9. Clinical skills
• History
• Physical examination
• Diagnosis
• Investigation
• Treatment
Patients present with symptoms and signs
rather than disease
Patients present with symptoms and signs
rather than disease
10. History
• Presenting problem
• Context
– personal
• age
• sex
• occupation
– social
• domestic
arrangements
• lifestyle
– medical
• chronic
illness
• medications
• previous
surgery
Process of communicationProcess of communication
11. History - II
• Obtain information from the patient
– listen
– identify precise symptoms
– avoid leading questions initially
– ask questions to fill in the gaps
• Collateral history
– trauma, confused, paediatric etc
All the information that cannot be
obtained by examining the patient
All the information that cannot be
obtained by examining the patient
15. Differential diagnosis
• Consider all the possibilities
• Weight them
Diagnosis
• Test the hypothesis
• Re prioritise
Diagnosis
• Treat
• Evaluate response