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PalgraveHandbookofLocalGovernance.pdf
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The Palgrave Handbook of Local Governance in Contemporary China
Book · January 2019
DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-2799-5
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2. Edited by
Jianxing Yu · Sujian Guo
The Palgrave Handbook of
Local Governance
in Contemporary China
6. v
1
Introduction: Local Governance in China—Past, Present,
and Future 1
Jianxing Yu
1 Introduction 1
2
Rise of Local Governance in Contemporary China 2
3
Components of Local Governance in Contemporary China 7
4
Operating Mechanisms of Local Governance in Contemporary
China 11
5
Characteristics and New Trends of Local Governance in
Contemporary China 16
6
Arrangement and Structure of the Book 19
References 20
Part I
Governance in the Chinese Context 23
2
The Applicability of Governance Theory in China: A Novel
Approach 25
Jianxing Yu and Shizong Wang
1 Introduction 25
2
Dispute over Applicability of Governance in China 26
3 The Strategic-Relational Approach 28
4
Chinese Civil Society: “A Dynamic Force Outside the State
System” 30
5 Citizen Participation Under Chinese Political-Administrative
System 33
6 Conclusion 36
References 37
Contents
7. vi
3
Governance Models and Policy Framework: Some Chinese
Perspectives 41
Ehtisham Ahmad
1 Introduction 41
2 Alternative Governance Models 43
3
China’s Changing Institutional and Governance Framework 49
4
Next Stage of Governance and Fiscal Reforms for Sustainable
Growth 66
5 Conclusions 70
References 70
4
The Critical Role of Local Governance in China’s Political
System 73
Anna L. Ahlers, Thomas Heberer, and Gunter Schubert
1 Introduction 73
2
Major Shifts in the National Policy Context Since the 2000s 75
3
Adjustments in the Organization of Local Policy Implementation 78
4
Multilevel Governance in the Local State 81
5
Internal Evaluation of Local Policy Implementation 83
6 Inclusion of External Actors 84
7 Conclusions 88
References 89
5
New Agenda for the Study of Chinese Governance 95
Jianxing Yu and Shizong Wang
1
Introduction of Governance Theory and Latent Conflicts 96
2 Disputes and Progress 99
3
Conflicts Between Governance and State Building104
4 Agenda of Future Research108
References111
Part II
Local Government 117
6
Mapping the Progress of Local Government Innovation in
Contemporary China119
Jianxing Yu and Biao Huang
1
Rise of Practice and Study on Local Government Innovation in
Contemporary China119
2
Two Research Approaches About Local Government Innovation122
3
New Progress of Chinese Local Government Innovation During
the Xi Era123
Contents
8. vii
4
“Seeking Approval”: New Normal of Local Governments’
Innovations126
5 Conclusion and Discussion134
References136
7
Central-Local Relations in China139
Xufeng Zhu
1 Introduction139
2
Historical Development of Central-Local Relations141
3
Four Dimensions in the Central-Local Relations146
4 Conclusion153
References155
8 Local Cadres157
Thomas Heberer
1 Introduction157
2 China’s Cadre System157
3 Local Cadres158
4
County Cadres and the Predominance of the County Party
Secretary162
5 Town and Township Cadres164
6 Village Cadres167
7
Local Cadres As Strategic Groups169
8 Evaluation of Cadres171
9 Policy Modeling and Experimentation173
References174
9
China’s Developmental State in Transition: In Light of the
East Asian Experiences179
Wei Chen and Shu Keng
1
Introduction: China at the Crossroads179
2
Is China a Developmental State?180
3
The Transformations of the Developmental States in East Asia184
4
Limitations of the State Intervention in Promoting Innovations186
5
Looking Forward to China’s Future Economy Strategy191
References192
10
The Behavioral Logic and Institutional Basis of Chinese Local
Developmental Government195
Jianxing Yu and Xiang Gao
1 Introduction195
2
The Formation of Local Developmental Government in China:
Two Competing Theories198
Contents
9. viii
3
Promoting Economic Development with Social Policies: A New
Type of Local Developmental Government201
4
Case 1: The Reform of the Endowment Insurance System in
Huzhou, Zhejiang Province—The Expansion of Civil Rights
Under the Pressure of Fund Operation202
5
Case 2: Reform of the Household Registration System in
Chongqing—The Double Inducement of Urbanization and
Land Finance205
6
Conclusions Drawn from the Case Studies209
7
Institutional Basis of the Local Developmental Government:
Decentralization with Limited Accountability212
References218
Part III
Civil Society Organizations and Mass Media 223
11
The Development and Prospects of Business Association Since
1978225
Jun Zhou and Xiaocui Zhao
1 Introduction225
2
Renaissance of Business Associations at the Beginning of Reform
and Opening Up226
3
Emergence and Development of Civil Chambers of Commerce
During the Mid- to Late 1980s228
4
Renovation of Business Associations Since 1990s231
5
Opportunities and Challenges for Business Associations237
6
Development Prospects of Business Associations241
References243
12
The Development of Charitable Organizations in China Since
Reform and Opening-Up and a New Layout for State-Society
Relations245
Ming Wang and Shuoyan Li
1 Introduction245
2
The Development of Social Organizations in China Since the
Reform and Opening-Up246
3
The Booming Charity Work in China249
4 The Charity Law: A Whole New Institutional Construction
and Its Revolutionary Impact253
5
New Mechanism of State-Society Relations and Its Structures259
References265
Contents
10. ix
13
The Role of Mass Media in Reshaping Local Governance and
Its Limitations267
Fei Wu and Qing Huang
1 Introduction267
2
History of the Role of Mass Media268
3
Governance and Local Governance in China271
4
Local Emergencies: The Emerging Role of Social Media in
Local Governance271
5
Social Media and Local Governance: Responsive Government
and Civic Engagement?272
6 Methods273
7 Results275
8 Conclusions276
References279
Part IV
Grassroots Governance 283
14
Villagers’ Self-Governance in Rural China285
Yong Xu
1 Introduction285
2
The Emergence and Progress of Villagers’ Self-
Governance in
Rural China285
3
Studies on Villagers’ Self-Governance in Rural China291
4
Outlook for the Villagers’ Self-Governance in Rural China297
References297
15
The Changing Institutional Space Regarding Roles and
Behavior of Village Leaders: An Evolution from Villagers’
Autonomy to the Power List299
Yuejin Jing and Lina Zhang
1 Introduction299
2
Literature Review and Descriptive Framework300
3
The Institutional Changes in the Roles and Behavior of Village
Leaders (1987–2014)309
4 Discussions315
References319
16
The Unfulfilled Promise of Collaborative Governance: The
Case of Low-Income Housing in Jiangsu321
Kerry Ratigan and Jessica C. Teets
1
The Promise of Collaborative Governance in China325
Contents
11. x
2
Achieving Effective Collaboration: Goal Alignment326
3
Creating Collaborative Governance in China327
4 Developing Affordable Housing Policy331
5
Developing Affordable Housing Policy in Jiangsu: The Case for
Collaborative Governance334
6 Discussion and Implications338
References340
Part V
Citizen Engagement 345
17
“Orderly Political Participation” in China347
Baogang He
1 Village Elections349
2
The Development of Deliberative Politics in China353
3 Participatory Budgeting356
4
New Activism and Strategies of Chinese Citizens357
5 Conclusion360
References361
18
Lobbying of Private Business Associations in Local China:
Targets, Strategies, and Influence365
Yongdong Shen and Jianxing Yu
1 Introduction365
2
The Individual and Collective Lobbying of Chinese Enterprises367
3
Surveying Private Business Associations in Local China369
4
The Lobbying Characteristics of Private Business Associations in
China371
5
The Analysis for the Characteristics of Local Private Business
Associations’ Lobbying in China376
6 Conclusions379
References381
19
Citizen Action and Policy Change383
Yanling He
1 Introduction383
2
The Development Path of Civil Participation in Local China:
An Historical Perspective384
3
Controversial Topics in the Study of China’s Citizen
Participation388
Contents
12. xi
4
The Status Quo of Legal Citizen Participation in China: A
Critical Perspective391
5
Citizen Action and Good Governance396
References398
20
Selective Use of Political Opportunity: A Case of
Environmental Protest in Rural China403
Yanhua Deng and Jonathan Benney
1 Introduction403
2
The Case and Data Sources405
3
Political Opportunities: Hard and Soft407
4 Leakage of Political Opportunity409
5 Fake Opportunities, Instrumental Exploitation413
6 Conclusion416
References417
Part VI
Internet Governance 419
21
Governing by the Internet: Local Governance in the Digital
Age421
Rongbin Han and Linan Jia
1
Local Governance and the Digital Impact423
2
The Internet in Local Governance: The Case of District Z427
3 Discussion432
4 Conclusion435
References437
22
Internet Governance in China: A Content Analysis441
Feng Yang and Milton L. Mueller
1 Introduction441
2 Literature Review443
3 Materials and Methods446
4 Results and Discussion449
5 Conclusion459
References460
23
The Internet in China: New Methods and Opportunities465
Yang Zhang
1 Introduction465
2 Automated Text Analysis466
Contents
13. xii
3
Digital Data and Research Design471
4 Conclusion476
References477
Part VII
Social Equity and Governance 481
24
Predicament of Emerging Collaborative Governance: National
Policy, Local Experiments, and Public Hospital Reforms in
China483
Edward Gu
1 Introduction483
2 Bureaucratic Marketization: The Status Quo Governance
Pattern of Public Hospitals in China486
3
Local Public Hospital Reforms: Swing Between
Re-bureaucratization and De-bureaucratization495
4
Conclusion: From Autonomization to Corporatization—
Allowing Market and Community Mechanisms to Play a More
Active Role in Public Hospital Governance503
References504
25
Variations in Educational Inequalities in China and Policy
Implications509
Xinxin Wang and Xue Lan Rong
1 Introduction509
2 Literature Review511
3 Data and Methodology516
4 Findings518
5 Conclusion526
6 Discussion526
References538
26
Mobilization and Irregularity: Volatile Growth of Educational
Expenditure in China541
Litao Zhao
1 Introduction541
2
East Asia in Comparative Perspective542
3
China in Contrast to the East Asian Model(s) of Social Policy545
4 Mobilization in Education549
5
The 2012 Mobilization and Its Aftermath: Findings from
Official Data551
6 Conclusion and Discussion556
References558
Contents
14. xiii
27
Labour Inspection in Contemporary China: Like the Anglo-
Saxon Model, but Different561
Wenjia Zhuang and Kinglun Ngok
1 Introduction561
2
From “Command-and-Control” to “Social” Regulations563
3
Institutional Fragmentation and Competition for Regulatory
Power565
4
Agency, Institutional Capacity, and Regulatory Practices568
5
Allies of the Labour Inspectors and Tripartite Cooperation579
6 Conclusion580
References583
Part VIII
Urbanization and Governance 587
28
From Local Government-Led to Collaborative Governance:
The Changing Role of Local Governments in Urbanization589
Hui Wang and Shenghua Lu
1 Introduction589
2
Local Government-Led Urbanization and Its Driving Forces590
3 Rethinking Local Government-Led Urbanization599
4
Government Transformation: From Leaders to Collaborators
and Supervisors606
5 Conclusions and Prospects613
References614
29
The Rise of Public-Private Partnerships in China617
Zhirong Jerry Zhao, Guocan Su, and Dan Li
1 Introduction617
2
China’s Infrastructure Finance: Traditional Versus Alternative
Approaches619
3
The Evolution of Infrastructure Finance in China Since 1978621
4
The Development of Public-Private Partnerships in China627
5 Conclusions and Discussions633
References635
30
Land Conflict and the Transformation of Local Governance637
Rong Tan
1 Introduction637
2
Land Conflict Analysis of the LAS Based on Conditions of New
Urbanization646
Contents
15. xiv
3
The Direction of the LAS Reforms and the Responses of Local
Governments659
References671
Part IX
Environmental and Energy Governance 673
31
Local Implementation of Energy Conservation Policies in
China675
Genia Kostka
1 Introduction675
2 National Context: Energy-Saving Efforts676
3
Local Context: Barriers for Energy Efficiency Policy
Implementation678
4
Strategic Responses from Local Governments686
5 Conclusion689
References691
32
Energy Policy Design and China’s Local Climate Governance:
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Policies in
Hangzhou695
Ting Guan and Jørgen Delman
1
Policy Design in Climate Change Politics695
2
Contextualizing the Analysis of Climate Change Policy Design697
3 Hangzhou As a Case702
4
Energy Policy Design in Hangzhou703
5 Comparing Energy Policy Designs711
6
New Dimensions in Urban Climate Change Politics and
Governance713
References715
33
Climate Change Challenges and China’s Responses:
Mitigation and Governance721
Fabiana Barbi, Leila da Costa Ferreira, and Sujian Guo
1 Introduction721
2
Greenhouse Gas Emissions in China: An Overview from 1990 to
2016722
3 Mitigation As a Trade-off724
4
Specific Climate-Related Strategies: Mitigation Targets725
5 Climate Change Institutional Arrangements727
6
Local Responses to Climate Change Mitigation729
7 Final Comments731
References732
Contents
16. xv
Contents
34
Breathe Easy? Local Nuances of Authoritarian
Environmentalism in China’s Battle Against Air Pollution735
Anna L. Ahlers and Yongdong Shen
1 Introduction735
2 China’s Airpocalypse: Driver of Reloaded Authoritarian
Environmentalism?738
3
In Focus: Hangzhou City Under the Dome … and Searching for
Ways Out741
4
Nuances of Hangzhou City’s Air Policy Implementation743
5
Conclusions: China’s Authoritarian Environmentalism 2.0?752
References753
17. xvii
Notes on Contributors
Anna L. Ahlers is Associate Professor of Modern Chinese Society and Politics
at the Institute of Culture Studies and Oriental Languages (IKOS), University
of Oslo. Trained in sinology and political science, her current interests
include administrative reform and local governance in China, as well as
conceptualizations of legitimacy and political inclusion in authoritarian
contexts in comparison. She conducts field research on the modes and
consequences of China’s new air pollution control policies in various
municipalities. Anna is a permanent visiting fellow of the Forum
Internationale Wissenschaft, University of Bonn, and of the Environmental
and Energy Policy Center at Zhejiang University, Hangzhou/China;
senior policy fellow for Chinese Domestic Politics at the Mercator
Institute for China Studies (MERICS), Berlin; and elected member of the
Young Academy of the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences. She
has, so far, authored two monographs: Participation and Empowerment at
the Grassroots: Chinese Village Elections in Perspective (2012, with Gunter
Schubert) and Rural Policy Implementation in Contemporary China: New
Socialist Countryside (2014).
Ehtisham Ahmad is visiting senior fellow at the London School of Economics
(LSE) (since 2010); member of the Academic Committee, Institute of State
Governance, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
(PRC, since 2015); and Pao Yu-Kong Professor at Zhejiang University, PRC
(since 2016). He holds a B.A. in Mathematics and Statistics from Government
College, Lahore (1969); B.A. Honours (1972) and M.A. (1975) in Economics
(Cambridge); and M.A. (1976) in Public Policy and D.Phil. in Economics
(1980) from University of Sussex. He has worked at the IMF during
1990–2010 in various capacities: senior advisor at the Executive Board (repre-
senting Pakistan during July 2008–December 2009) and advisor and division
chief of the Fiscal Affairs Department. He also worked as special advisor to the
finance minister of Saudi Arabia during 1996–1998 (on leave from the IMF).
He was on the World Bank staff team for the 1990 World Development Report
18. xviii NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS
“Poverty,” was director of the Development Economics Research Program,
The Suntory and Toyota International Centres for Economic and Related
Disciplines (STICERD), LSE (1986–1990), and was deputy director of the
Development Economics Research Center at Warwick University (1980–1986).
Ahmad has written widely on public policy and fiscal reforms, governance, fis-
cal federalism, and poverty reduction. His recent books include Fiscal
Underpinnings for Sustainable Development in China (2018, with M. Niu and
K. Xiao); Multi-level Finance and the Crisis in Europe (2016, with Giorgio
Brosio and Massimo Bordignon); Handbook of Multilevel Finance (2015);
Handbook of Fiscal Federalism (2006); and Does Decentralization Enhance
Service Delivery and Poverty Reduction (2009, with Giorgio Brosio)? Some
earlier books include Theory and Practice of Tax Reform in Developing Countries
(1991, with Nicholas Stern); Social Security in Developing Countries (1992,
with Jean Drèze, John Hills, and Amartya Sen); Reforming China’s Public
Finances (1995, with Gao Qiang and Vito Tanzi); Financing Decentralized
Expenditures—A Focus on Intergovernmental Grants (1997); and Managing
Fiscal Decentralization.
Fabiana Barbi is a sociologist, Ph.D. in Environment and Society, and post-
doctoral researcher in the Center for Environmental Studies and Research
(NEPAM) at the University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil. She is a
research fellow of the Earth System Governance Project.
Jonathan Benney is Lecturer in Chinese Studies at Monash University,
Melbourne, Australia. He researches social and political phenomena in con-
temporary China, with particular emphasis on law and rights, conflict resolu-
tion, activism, new media, political discourse, and design and aesthetics. His
publications include the monograph Defending Rights in Contemporary
China (2013) and journal articles in Asian Studies Review, the Journal of
Contemporary China, and the Journal of Chinese Governance. He holds a
Ph.D. from the University of Melbourne, and has undergraduate degrees
in Arts and Law from the same university. He has worked as a lecturer
and researcher in Australia, the United States, Singapore, Germany, and
Taiwan.
Wei Chen is an assistant research fellow at the Institute of Social Work and
Social Policy, East China University of Science and Technology. Her research
centers on developmental state and innovation policy. Her articles have
appeared in Sociological Studies and Journal of Public Administration.
Jørgen Delman has been Professor of China Studies in the Department of
Cross-Cultural and Regional Studies at Copenhagen University. For 45 years,
his research has focused on China. His recent publications on China focus on
state-business and state-society interaction, climate change and renewable
energy politics, climate governance at city level, urban sustainable develop-
ment, and energy security. He has extensive experience from working with
Chinese, international, and Danish public, private, and societal stakeholders
19. xix
NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS
and clients in China. His titles have included head of
department (Private
Sector Development), senior consultant, and project manager in RAMBØLL
during 1991–2001. He was also the director of the Nordic Institute of Asian
Studies (NIAS, 2002–2009) and the director of the China–EU Centre for
Agricultural Technology (CECAT, 1991–1996) in the Chinese Ministry of
Agriculture.
Yanhua Deng is a professor in the School of Social and Behavioral Sciences,
Nanjing University, China. Her research centers on contentious politics and
environmental sociology. Her articles have appeared in the following journals:
China Journal, The China Quarterly, the Journal of Contemporary China,
Modern China, and Political Studies.
Leila da Costa Ferreira is a full professor in the Institute of Philosophy and
Human Sciences and in NEPAM, at UNICAMP, Brazil. She is a faculty mem-
ber of the Earth System Governance Project.
Xiang Gao is an associate professor in the School of Public Affairs at Zhejiang
University, secretary general of Zhejiang Society for Public Administration,
project manager of Asian Future Leader Scholarship Program in Public
Administration, Zhejiang University, and the assistant editor of the
Journal of Chinese Governance. Her areas of specialization include political
behavior, comparative government, public administration, and social sur-
vey. Her research interests include local governance, citizen participation,
central-local relations, cadre management, and public policy in China’s
New Urbanization. She is the co-author of the book From State-Led
Development to Endogenous Development: Redefining Rural and Agricultural
Development in China (Beijing Normal University Press, April 2013). Her
articles have appeared in such journals as Daedalus: The Journal of the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Australian Journal of Public
Administration, Journal of Chinese Governance, Social Sciences in China (in
Chinese), and Chinese Public Administration (in Chinese).
Edward Gu is professor in the School of Public Affairs, Zhejiang University.
He obtained his Bachelor of Science in Biology from Peking University and
Ph.D. from Leiden University, the Netherlands. He was postdoctoral fel-
low at Harvard University and the University of California at Berkeley.
He has worked at National University of Singapore, the Australian
National University, and Beijing Normal University. His research and
teaching focus on developmentalism, social policy, health policy, and non-
profit organizations. He has authored a number of books in Chinese on
China’s health policy, such as Diagnosis and Prescription: Facing China’s
Health Care Reforms (2006), Towards Universal Coverage of Health Care
Security: Strategies and Tactics for China’s New Health Care Reforms (2008),
Institution-Building for the Universal Coverage of Health Care Insurance
(2010), and Five Roads Towards the Public Interest in China’s New Health
Care Reforms (2012). In addition, many of his articles have appeared in leading
20. xx NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS
journals, including more than 20 articles in international
journals. In 2014,
2015, and 2016, he was on the list of Most Cited Chinese Researchers com-
piled by Elsevier.
Ting Guan is a postdoctoral researcher at the School of Public Policy and
Management (SPPM), Tsinghua University. She used to be a researcher at the
Institute of East Asian Studies (University of Duisburg-Essen) and the
Environmental and Energy Policy Center (Zhejiang University). Her
research focuses on local environmental and energy governance from a
comparative perspective. Guan has been named a Humboldt Scholar,
German Chancellor Fellow, Green Talents Fellow, Global Governance
2020 Fellow, and Visiting Academic Fellow at MERICS.
Sujian Guo is a visiting distinguished professor of the Changjiang Scholar
Program of the Ministry of Education at the Fudan Institute for Advanced
Study in Social Sciences, a Professor of Political Science and director of the
Center for US–China Policy Studies at San Francisco State University, editor in
chief of the Journal of Chinese Political Science, co-editor in chief of the
Journal of Chinese Governance, editor in chief of the Fudan Journal of the
Humanities and Social Sciences, executive editor in chief of the Chinese
Political Science Review, editor of Rowman Littlefield-Lexington (USA)’s
book series “Challenges Facing Chinese political development,” and for-
mer president of the Association of Chinese Political Studies (USA). His
areas of research include comparative politics, Chinese politics and gov-
ernment, democratic transition, governance theories, sustainable energy,
and comparative political economy. Over 60 of his academic articles have
appeared in various journals, and he has authored and edited 30 books, includ-
ing Governance in Transitional China (2017), China’s Green Low Carbon
Transition (2017), The Political Economy of China’s Great Transformation
(2016), Global Sustainable Energy Competitiveness Report (2015), Democratic
Transitions: Modes and Outcomes (2014), Chinese Politics and Government:
Power, Ideology and Organization (2012), The Political Economy of Asian
TransitionfromCommunism(2006),andPost-MaoChina:FromTotalitarianism
to Authoritarianism (2000), among others.
Rongbin Han is an assistant professor at the Department of International
Affairs, University of Georgia. His research interests center on social activism,
media politics, and political participation in authoritarian regimes, with
focus on China. He is the author of Contesting Cyberspace in China Online
Expression and Authoritarian Resilience. His articles have appeared in The
China Quarterly, Journal of Contemporary China, Journal of Current Chinese
Affairs, and International Journal of Communication, among others. His
co-authored work with Kevin O’Brien on rural democracy in China has
won the 2018 John and Vivian Sabel Award for the best article published
in the Journal of Contemporary China.
21. xxi
NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS
Baogang He is Alfred Deakin Professor, Chair in International Relations at
the School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts Education,
Deakin University. He holds a Ph.D. in Political Science from Australian
National University (1994), and is widely known for his work in Chinese
democratization and politics—in particular the deliberative politics in China—
as well as in Asian politics—covering Asian regionalism, Asian federalism, and
Asian multiculturalism. His published work includes 6 single-authored books
and 70 international refereed journal articles. His work can be found in top
journals including British Journal of Political Science, Journal of Peace Research,
Political Theory, Political Studies, and Perspectives on Politics. In Chinese, his
published work includes 3 books, 15 book chapters, and 63 journal papers.
Yanling He is a distinguished professor of the Zhujiang Scholar Program of
the People’s Government of Guangdong Province, Chair of the Department of
Public Administration of Sun Yat-sen University, director of the Research
Institute for Urban Governance of Sun Yat-sen University, vice president of the
Committee for Government Strategy and Public Policy of the Chinese Research
Council of Modern Management, and first editorial director of the Journal of
Public Administration (PRC). Her areas of specialization include public admin-
istration, bureaucracy and organization, and transformation theory. Her
research interests have focused on urban governance and local governance, civil
society, and administrative reform in transformational China. More than 50 of
her academic articles have appeared in both English and Chinese, and she has
authored and edited more than 10 books, such as Practical Logic of
Institutionalized Urbanization in China (2013), State and Society in the
Grassroots Community of Urban China (2007), and Blue Book of Municipal
Capacity (2013, 2016).
Thomas Heberer is Senior Professor of Politics and Society of China at the
Institute of Political Science and the Institute of East Asian Studies, University
of Duisburg-Essen. He has been conducting field research in China since the
early 1980s on an annual basis and his published work includes more
than 50 books on China as author, co-author, editor, and co-editor. His
research interests include local governance, institutional and social change,
political culture, nationalities’ policies, and the behavior of social actors.
In recent years, he has been working on the behavior of “strategic groups”
(local cadres, private entrepreneurs, etc.) and political representative
claims.
Biao Huang is a Ph.D. candidate in the School of Public Affairs at Zhejiang
University and a joint Ph.D. student in the Centre for Contemporary Chinese
Studies at the University of Melbourne. His research interests lie in innovation
in the public sector, policy experimentation, and Chinese local governance.
Qing Huang is an assistant professor at the College of Media and International
Culture, Zhejiang University. She received her PhD in Communication from
The Chinese University of Hong Kong in 2016. She won the Hong Kong PhD
22. xxii NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS
Fellowship Scheme 2013/14 awarded by the Research Grants Council of
Hong Kong. Her research interests include strategic communication in public
issues, globalization and risk communication, and digital media use in transi-
tional China. She is the principal investigator of three research grants funded
by the Ministry of Education of PRC, China Postdoctoral Science Foundation,
and the Social Science Fund of Zhejiang Province. Her work has been pub-
lished in Telematics and Informatics, International Journal of Communication,
Chinese Journal of Communication, Public Relations Review, and China Media
Research, among others.
Linan Jia is a Ph.D. candidate at the Department of International Affairs,
University of Georgia. Her research interests include media politics, authori-
tarianism, institutional change, and comparative political behavior. Her articles
have appeared in Journal of Chinese Governance, Journal of Contemporary
Asia-Pacific Studies, and Modern China Studies.
Yuejin Jing is a professor and vice chairman of the Department of Political
Science, School of Social Sciences, Tsinghua University. His research interests
cover local governance, state and society relationship, politics of bureau-
cracy in contemporary China, comparative politics, and political sociol-
ogy. He has authored some books and many articles in Chinese, such as
Contemporary Chinese Government and Politics (2016), An Introduction to
Political Science (2015), Understanding China Politics: The Key Words
Approach (2012), An Introduction to Comparative Politics (co-author, 2008),
An Analysis of Changing Relations between Party Branches and Village
Committees in Contemporary Rural China (2004), and The Transformation of
Political Space in China (2004).
Shu Keng is a research fellow in School of Public Affairs, Zhejiang University.
His research centers on comparative political economy, China’s political econ-
omy, and cross-strait relations. His articles have appeared in The China
Quarterly, Asian Survey, and China: An International Journal.
Genia Kostka is a fellow at the Hertie School of Governance and was Professor
of Governance of Energy and Infrastructure before that. Her research and
teaching interests are in energy governance, public policy, and political
economy, with a regional focus on China. Previously, Kostka was an assis-
tant professor at the Frankfurt School of Finance and Management and a
strategic management consultant for McKinsey Company in Berlin.
She has a Ph.D. in Development Studies from the University of Oxford,
an M.A. with specializations in International Economics and International
Development from SAIS Johns Hopkins University, and a B.Sc. in International
Relations from the LSE. In addition to her many publications, she regularly
consults for international organizations, such as the Asian Development Bank,
AusAID, GIZ, Oxfam, and the World Bank.
23. xxiii
NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS
Dan Li is a doctoral candidate of School of Government, Sun Yat-sen
University. Her research interests are public-private partnerships and
government-enterprise relationships.
Shuoyan Li is a Ph.D. candidate at SPPM, Tsinghua University, and his
supervisor is Professor Wang Ming, dean of SPPM, Tsinghua University. His
research mainly focuses on the Chinese State-NGO relationship, civil society,
and policy entrepreneurship. Shuoyan got his undergraduate degree from the
School of Sociology and Anthropology, Sun Yat-sen University, in 2013, and
started his Ph.D. in Tsinghua. He was a visiting scholar sponsored by the
Chinese Scholarship Council (CSC) from 2016 to 2017 and studied at the
School of Public Policy, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland,
under the supervision of Professor Angela Bies. Eight academic articles of his
have appeared in different journals, both in Chinese and in English, including
“Power of Co-optation: Party, Political Capital and the Development of
Grassroots NGO” (Society), “Does Political Connection Affect Environmental
Grassroots NGOs’ Policy Advocacy” (Journal of Public Management), “Cross-
System Mobility and Policy Innovation: Policy Entrepreneurs’ Occupation
Choice Under the Restriction of Institutional Environment” (Journal of Public
Administration), “A Case Study of One-Child Policy Change in China” (Public
Administration and Policy Review), and “International Experience of
Co-governance in Occupational Safety” (Journal of Eastern Asian Study).
Shenghua Lu is a Ph.D. student at the Department of Land and Resource
Management, Zhejiang University, China. His areas of specialization include
land use policy and urban economy.
Milton L. Mueller is a professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology, an
internationally prominent scholar specializing in the political economy of infor-
mation and communication. His research focuses on property rights, institu-
tions, and global governance in communication and information industries.
He is the co-founder and director of the Internet Governance Project (IGP).
He has participated in proceedings and policy development activities of
ICANN, the International Telecommunications Union (ITU), and the
National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA), and
regulatory proceedings of the European Commission, China, Hong Kong, and
New Zealand. He led the creation of the Global Internet Governance Academic
Network (GigaNet), an international association of scholars.
Kinglun Ngok is Professor of Social Policy at the Center for Chinese Public
Administration Research, associate dean of School of Government at Sun Yat-
sen University, a professor in the Department of Public Administration, presi-
dent of East Asian Social Policy Network, director of Institute for Social Policy,
and director of the Center for Social Security at Sun Yat-sen University. He is
also editor in chief of Chinese Public Policy Review, editorial committee mem-
ber of Journal of Poverty and Social Justice (UK) and Journal of Public
Administration, global advisor of Journal of Social Policy (UK), and expert
24. xxiv NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS
consultant for Social Innovation and Social Work at Guangdong Province. His
areas of specialization include Chinese public policy, social security, and public
administration. His research interests have focused on Chinese social policy,
social innovation, social integration, welfare reform, and labor politics. More
than 100 of his academic articles have been published both in English and in
Chinese, and he has authored and edited over 20 books, such as China’s Social
Policy: Transformation and Challenges? (2016), Industrial Democracy in
China: With Additional Studies on Germany, South Korea and Vietnam (2012),
Serving Migrant Workers: A Challenging Public Service Issue in China (2012),
Welfare Reform in East Asia: Towards workfare? (2011), Social Policy in China
(2008), and The Changes of Chinese Labour Policy and Labour Legislation in the
Context of Market Transition (2008).
Kerry Ratigan is Assistant Professor of Political Science at Amherst College.
Her research focuses on social policy, decentralization, and authoritarian gov-
ernance. She thanks Xiaohui Gui, Hao Liu, Beatrix Wessel, and Alice Yang for
research assistance and gratefully acknowledges Amherst College and the
Chiang Ching-kuo Foundation for their support.
Xue Lan Rong is a tenured full professor in School of Education at the
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Her published work includes 8
research books, 3 journal special issues, and over 40 book chapters and articles
in major sociological and educational journals (e.g., American Sociological
Review, American Sociologist, American Educational Research Journal,
Harvard Educational Review, etc.). She has made over 80 presentations at
state, national, and international professional conferences. Her research
has focused on social science education, educating immigrant children,
and international education. She has also contributed to national and
international scholarship through her service on the editorial boards of
various professional journals, including the American Educational Research
Journal, Sociology of Education Journal, and the Journal of Research and
Development in Education, among others. She has received the Outstanding
Professional Achievement Alumni Award (2009) from the University of
Georgia at Athens and the American Educational Research Association
Outstanding Reviewer Award (2010). She is also a recipient of several
research grants, including a research grant from Spencer Foundation
(2014–2018).
Gunter Schubert is Professor and Chair of Greater China Studies and direc-
tor of European Research Center on Contemporary Taiwan (ERCCT) at the
University of Tübingen. He is a member of the editorial boards of numerous
renowned international journals, including The China Quarterly, Journal of
Chinese Political Science, China Perspectives, and Issues Studies. He is also co-
editor of the book series East Asia in the 21st Century. Politics-Society-Security-
Regional Integration. He specializes in policy implementation in contemporary
China from the perspective of steering theory, with a focus on private sector
25. xxv
NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS
reform and the evolution of state-business relations, particularly in China’s
local state; the political economy of cross-strait relations, including the chang-
ing economic and political environment of Taiwanese entrepreneurs in China;
and Taiwanese domestic politics. He also studies regime legitimacy and nation-
alism in China, Hong Kong politics, and the politics and culture of the Chinese
in Southeast Asia. He conducts several months of fieldwork in China, Taiwan,
and Hong Kong. His published work includes The Taiwan Handbook on
Contemporary Taiwan (2016, editor); Taiwan and the ‘China Impact’:
Challenges and Opportunities (2016, editor); Proactive Local Politics: County
and Township Cadres as Strategic Group (2013, edited with Thomas Heberer
and Yang Xuedong); and Participation and Empowerment at the Grassroots:
Chinese Village Elections in Perspective (2012, co-authored with Anna
L. Ahlers), among others.
Yongdong Shen is a researcher in the Department of Public Administration
at the School of Public Affairs, Zhejiang University. He was a postdoctoral fel-
low at the University of Oslo and a visiting scholar at the University of Boston.
His Ph.D. thesis, entitled “The Strategic Interaction of Business Associations
and Local Governments in a Changing China,” examines and analyzes
how local business associations participate in the process of policy decision-
making and policy implementation. His articles have appeared in journals such
as The China Quarterly, China: An International Journal, The China Review:
An Interdisciplinary Journal on Greater China, Journal of Chinese Political
Science, and Journal of Chinese Governance. He is an editor for Journal of
Chinese Governance.
Guocan Su is a doctoral candidate in School of Economics, Xiamen University.
His research interests are tax policy, indirect tax incidence, infrastructure
financing, and public-private partnerships.
Rong Tan is a professor in the Department of Land Management at Zhejiang
University. He has two Ph.D. degrees. One is in Land Management obtained
from Nanjing Agricultural University, China, and the other is in Agricultural
Economics obtained from Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany. He is the
executive director of the MPA Education Center at Zhejiang University and
the vice dean of the Land Academy for National Development, jointly estab-
lished by Zhejiang University and the Ministry of Land and Resource of China.
His main research area is institutions and governance systems of natural
resources and the environment. His research has been widely cited and applied
at central and local levels in China. More than 60 of his academic articles have
appeared in both English and Chinese, and he has authored 10 books, includ-
ing Governing Farmland Conversion in China: Transactions and Institutional
Fit (2015), Governance Efficiency of Farmland Conversion (2015), China Land
Security Review (2014), The Market for Collective-owned Forest Land: The
Transaction Costs of Public Good Provision (2014), and Rural Land Institutional
Reform in the Context of New-pattern Urbanization (2013).
26. xxvi NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS
Jessica C. Teets is an associate professor in the Political Science Department
at Middlebury College. Her research area is governance challenges and policy
innovation in authoritarian regimes, with a focus on public participation and
the role of civil society. She is the author of CivilSocietyUnderAuthoritarianism:
The China Model (2014) and editor (with William Hurst) of Local
Governance Innovation in China: Experimentation, Diffusion, and Defiance
(2014).
Hui Wang is a professor at the Department of Land and Resource
Management, Zhejiang University, China. He received his Ph.D. degree in
2002 from Zhejiang University. His areas of specialization include land use
policy, urban economy, and real estate economy. His research interests focus on
land development rights, land requisition, and agricultural land tenure.
More than 30 academic articles of his have appeared in both English and
Chinese, and his publications can be found in major public policy jour-
nals, such as Land Use Policy, China World Economy, Habitat International,
Housing Studies, Journal of Urban Affairs, Economic Research Journal (in
Chinese), Management World (in Chinese), Chinese Rural Economy (in
Chinese), China Economic Quarterly, Urban Planning, and so on. He has
authored books such as China’s Land Reform: Difficulties, Breakthroughs and
Policy (2013) and Reform of Land Requisition in China: Theory, Fact and Policy
Funding (2013). He won the First Chinese Rural Development Research
Award, first prize for land planning by Ministry of Land and Resource, and
many other provincial awards. His research has received support from the
National Natural Science Foundation, National Social Science Foundation,
UNDP, and so on.
Ming Wang is a professor at SPPM, Tsinghua University; dean of the Institute
for Philanthropy, Tsinghua University; director of the NGO Research Center
in Tsinghua University; and chief editor of The China Nonprofit Review. His
areas of specialization include NGO/NPO and civil society, philanthropy, gov-
ernance, and public policy. His research interests have focused on Chinese
NGOs/NPOs and civil society. More than 50 of his academic articles have
appeared in Chinese, English, and Japanese, and he has authored and edited
more than 20 books, including A Discussion on Chinese Road of NGOs: Reform
and Co-governance by Society (2017), NPO Management (2016), Oral History
for NGOs in China (Vol. 2, 2014), Social Organizations and Social Governance
(2014), Social Organizations (2013), Oral History for NGOs in China (Vol. 1,
2012), Emerging Civil Society in China, 1978–2007 (2011), The Introduction
to NPO Management (2010), Wenchuan Earthquake: China NGOs in
Emergency Rescue (2009), A General Survey of Non-governmental Organizations
(2004), The Non-Governmental Sector in China (2003), The Introduction to
NPO Management (2002), NPO in China (2002), The Society Reform in
China: The Transformation from Government Choice to Social Choice (2001),
Case-Studies on China’s NGOs (2000), and Case-Studies on China’s NGOs,
2001(2001).
27. xxvii
NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS
Shizong Wang is a professor in the School of Public Affairs and chair of the
Department of Governance at Zhejiang University. His areas of specialization
include local governance theory and practice and social governance in China.
His research interests have focused on social organizations and their relations
to state, autonomy of urban communities, and street-level bureaucrats’ behav-
ior. He has published 5 books and more than 40 papers in Chinese and English,
such as “All Roads Lead to Rome: Autonomy, Political Connections and
Organisational Strategies of NGOs in China” (China: An International
Journal, Vol. 13, Issue 3:125–144), “New Agenda for the Study of Chinese
Governance” (Journal of Chinese Governance, Vol. 1, Issue 1: 21–40),
“Characteristics of China’s Nongovernmental Organizations: A Critical
Review” (Journal of Chinese Political Science, Vol. 20, Issue, 4:1–15), “An
InstitutionalAnalysisoftheMulti-layeredCharacteristicsofSocialOrganizations
in China” (Social Science in China, 2016, Vol. 37, Issue 4:93–116), and
Governance Theory and Its Applicability in China (2009).
Xinxin Wang is a Ph.D. candidate in the strand of Cultural Studies and
Literacies at the School of Education, University of North Carolina at Chapel
Hill. Her research focuses on educational policy analysis, including areas of
international and comparative education, higher education, critical multicul-
tural education, and educational policies’ evaluation. Prior to her Ph.D. stud-
ies, Xinxin received her master’s degree in Public Policy from Rutgers
University at New Brunswick in 2015 and a bachelor’s degree in
Economics and a minor in Japanese from University of International
Business and Economics in China.
Fei Wu is a Qiushi Distinguished Professor at Zhejiang University and a
Qianjiang Distinguished Scholar in Zhejiang Province. He is the president of
Global Communication and the Public Diplomacy Society. He is the advisory
board member of several professional institutions, such as the Journalism
Branch of the Ministry of Education of China and the Association of
Journalists in Zhejiang. He serves as a reviewer for several major funds,
such as the National Social Science Foundation, China News Award, and
Yangtze Taofen News Award. He is the associate editor of China Media
Reports Oversea and a member of the editorial board of a number of jour-
nals, including Chinese Journalism Yearbook, China Media Research, and
Journal of International Communication. His research interests include
media and society, media law, and journalism theories. He is the author
and translator of eight books. More than 70 of his articles have appeared in
CSSCI-indexed journals, including top journals such as Sociology Research and
Journalism and Communication Research. He was the principle investigator of
a number of important projects, including a key project funded by the Ministry
of Education between 2009 and 2013 (Theory, Status Quo, and Trend of
International Communication Research). He has been honored as the
Outstanding Young Author for Social Sciences Research in China. He has also
28. xxviii NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS
received awards for his excellent research and teaching from the Zhejiang
Academy of Social Sciences and the Ministry of Education of China.
Yong Xu is a professor at the Institute of China Rural Studies, one of the key
research bases of Humanities and Social Sciences of Ministry of Education,
Central China Normal University, and also a professor at the Institute of
Chinese Urban Governance of the Central China Normal University. He is the
convener of a political discipline group of the State Council Degree Committee,
the evaluation expert of the national postdoctoral research stations, a member
of the review panel of National Social Science Fund, one of the first “Changjiang
Scholar” Distinguished Professors in Social Science by the Chinese Ministry of
Education, a member of the Social Science Committee of the Ministry of
Education, and a member of the Expert Advisory Committee of the Ministry
of Civil Affairs. He is also the vice president of China Political Association and
the president of Political Science Association of Hubei Province. In 2006, he
was appointed to deliver thematic lectures at a group learning of the Political
Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC).
His research has focused on grassroots governance and rural China. His
selected works are Imbalance in Chinese Politics: Comparison between Cities and
Villages (1992), Rural Villagers’ Self-Governance in China (1997), Modern
State, Rural Society and Institutional Construction (2009), Advanced Research
on Rural China and Farmers (2009), and Developmental Approach and
Mechanism of Grassroots Democracy (2015).
Feng Yang is an associate professor at the School of Public Administration,
Sichuan University, China, and was a visiting scholar at Syracuse University
School of Information Studies, the USA. He holds his Ph.D. in Economics
from Sichuan University. He is the author of several books and journal articles,
and his work informs not only Internet governance but also government infor-
mation management, information poverty, and information policy.
Jianxing Yu is a distinguished professor of the Changjiang Scholar Program
of Ministry of Education of PRC, and professor and dean of the School of
Public Affairs, Zhejiang University. He is also a co-editor in chief of the
Journal of Chinese Governance, and an editorial board member of the
Journal of Chinese Political Science and the Chinese Political Science Review.
His areas of specialization include political science, public administration,
and social policy. His research interests have focused on state transforma-
tion, modernization of the state governance system and governance capa-
bility, government innovation, nonprofit organization and social governance,
Chinese rural reform, and Chinese medical reform. More than 100 of his
peer-
review articles have appeared in both English and Chinese, and he has
authored and/or edited more than 25 books, including Improving Service
Capability of Primary-Level Healthcare: Based on the Practice of Zhejiang
Province (2017), Public Hospital Privatization: Theory and Policy (2014),
29. xxix
NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS
The Development of Business Associations During the Era of Comprehensive
Deepening Reforms (2014), From State-Led Development to Endogenous
Development: The Restarting of China’s Agriculture and Rural Areas
(2013), A Path for Chinese Civil Society: A Case Study on Business Associations
in Wenzhou, China (2012), Public Service-oriented Government (2012), and
Towards the Age of Social Policy (2012).
Lina Zhang, Ph.D. student in the Department of Political Science, School of
Social Sciences, Tsinghua University, China.
Yang Zhang is assistant professor in the Department of Political Science and a
member of the Center for Asian Culture and Public Administration at Southwest
Jiaotong University. His main research interests include political methodology
and the role of social capital in Chinese elite politics and civil society.
Litao Zhao is senior research fellow at the East Asian Institute, National University
of Singapore. He holds his Ph.D. degree in Sociology from Stanford University.
His research interests include social stratification and mobility, sociology of educa-
tion, organizational analysis, and China’s social policy. He has served on the edito-
rial board of Journal of Technology Management in China, China: An International
Journal, East Asian Policy, and Shantou University Journal (Humanities and Social
Sciences). His research has appeared or is forthcoming in The China Quarterly,
Journal of Contemporary China, Research in Social Stratification and Mobility,
International Journal of Educational Development, Social Sciences in China, Built
Environment, China: An International Journal, East Asian Policy, Frontiers of
Education in China, Issues and Studies, and so on. He has authored and edited
eight books, including China’s Development: Social Investment and Challenges
(2017), China’s Great Urbanization (2017), China’s Social Development and
Policy (2013), China’s New Social Policy (2010), China’s Reform at 30 (2009), and
Paths to Private Entrepreneurship: Markets and Mobility in Rural China (2008).
Xiaocui Zhao is a graduate student in the Public Administration School at
East China Normal University. Her major is public administration. Her research
interests include nonprofit organizations and policy implementation.
Zhirong Jerry Zhao is an associate professor at the Hubert H. Humphrey
School of Public Affairs, University of Minnesota. He is also a research fellow
in China Institute for Urban Governance, Shanghai Jiaotong University. His
research area is public finance and budgeting.
Jun Zhou is a professor in the Public Administration School and director of
the Center for Nonprofits and Society Governance Innovation at East China
Normal University. Her areas of specialization include politics theory,
public administration, and philosophy. Her research focuses on nonprofit
organizations, contracting out, and community development. More than
50 of her academic articles have appeared in both English and Chinese,
and she has authored and edited six books, including Social Organization
30. xxx NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS
and Charitable Organization Management (2017), Nonprofit Organizations
Management (2015), and The Development of Business Associations in the Era of
Comprehensive Reforms of China (2015).
Xufeng Zhu is professor and associate dean at SPPM and executive director
of the Institute for Sustainable Development Goals, Tsinghua University, and
director of the Think Tank Research Center of SPPM. His research interests
include the policy process, think tank and expert involvement, science and
technology policy, environment and climate policy, and public governance in
transitional China. He is the author of The Rise of Think Tanks in China (2013),
Expert Involvement in Policy Changes, and China’s Think Tanks: Their Influences
in the Policy Process. Over 20 of his articles in English have appeared in Journal
of Public Administration Research and Theory, Governance, Public
Administration, Policy Studies Journal, The China Quarterly, Policy Sciences,
Public Management Review, Environmental and Planning C, Administration
Society, Journal of Contemporary China, Journal of Comparative Policy
Analysis, Asian Survey, Energy Policy, and other international journals; dozens
of his articles have appeared in Chinese journals such as Social Sciences in China,
Sociological Studies, and Management World, which are highly prestigious aca-
demic journals in their respective fields in China. He serves as the regional
editor of Asian Journal of Political Sciences and as an editorial board member
for six other international journals.
Wenjia Zhuang is associate professor in the Center for Chinese Public
Administration Research and the Department of Public Administration at
School of Government, and an editorial committee member of Journal of
Public Administration at Sun Yat-sen University. His areas of specialization
include social conflict resolution, local governance, social innovation, and pub-
lic opinion. His research interests have focused on collective labor disputes and
grand mediation, Chinese politics, social stability, social organizations, and
state governance studies. More than 20 of his academic articles have appeared
in both English and Chinese, such as “Mediate First: The Revival of Mediation
in Labor Dispute Resolution in China” (2015), “Can the Strategy of “Mediation
Mediate First” Alleviate Reduce Collective Labor Disputes?—An Empirical
Test Based on Province-
Level Panel Data from 1999 to 2011” (2015), and
“The Survival and Development Space for China’s Labor NGOs: Informal
Politics and Its Uncertainty” (2010).
31. xxxi
Fig. 3.1 Evolution of tax/GDP ratios and central-local shares (Source:
Ahmad et al., China Development Forum 2013) 52
Fig. 3.2 Growing reliance on coastal “hubs” 56
Fig. 3.3 Final stage of the VAT reform: provincial losses (Source: Ahmad
et al. 2005; Ahmad 2008) 59
Fig. 5.1 Number of papers about research on Chinese governance in
CSSCI journals (2001–2014) (Note: It is based on search results
at http://www.cnki.net by input keywords, including “Subject
Terms: (governance) and NOT Subject Terms: (Corporate
governance),” “Source Category: (CSSCI),” and “Discipline:
(philosophy and humanities/social sciences/economy and
management sciences).” (Accessed at 2:31 p.m. on December 10,
2015))101
Fig. 5.2 Number of papers about research on Chinese governance in
international journals (2001–2014) (Note: It is based on search
results at http://zju.summon.serialssolutions.com/en/#!/search
by input keywords, including “Subject Terms: (China) OR
(Chinese) AND (Subject Terms: (Governance) NOT Subject
Terms: (Corporate governance),” “Source Category: (Journal),”
and “Discipline: (Not Limited).” (Accessed at 22:40 p.m. on
November 17, 2015)) 101
Fig. 5.3 Ratio of literature about “State Governance” to that about
Chinese Governance in CSSCI journals (2001–2014) (Note: It is
based on search results at www.cnki.net by input keywords,
including “Subject Terms: (topic = governance) and NOT Subject
Terms: (Corporate governance) (excluding corporate
governance),” “Source Category: (CSSCI),” and “Discipline:
(philosophy and humanities/social sciences/economy and
management sciences).” (Accessed at 14:35 p.m. on December
10, 2015.) In research results, another condition “topic = state
governance” is added so as to calculate the ratio) 103
List of Figures
32. xxxii List of Figures
Fig. 6.1 Reform process of comprehensive administrative law enforcement
system in Jiaxing City. Source: Sorted in accordance with the
Summary of Comprehensive Administrative Law Enforcement
Reform Documents in Jiaxing City (unpublished documents) 126
Fig. 9.1 The relationship between development stage and the effectiveness
of state intervention. Note: when setting the stages, the authors
refer to the pattern of “middle-
income trap.” For that pattern,
please refer to Indermit Singh Gill, Homi J. Kharas and Deepak
Bhattasali, An East Asian Renaissance: Ideas for Economic Growth,
Washington, DC: World Bank, 2007 186
Fig. 12.1 The new layout of state-society relations built on the Charity Law260
Fig. 15.1 The model of the roles of village leaders in nation-state building 306
Fig. 15.2 Behavioral model of village leaders: variables and choices. In
village politics, three kinds of relationship should be taken into
considerations: the relationship with the upper-level government,
the relationship with villagers, and the relationship between two
committees. There are three types of interest: completing the task
as assigned by the upper-level government, safeguarding the
interests of villagers, and protecting their own interests maybe at
the cost of villagers’ or the state’s interest 308
Fig. 15.3 The interactive relationship among township governments, village
leaders, and villagers 309
Fig. 15.4 Institutional space of the role and behavior of village leaders 316
Fig. 15.5 Changes in the state-rural society relationship (1987–2014) 317
Fig. 15.6 The changing model for the roles of village leaders and the
state-society relationship 318
Fig. 16.1 Percent of provincial budget spent on affordable housing (2010).
Source: China Statistical Yearbook, 2010. The year 2010 was the
first year that the National Bureau of Statistics of China started
reporting provincial spending on housing in the national yearbook 337
Fig. 19.1 The structure of legal participation avenues 393
Fig. 19.2 Participation in China 396
Fig. 19.3 The eight dimensions of good governance (UNESCAP 2005) 398
Fig. 21.1 Categorical distribution of emails across time (excluding “other”) 430
Fig. 21.2 Procedure of local government response to citizen complaints 432
Fig. 22.1 Number of policies issued for Internet governance 450
Fig. 22.2 Types of policies on Internet governance 451
Fig. 22.3 Structure of major Internet governance agencies 453
Fig. 22.4 Distribution of policy issuance among issuing agencies 454
Fig. 22.5 Time distribution of themes 456
Fig. 24.1 Governance modes and the patterns of public hospitals’
organizational reforms 485
Fig. 25.1 Improvement in educational equality. Source: Figure was made by
authors with information from Farrell (2013) 527
Fig. 25.2 Intersectionality of hukou, gender, location, and types of regions
contributing to educational inequality 529
Fig. 25.3 Influential factors to local educational authorities when
implementing reforms 534
33. xxxiii
List of Figures
Fig. 25.4 Liu, Sun, and Barrow’s promise-practice model. Source: Liu et al.
(2017)536
Fig. 27.1 Statistics on labour inspectorates in China, 1995–2013. Source:
Annual Report of Labour Affairs (Ministry of Labour and Social
Security 1997a–2007a; Ministry of Human Resources and Social
Security 2008a–2013a). Note: “Coverage” means the percentages
of administrative units (e.g. provinces, cities, and counties) that
had set up labour inspectorates by the year in question. Missing
values are replaced with 0 569
Fig. 27.2 Public expenditure on labour inspections at local level, 1995–
2009. Source: Statistics of Local Finance (Department of the
Exchequer and Budget Department, Ministry of Finance 1995–
2009). Note: For years marked “*”, statistics were collected using
the 2007 newly adjusted budgetary accounting method, which
made the statistics more scientific and precise by using a functional
rather than economic classification. See Ministry of Finance
(2006) for more details. The expenditure data is inflation-
adjusted, using 1995 as the reference year 572
Fig. 27.3 Estimated no. of workers per labour inspector, 1995–2013.
Source: Annual Report of Labour Affairs (Ministry of Labour and
Social Security 1997a–2007a; Ministry of Human Resources and
Social Security 2008a–2013a); and China Labour Statistical
Yearbook (Ministry of Labour and Social Security 1997c–2007c;
Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security 2008c–2014c) 573
Fig. 27.4 Reactive and proactive labour inspection in China, 1994–2015.
Source: Annual Report of Labour Affairs (Ministry of Labour and
Social Security 1997a–2007a; Ministry of Human Resources and
Social Security 2008a–2015a); and China Labour Statistical
Yearbook (Ministry of Labour and Social Security 1997c–2007c;
Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security 2008c–2016c).
Note: “Coverage of workers by proactive inspection” is calculated
by dividing the number of workers involved in proactive
inspection by the total number of workers in the same year. The
percentage of reactive inspection is calculated by dividing the
number of cases settled through inspection based on reporting (or
complaints) by the total number of cases settled 575
Fig. 27.5 Statistics on settlement of cases by labour inspection, 2002–2015.
Source: China Labour Statistical Yearbook (Ministry of Human
Resources and Social Security 2008c–2016c) 577
Fig. 27.6 Statistics on type of cases settled by labour inspection, 2002–
2015. Source: China Labour Statistical Yearbook (Ministry of
Human Resources and Social Security 2008c–2016c) 578
Fig. 28.1 National land expropriation in 2004–2015. Source: China Land
and Resources Statistical Yearbook591
Fig. 28.2 Land supply for different uses in 2003–2015. Source: China Land
and Resources Statistical Yearbook. Notes: 工矿仓储用地: Land for
industry, mining, and storage; 商业服务业用地: Land for
commerce and services; 住宅用地: Land for residences 592
34. xxxiv List of Figures
Fig. 28.3 The supply and proportion of the land for industry, mining, and
storage in 2003–2015. Source: China Land and Resources
Statistical Yearbook. Notes: 供地总量: Total land supply; 工矿仓储
用地: Land for industry, mining, and storage; 占比: Proportion 593
Fig. 28.4 Average prices for the land of different uses in 2000–2016.
Source: Land and Resources Statistical Bulletin Issued by Ministry
of Land and Resources. Notes: 工业用地: Land for industry; 商服
用地: Land for commerce and services; 住宅用地: Land for
residences594
Fig. 28.5 The internal motivation of local governments in driving
urbanization. Notes: 财政激励: Fiscal Incentives; 发展激励:
Development Incentives; 政治激励: Political Incentives; 政府:
Governments; 官员: Officials; 激励相容: Incentive Compatibility;
城市化: Urbanization 595
Fig. 28.6 National land transfer payment and its fiscal proportion in 1998–
2015. Development incentives. Source: China Land and Resources
Statistical Yearbook and China Financial Statistics Yearbook. Notes:
土地出让金(亿元): Land transfer payment (in 100 million); 总财政
收入(亿元): Total fiscal revenues (in 100 million); 土地出让金占
比: Fiscal proportion of land transfer payment 596
Fig. 28.7 Distribution of collective incidents based on conflict reasons.
Source: According to the surveys of land-expropriated farmers in
2008 by authors. Notes: 不愿意征地: Unwillingness in land
expropriation; 征地纠纷: Conflicts in land expropriation; 补偿不
满: Unsatisfactory compensation. 补偿安置未落实: Unsettled
compensation and replacement; 其他事件: Other incidents 600
Fig. 28.8 China’s “space urbanization” and “population urbanization.”
Source: China Statistical Yearbook and China Urban Construction
Statistical Yearbook. Notes: 建成区扩张率: Expansion rate of
construction areas; 城市人口增长率: Growth rate of urban
population601
Fig. 28.9 Proportion of industries in China according to output value in
1995–2015. Source: China Statistical Yearbook. Notes: 第一产业:
Primary industry; 第二产业: Second industry; 第三产业: Third
industry602
Fig. 28.10 Proportion of industries in China according to employment share
in 1995–2015. Source: China Statistical Yearbook. Notes: 第一产
业: Primary industry; 第二产业: Second industry; 第三产业:
Third industry 603
Fig. 28.11 Changes in China’s land transfer costs in 2009–2015. Source:
National Land Transfer Revenue and Expenditure issued by the
Ministry of Finance. Notes: 成本性支出: Cost expenditures; 涉及
征地拆迁相关费用: Fees related to land expropriation and
demolition604
Fig. 28.12 Fluctuations of land transfer revenues in 2000–2016. Source:
Land and Resources Statistical Bulletin issued by the Ministry of
Land and Resources. Notes: 年份: Years; 土地出让合同总价款(万
亿元): Total contract price of land transfer (in trillions); 增幅(%):
Increase (%) 605
35. xxxv
List of Figures
Fig. 28.13 China’s land mortgage area and land mortgage loan in 2009–
2015. Source: Land and Resources Statistical Bulletin issued by
the Ministry of Land and Resources. Notes: 土地抵押面积(万公
顷): Land mortgage area (in million ha); 土地抵押贷款(万亿元):
Land mortgage loan (in trillions) 606
Fig. 29.1 Fiscal revenues in China’s infrastructure finance (1994–2015) 622
Fig. 29.2 Debt financing in China’s infrastructure finance (1994–2015) 622
Fig. 29.3 The rise and fall of PPP in China (1980–2015) 627
Fig. 29.4 Recent development of PPP in China (2010–2016) 630
Fig. 30.1 The land acquisition system of the urban-rural dual structure 638
Fig. 30.2 Flowchart of land acquisition in China 642
Fig. 30.3 Dynamic changes in the LAS and GFR from 1949 to the present
in China 643
Fig. 31.1 Policies to support the ESCO industry (Source: Kostka and Shin
2013)677
Fig. 31.2 Limitations of energy intensity targets as the main
implementation instrument (Source: Kostka 2016) 683
Fig. 31.3 Strengthening of incentives in Shanxi (Source: Kostka and Hobbs
2012; Harrison and Kostka 2014) 687
Fig. 32.1 Climate policy design at the city level: Analytical model 698
Graph 33.1 GHG emissions in China (1990–2015). Source: Elaborated by
the author using Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric
Research (http://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/overview.
php?v=CO2ts1990-2015, accessed on 05/30/17) 723
Fig. 33.1 China’s main governmental bodies related to climate change
strategies. Source: Barbi et al. 2016 728
36. xxxvii
Table 6.1 Comparison of three forms of local government innovations 128
Table 6.2 Comparison of “reporting methods” in Hunan, Shandong,
Shanxi, and Zhejiang provinces and Inner Mongolia
Autonomous Region 132
Table 9.1 The effectiveness of state intervention in two different stages of
economic development 191
Table 13.1 Local emergencies that occurred in China from 2000 to 2016 270
Table 13.2 Correlations between social media prevalence, government
responsiveness, and civic engagement 275
Table 13.3 Hierarchical multiple regression predicting government
responsiveness and civic engagement 276
Table 18.1 Lobbying target of local private business associations in the
developed private economy areas (%) 372
Table 18.2 Comparison of lobbying targets between state-level business
associations and local private ones (%) 373
Table 18.3 Comparison of lobbying strategies between state-level business
associations and local private ones 374
Table 18.4 Formal and informal channels of lobbying of local private business
associations in the developed areas of private economy 375
Table 21.1 Coding results of ZIPO dataset 429
Table 21.2 Government responses to online complaints in Province J 435
Table 22.1 Public sector websites 446
Table 22.2 Coding format 449
Table 22.3 Coding details 449
Table 22.4 Data on the policies issued by government agencies 454
Table 22.5 Year of issue, topics, and agencies of jointly issued policies 455
Table 22.6 Results for specific topics with proportions higher than 3.8% 456
Table 25.1 AYS by types of regions and provinces/autonomous regions in
2014 (ages 18–43) 519
Table 25.2 AYS by types of regions and genders in 2014 (ages 18–43) 519
Table 25.3 AYS by types of regions and locations in 2014 (ages 18–43) 520
Table 25.4 AYS by types of regions and hukou in 2014 (ages 18–43) 520
List of Tables
37. xxxviii List of Tables
Table 25.5 Educational attainment by region, urban/rural residence,
and urban/rural hukou status and gender for ages 13–43 521
Table 25.6 EI of governmental expenditure in 2014 531
Table 26.1 Growth of fiscal expenditure on education in China: 2010–2014 553
Table 26.2 Growth of public finance on education in China: 2010–2014 554
Table 26.3 Provincial performance gap between annual growth rate of public
finance for education and that of fiscal revenue: 2010–2014 555
Table 27.1 Transformation of the Chinese labour regulatory framework 564
Table 27.2 Agencies in the labour inspection system in contemporary China,
as of 2014 567
Table 27.3 Local labour inspectorates in China, as of June 2005 570
Table 27.4 The typology of labour inspection systems and the case of China 581
Table 28.1 China’s urban area and construction area in 2006–2015 592
Table 29.1 Types of PPP in execution across infrastructure sectors (2017) 631
Table 31.1 Major energy targets in the 11th, 12th, and 13th FYPs 677
Table 31.2 Allocation of provincial energy intensity targets, 12th FYP
(2011–2015)681
Table 32.1 Hangzhou’s annual energy efficiency (EE) targets 704
Table 32.2 Annual plans for market-based projects in Hangzhou 706
Table 32.3 Analysis of policy design in energy conservation and renewable
energy in Hangzhou 712
Table 34.1 The number and growth rate of registered cars in Hangzhou City 746
38. xxxix
Chapter 30 Land Conflict and the Transformation of Local Governance
Special Column 1: Two Announcements and One Registration for
Land Acquisition 652
Case 1: From “Fertilized Farmland” to “Desolate Wasteland”—A Case of
Jinxian County in Nanchang 656
Case 2: “Be Urbanized”—Densely Residential Districts of Shuangliu
County in Sichuan 657
Case 3: From Resistance to Participation—Collective Decisions on
Urbanization in Guangzhou 661
Case 4: The First Narrowing of the Land Acquisition Scope—Jiangxia,
Wuhan663
Case 5: Democracy Land Acquisition Is on the Way—Helin, Inner Mongolia 664
Case 6: Exploring a New Road to Security—Xi’an 666
Case 7: Benefit Sharing Satisfies Everyone—Dachong, Shenzhen 667
Case 8: The Typical Model of the Coordinated Land Acquisition
Program—Reconstruction of a Village in the City of Jinjiang,
Zhejiang Province 669
Case 9: Collective Economic Growth Under the Reserved Land (liuyongdi)
Policy—The Case of a Village in Jianggan District, Hangzhou 671
List of Boxes
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