Ch07

Health Promotion StrategiesHealth Promotion Strategies
Through the Life SpanThrough the Life Span
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Health Promotion Strategies Through the Life Span, Eighth Edition
Ruth Beckmann Murray, Judith Proctor Zentner, and Richard Yakimo
Chapter 7
Spiritual and Religious Influences

Definition of ReligionDefinition of Religion
 Belief in a supernatural or divine force that
commands worship and obedience
 Personal and institutional system of beliefs
 Comprehensive code of ethics or
philosophy
 Set of practices that are followed
 Church affiliation
 Not synonymous with spirituality

Definition of SpiritualityDefinition of Spirituality
 Quality that goes beyond religious
affiliation
 Includes reverence, awe, meaning, and
purpose
 Permeates all life
 Involves harmony with the universe
 Sustains during stress, illness, or death
 Defined differently by various cultures

Ways to Foster SpiritualityWays to Foster Spirituality
 Foster connectedness
 Affirm others with love and quality
interpersonal nurse-client relationships
 Enable hope
 Gain transcendence over situation
 Be present to person

Ways to Foster Spirituality cont.Ways to Foster Spirituality cont.
 Foster reconciliation
 Share near-death mystical experiences
 Support client’s desire to either let go or
struggle to live
 Help family and client prepare for death

Spiritual CareSpiritual Care
 Important to client and family health
– Church attendance may add 7 years to the
Caucasian’s lifespan
– Church attendance may add 14 years to the
life span of an African American
 Others studies also show positive effects
of spiritual care

NeotheologyNeotheology
 New field of research that examines
biological basis of spirituality
 Scientists study whether or not some are
predisposed to mystical experiences
– Genetics
– Temperament
– Environment

Common CharacteristicsCommon Characteristics
of World Religionsof World Religions
 World view or way of perceiving reality
 Basis of authority or source of power
 Portion of scripture of sacred word
 Ethical code that defines right and wrong
 Psychology and identity
 Aspirations or expectations
 Ideas about what follows death

Alpha GroupAlpha Group
 Includes Christianity, Judaism, and Islam
 Adhere to Biblical revelation of
supernatural
 Monotheistic God
 Make covenants and obey God’s
commands
 People are “doers”
 Have historical fixed scripture

Beta GroupBeta Group
 Includes Buddhism and Hinduism
 Root in Indian soil
 World view is pantheistic
 Interested in “being” rather than “doing”
 Look inside themselves for answers as
opposed to God’s commands
 Collective literature for private devotion

Gamma GroupGamma Group
 Includes Taoism, Confucianism, and
Shintoism
 Try to be in harmony with world around
them
 Scripture if family affair
 Described as simple in faith, spontaneous,
and straightforward in feelings of affection
for people, plants, and animals

HinduismHinduism
 Most expressive and universal word of God
is Om
 Trinity consists of Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva
 All religions recognized as valid
 Brahman is the Divine Intelligence, the
Supreme reality
 Spiritual quest toward uniting inner and real
self
– Takes place in stages

Hinduism cont.Hinduism cont.
Figure 7-1:
Gita is a way of life

SikhismSikhism
 Three commandments
– Meditate on God’s name
– Earn an honest living
– Share with others and treat everyone equally
 Interested in promoting community

BuddhismBuddhism
 4 noble truths include the following
– Life is disjointed or out of balance
– Cause of this imbalance is ignorance of one’s
own true nature
– Removal of this ignorance is attained by
reaching Nirvana
– Get to Nirvana through the eightfold path
Right knowledge; right intentions; right speech;
right conduct; right means of livelihood; right effort;
right mindfulness; concentration

Jainism and ShintoismJainism and Shintoism
 Jainism
– Main tenet is
refusal to hurt any
living thing
– Some renounce all
earthly
possessions while
others allow
clothing.
– They believe every
living thing has a
soul
 Shintoism
– Worships
emperors,
ancestors, ancient
heroes, and nature
– Feel intense loyalty
and devotion
nature and the
ancestral sprits
there
– Simple rites are
common

TaoismTaoism
 Uses the yin-yang symbol
– A circle representing the absolute
– Two tear shapes fit together to form a circle;
each has a small dot in the color of the other
shape
– Yang is positive or masculine—dry, hot,
active, moving, and light.
– Yin is feminine or negative—wet, cold,
passive, restful, and empty

ConfucianismConfucianism
 Based on teaching of Confucius who is not
revered as a god
 5 important terms
– Jen
– Chun-sui
– Li
– Te
– Wen

IslamIslam
 Followers called Muslims
 Believe there is no God but Allah;
Mohammad or Muhammad in His Prophet
 Believe in a final judgment day when
everyone will either be sent to Paradise or
the fire of hell
 Believe people are responsible for their
own good and bad actions
 Pray 5 to 7 times a day

JudaismJudaism
 Expectation to contribute to others’ needs
 Study the Torah and the Talmud
 Menorah is a seven-branched
candelabrum; parts stand for the creation of
the universe in seven days, the Sabbath,
and the presence of God in the Temple
 Celebrations and holidays include Bar
Mitzvah, Bat Mitzvah, Rosh Hashanah, and
Yom Kippur

ChristianityChristianity
 Use cross to symbolize redemption
 Believe in three persons—Father, Son,
and the Holy Spirit
 Believe Jesus Christ is God’s son
 Believe they are acceptable to God
because of Jesus Christ’s life and death
 Observe holidays such as Christmas and
Easter
 Hope for life with God after death

North American Indian ReligionsNorth American Indian Religions
 Include Supreme Being, guardian spirits,
medicine men, culture hero
 Include activities such as fasting, rituals,
myth telling, prayers, and offerings
 Practice Shamanism
 Desire harmony and spiritual balances in
their relations with the supernatural
powers

North American Indian Religions cont.North American Indian Religions cont.
Figure 7-2:
Wakan Tanka

Roman CatholicismRoman Catholicism
 Believe people are made in image of God
 Believe Pope continues the mission
handed down by Jesus and the apostles
 7 sacraments: Baptism, Confirmation,
Holy Orders, Matrimony, Penance,
Eucharist, and Anointing of the Sick
 Believe bread and wine become body and
blood of Christ during Mass

Eastern OrthodoxEastern Orthodox
 Divided into groups by nationality
 No Pope
 Receive same seven sacraments as
Catholics with slight variations
 Fasting is common
 Believe insights gained directly from God
 Saint Nicholas is one of most honored
saints

ProtestantProtestant
 Believe that God has not given any one
person or group the sole authority to
interpret His truth to others
 Freedom of spiritual searching and
reinterpretation
 Sacraments include Baptism and
Communion
 Many denominations including Lutherans,
Presbyterians, and Methodists

Many Other Christian GroupsMany Other Christian Groups
 Seventh-Day Adventists
 The Church for Jesus Christ of Latter-Day
Saints (Mormons)
 Church of Christ, Scientist
 The Society of Friends (Quakers)
 The Unity School of Christianity
 Mennonites
 Neo-Pentecostalists

Hinduism and SikhismHinduism and Sikhism
 Believe self-centered focus can cause
illness
 Strive for moderation in eating and other
body functions
 Believe body is merely a vehicle
 Believe death and rebirth to be
synonymous
 Practice meditation and yoga

BuddhismBuddhism
 If someone is ill, the family
– Conducts elaborate rites
– Keeps a well family member at hospital to
care for the ill
 Rebirth after death
– Quality of life dependent on whether person
lived disciplined or undisciplined life
– Elderly encouraged to prepare for rebirth

TaoismTaoism
 Idea that yang and ying forces are
embodied in body parts and affect food
preferences and eating habits
 Relaxed philosophy of life
 Death is a natural part of life
 Special ceremonies or rules for family left
behind

ConfucianismConfucianism
 Believe they cannot harm their bodies
because they were given to them by their
parents
 Immediate family includes grandparents,
aunts, uncles, and cousins
 Important to care for their bodies in order
to care for family, country, and universe

IslamIslam
 Emphasis on cleanliness
 Fast during the month of Ramadan
(Ramazan)
 Do not eat pork or pork products or do
things that might harm their body (drink,
use drugs)
 Planning ahead is not valued
 Do not perform autopsies, embalm, or use
caskets

JudaismJudaism
 During Sabbath, Orthodox Jews may
refuse freshly cooked food, medicine,
treatment, surgery, or technology
 Women may practice rite of mikvah
 Food needs to be kosher
 Preoccupied with health and future-
oriented
 Death is final for many Jews

Roman CatholicismRoman Catholicism
 Sick or dying may want the sacraments of
Anointing the Sick or Viaticum
 Believe a spirit rid of guilt and grievances
and fortified with strength of Christ’s life
has positive effects on the body
 Believe suffering and illness allowed by
God because of original sin

ProtestantProtestant
 Broad spectrum of beliefs and principles
– Some view death as penalty
– Other see it as a transition when the soul
leave for eternal reward
 Important for health care worker to
understand a client’s individual beliefs

Seventh-Day AdventistsSeventh-Day Adventists
 May refuse medical treatment and use of
secular items during Sabbath
 Believe body to be temple
 Pork, fish, tea, and coffee are prohibited
 Health reform is high on list of priorities

The Church of Latter-Day SaintsThe Church of Latter-Day Saints
 High value on family
 Have conduct code called Word of
Wisdom
– Prohibits tobacco, alcohol, caffeinated drinks
– Recommends eating sparingly and with
thankfulness
 Believe disease comes from failure to
obey laws and commandments
 Lower rates of disease and mental illness

Jehovah’s WitnessesJehovah’s Witnesses
 Refuse blood transfusions
 Representatives from Hospital Liaison
Community are available to call if there
are questions about client care

Christian ScientistsChristian Scientists
 Turn wholly to spiritual means for healing
 Do not participate in
– Physical examinations
– Health screenings
– Immunizations
 Healing is thought of as the application of
natural spiritual law

African-American ReligionsAfrican-American Religions
 Formed by need to assimilate into
sometimes harsh and withholding
dominant culture
 People helped through benevolent
associations, mutual aid societies, and
informed networks
 Influence of church and social networks
may lead to delay in seeking professional
health services

North American IndianNorth American Indian
 Health care providers may need to obtain
access to spiritual leader
 Many healing rituals are kept secret
 Medicine wheel is holistic wheel that
should be included in intervention

New Age MovementNew Age Movement
 Commitment to self, individualism, future,
and transformation of self and society
 Practices may include astrology, vision
questing, and use of positive thinking
 Biofeedback, meditation, and
autosuggestion may be helpful adjuncts to
healing

NeopaganismNeopaganism
 Ritualistic, secretive, and connects with
nature
 Identities include Druid, Wiccans, witches,
fairies
 Clients may make unusual requests
related to interventions
 Providers should practice astute client
assessment, consultation, and community
education

Agnostic and AtheisticAgnostic and Atheistic
 Agnostic refers to those who are incapable
of knowing whether God exists
 Atheistic refers to those who believe that
God does not exist

Cult CharacteristicsCult Characteristics
 Rigid belief system that cannot be
questioned
 Charismatic, authoritarian leader
 Isolation of the person from family of origin
or nonmembers
 Demanding schedule
 Deceptive recruitment
 Expectation to relinquish assets and
property

VoodooVoodoo
 Belief that person is surrounded by a
variety of powerful spirits
 Belief that illness or death may occur as a
result of a supernatural force
 Other names include hex, black magic,
spell
 Clients may want cultural healer

Meeting Spiritual NeedsMeeting Spiritual Needs
 Respect client as person with spiritual
needs
 Be interested and willing to talk about
client’s spiritual or religious beliefs
 Avoid evangelizing, overwhelming,
antagonizing, or stereotyping
 Prepare for encounters through research
 Refer client to spiritual care if you cannot
provide it

Spiritual NeedsSpiritual Needs
 Individual needs
– Examples: meaning and purpose, usefulness,
vision and hope, express feelings
 Needs related to others
– Examples: forgive others, cope with loss, be
respected
 Needs related to the Transcendental
– Examples: believe God is loving and present,
serve and worship God

Negative Side of ReligionNegative Side of Religion
 Clients may feel guilt, depression, or
confusion
 Clients may ask “Why me?”
 Health care practitioners may have to deal
with their own negative reactions to some
religious practices

FICAFICA
 Use FICA approach to incorporate spiritual
history into assessment
–Faith
–Influence
–Community
–Address

Examples of Nursing DiagnosesExamples of Nursing Diagnoses
 Decisional conflict
 Ineffective coping
 Fear
 Grieving
 Hopelessness
 Risk for loneliness

Nursing and Spiritual CareNursing and Spiritual Care
 Hospital accreditation requires spiritual
care
 Spiritual care endorsed by International
Council of Nurses and American Nurses
Association
 Do not neglect atheists
 Offer alternative treatments
 Offer solutions when spiritual beliefs
conflict with intervention

Culturally Competent CareCulturally Competent Care
 Look into client’s eyes and call person by
name
 Remain quiet
 Convey empathy and caring by focused
listening
 Touch hand or arm, or give hug
 Demonstrate willingness to be with client
 Support family of deceased client

Working with Spiritual LeadersWorking with Spiritual Leaders
 Maintain a list of spiritual leaders and refer
clients as needed
 Prepare client and the setting for spiritual
leader
 Assist in preparing client for prayer time,
visit to chapel, or Sabbath ritual
 Keep a calendar of religious holidays
 Pray with clients or read scripture if
comfortable

Evaluation of CareEvaluation of Care
 Evaluation of spiritual care can be difficult
 Preferred outcomes
– Enhancing trust
– Allowing people to carry on spiritual practices
not detrimental to health
– Decreasing feelings of anxiety or guilt
– Causing satisfaction with spiritual condition

Faith CommunitiesFaith Communities
 Report a shared responsibility to keep
people well
 Children involved in communities may be
less likely to engage in risky behaviors
– Drug use
– Drinking
– Early sexual activity

Parish NurseParish Nurse
 Speaks scientific and religious language
 Programs should include
– Partnership
– Positive health values
– Availability of services
– Access to church facilities
– Community-focused interventions
– Health behavior change
– Supportive social relationships

Parish Nurse RolesParish Nurse Roles
 H—Health Counselor
 E—Educator of holistic health
 A—Advocate and resource person
 L—Liaison to community services
 T—Teacher of volunteers and support
groups
 H—Healer of mind, body, and spirit

Ch07

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to Ch07

Similar to Ch07 (20)

More from stanbridge

More from stanbridge (20)

Ch07