This document summarizes a study on using open and flexible learning strategies to address barriers to education for orphans and vulnerable children (OVCs) affected by HIV/AIDS in Lesotho. The study tested an intervention incorporating open distance and flexible learning (ODFL) materials in 20 schools. Results found a significant improvement in math scores for students who used the ODFL materials, but no significant impacts on attendance, English scores, or overall dropout rates. The study concluded that ODFL strategies have potential to support at-risk students but need to be improved and better monitored, especially attendance for secondary OVCs.

1. Thabiso Nyabanyaba
National University of Lesotho
Paper presented at the 1st
UNISA international ODL
5-7 September 2012 Conference

2.  Project
◦ SOFIE (Strengthening open and flexible learning to support
educational access in contexts of high prevalence rates in SADC
countries)
 Aims
◦ improving retention and
◦ increasing access to learning
 Focus group
◦ OVCs
◦ Children affected by HIV and AIDS
 Using open and flexible learning strategies

3.  Many children experience absenteeism before dropout,
due to
◦ Push out factors (in-school)
 Overcrowding in schools
 Teacher lack PSS and ability to cope with large classes
 Lack of infrastructure
 Curricular irrelevance
◦ Pull out factors (out-of-school)
 Poverty
 Early marriage
 Impact of HIV and AIDS
 ODFL strategies have potential to support ‘at-risk’
students (Pridmore, 2006)
◦ Offering opportunities for re-entry
◦ Improving teacher understanding and empathy towards ‘at-risk’

4.  To what extent can barriers to access and attainment due to HIV and
AIDS be addressed using ODFL as a complement to conventional
schooling?
 DfID/Economic and Social Science Research funded
◦ Institute of Education, London
◦ Centre for Educational Research and Training, Malawi
◦ Institute of Education, Lesotho
◦ South African Institute of Distance Education
 Followed a mixed method approach in distinct phases
◦ Phase 1: Situational analysis – desk studies of policy, practices
and factors influencing educational access
◦ Phase 2: Multi-site, formative fieldwork of factors influencing
educational access
◦ Phase3: Development, trial and evaluation school-based
intervention, incorporating ODFL

5.  Pretest-Posttest Control Group design
 20/20 Schools randomly assigned to either of two groups
(matching).
 Both groups were administered questionnaires and test papers
(Maths and English)
◦ at the baseline (November 2008) and
◦ following implementation (November 2009), but
◦ only one group received the intervention package and training
 Additional qualitative data collected at various stages
◦ Mid-term monitoring visit in August 2009
◦ Concurrent with post-intervention visits (November 2009)
◦ District-level evaluation workshops held in January 2010.

7.  School-in-a-box:
 Club leader manual
 Self -Study guides (English &
Mathematics)
 Form B Textbooks (English &
Mathematics)
 Dictionary
 English readers
 Supplementary readers on child rights,
child labour and gender violence.
 HIV&AIDS board game ‘Choices &
Decisions’
 Writing materials
 Wind-up Radio
 School-in-a-bag:
 School bag (rucksack)
 Mathematical Instrument set
 2 Notebooks, a pen and a pencil

8. Sample Sampled students' status
1200
Non-orphans
1000
2% Single parents
800 15%
6% Paternal orphans
female
600 Maternal orphans
Male 53%
400 21% Double orphans
3% Abondoned
200
No data
0
Intervention Control

9.  The attendance and progression rate for boys is worse than girls
in general, especially in rural areas.
◦ Related to boys being called upon to look after animals.
◦ Initiation
 However, girls experience more disruptions as they progress
◦ a result of girls being called on to look after sick members of families
and siblings,
◦ early marriage to escape the burden of poverty at home.
 Disruptions also associated with the perceived low quality of
education
 Results
◦ Inequitable access
◦ Poor efficiency
◦ Low quality
◦ Inadequate output/completion

10. Control schools Intervention schools
Mean Mean
File number N Rank N Rank
SCR:/English score Baseline 1841 1667.63 1819 1708.43
End-of-intervention 1629 1812.21 1578 1688.13
Total 3470 3397
SCR:/Maths score Baseline 1842 1867.56 1818 1680.78
End-of-intervention 1596 1548.62 1559 1698.59
Total 3438 3377
P:/Absenteeism Baseline 1075 1226.67 1205 1332.71
End-of-intervention 1371 1221.01 1439 1313.95
Total 2446 2644

11.  Slight decline in the scores for English,
 Slight increase in the mathematics scores
 Slight decline in the rate of absenteeism
 None statistically significant
 Difference in maths performance was statistically
significant

12. Mean Sum of
ID:/Student status N Rank Ranks
S:/repeated Form A club member 224 149.5 33488
in 2008
non-club member 74 149.5 11063
Total 298
S:/Absenteeism club member 224 151.33 33899
non-club member 74 143.95 10652
Total 298
SCR:/English score club member 220 144.86 31869.5
non-club member 73 153.45 11201.5
Total 293
SCR:/Maths score club member 216 151.69 32764
non-club member 73 125.22 9141
Total 289

13.  Club-members did significantly better than similar students in maths
 Serious inequalities and obstacles remain
 Conclusion about intervention
◦ Had no impact to negative impact on English
◦ No impact on attendance could be found (inadequate intervention)
◦ Reduced dropout rates marginally
◦ Had a significant impact on maths performance
◦ Schools became better places for learning for OVCs
 Reported impact on teacher empathy towards OVCs due to PSS training
◦ Better societal understanding on situation of OVCs

14.  Need for increased monitoring of attendance
◦ Particularly for OVCs at secondary schooling
 Lack of understanding and monitoring of childhood and their issues
 Need for increased PSS support for OVCs
◦ Points to the impact of HIV and vulnerability
 Child-headed and grandparents households
 Need to work through teacher formations in intervention
◦ Successful link with Maths teachers’ association resulted in cooperation
 Current and emerging socio-economic challenges call for more
research and development of ODFL to complement conventional
approaches
Full papers available on: http://sofie.ioe.ac.uk/publications.html
licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-
NonCommercial 3.0 Unported License