ls LØhu dh besTk fDyi cksMZ ij vk TkkRkh gS fTkls fdlh Hkh lkW¶Vos;j esa isLV dj ldRks gSaA
  • 32. AAYAAM INSTITUTE OF MGMT. & TECH., BANDIKUI 32 • fMyhV dh : bl key dks nckus ij dlZj TkgkW gS mlds nkfgus RkjQ ds djsDVj fMyhV gksRks gSaA • cSd Lisl : cSd Lisl key dks nckus ls dlZj ,d Lisl ihNs ¼ck;ha RkjQ½ ,d ,d djsDVj fMyhV djRkk gqvk TkkRkk gSA • U;wesfjd dh iSM rFkk ueykWd dh : dh&cksMZ ds nkfguh vksj dqN Key gksRkh gSa fTku ij 0 ls 9 RkFkk isTk&vi] isTk&Mkmu] gkse bR;kfn ds cVu gksRks gSaA ;fn Åij ueykWd dh vku gS Rkks bl dhiSM ls U;wesfjd MkVk fy[k ldRks gSA ;fn ueykWd key vkQ gS Rkks dlZj fu;a=d vkfn dh Rkjg dke djRkh gSA
  • 33. AAYAAM INSTITUTE OF MGMT. & TECH., BANDIKUI 33 • bUlVZ&dh : bUlVZ&dh vkWu gksus dh n'kk esa 'kCnksa ds e/; u;s 'kCn dk lekos'k fd;k Tkk ldRkk gS vU;Fkk igys ls fy[ks 'kCn ij u;s 'kCn vafdRk gks Tkk;saxsA bl izfØ;k dks Øe'k% Insert Mode RkFkk Overwrite Mode dgk TkkRkk gSA
  • 34. AAYAAM INSTITUTE OF MGMT. & TECH., BANDIKUI 34 • dk;Z ds vk/kkj ij dhcksMZ nks izdkj ds gksrs gSA 1- jsfeaxVu dhcksMZ 2- buLØhIV dhcksMZ • jsfeaxVu dhcksMZ&;s dhcksMZ fgUnh VkbZijkbZVj dh rjg gksrs gSa rFkk buds }kjk ge fgUnh esa mlh rjg ls gh dk;Z djrs gSa tSls fgUnh VkbZijkbZVj ls djrs gSaA • buLØhIV dhcksMZ& ¼bafM;u LØhIV½ ;g dhcksMZ bl izdkj ls rS;kj fd;k gS dh tSls ge gkFk ls v{kj fy[krs gSaA blesa Loj ck;sa iSM dh rjQ gSa rFkk O;atu nk;sa iSM dh rjQ cuk;s x;s gSa] blesa Lojksa ds vyx ls ek=k ugh yxkuh iM+rh gSA rFkk O;atuksa dks vkil esa feykus ds fy;s gYkar dk iz;ksx fcuk f’k¶V&dh ds fd;k tkrk gSA
  • 35. AAYAAM INSTITUTE OF MGMT. & TECH., BANDIKUI 35 buiqV midj.k • buiqV midj.k %& dEI;wVj esa dksbZ Hkh MkVk ;k izksxzke ftu midj.kksa dh lgk;rk ls igqpk;k tkrk gS] mUgs buiqV midj.k dgrs gSA mnkgj.k Lo:i ;fn ges dksbZ i= dEI;wVj ij rS;kj djuk gS tks dhcksMZ ds ek/;e ls mlesa fo"k; oLrq dks VkbZi fd;k tkrk gS vFkkZr dh dhcksMZ buiqV midj.k dk dk;Z djsxhA buiqV midj.kksa ds mnkgj.k & dhcksMZ] Ldsuj] ckjdksM jhMj] Vp Ldzhu eksuhVj]
  • 36. AAYAAM INSTITUTE OF MGMT. & TECH., BANDIKUI 36 vkmViqV midj.k vkmViqV midj.k %& dEI;wVj ij fd;s x;s dk;Z ds ifj.kke ftu midj.kksa ij izkIr gksrs gS mUgs vkmViqV midj.k dgrs gSA ;g midj.k lhih;w ls izkslsflax ds Ik'pkr~ izkIr vfUre ifj.kkeksa dks vklkuh ls i<h tkus okyh Hkk"kk esa ifjofrZr dj iznf'kZr djrs gSA vxj vkmViqV dks isij ij ysuk gks rks fizUVj dk mi;ksx djrs gS vkSj ;fn bls n`'; :i esa ns[kuk gks rks ekWuhVj dk mi;ksx djrs gSA tSls%& fizaVj] xzkQ Iy®Vj] ekWuhVj] LihdjA