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POL 6103 āļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠ
āļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠ
Political Sociology and Social Change
āļŠāļŠ.āļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠ āļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠ āļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠ 1 āļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠ 2556
āļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
2
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒ
1.āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ (Race) āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ Phenotype
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒ 3 āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒ
-āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ (Caucasoid) āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ -
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ (Mongoloid) āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
-āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ (Negroid) āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
3
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
2.Genotype āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ DNA āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
3.āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ (Ethnic Group) āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
3 āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ 3 āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
4
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠ (Culture)āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
1.āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ (Interconnected)
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
2.āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
3.āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ (Culture Ecology) āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
5
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ (āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ)
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
4.āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ (Instrumental Needs) āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ (Material Culture) āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
(Non Material Culture) āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
5.āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
6
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
6.āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠ
āļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ 2
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
-āļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
-āļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠ āđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
7
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ (Dynamics) āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠ
āļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠ
1.āļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠ
(Cultural Evolutionism)
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
-āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ (Vertical Model) āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
-āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ (Linear Model)
-āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ (Stage Model)
-Darwinism āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
8
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āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ (Adaption) āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
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(Fittest) āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
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āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ (Adaptation) āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ (Survival of the
Fittest) āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
1
2
3
4
5
6
Vertical
Model
Linear Model
Stage
Model
Evolutionis
m
9
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āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§
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2.āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—
(Cultural Diffusionism) āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ (Horizontal Model) āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
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āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ (Core Culture) āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
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āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ Culture Area āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
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(Interaction) āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
10
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- Culture Area āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
- Marginal Culture āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
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(1) Great Tradition āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
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(2) Little Tradition āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
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(3) Great Narration āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
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(4) Little Narration āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
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Great Tradition & Great Narration āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
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Tradition āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
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13
āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ Culture
Diffusion āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
1.Cultural Interaction āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ 2
āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ (āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§) āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
2.Borrowing āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
3.Adoption āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
4.Adaptation āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
Computer āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
14
āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—
āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—
1.Homogeneous āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
2.Heterogeneous āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
3.Fragmentation āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
4.Specialization āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ (āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§)
5.Anomie āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
6.Subculture āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
7.Alternative Culture āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
15
āļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļ āļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļ Alternative
8.Juxtaposition āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ 3 āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
1. Adaptation āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
2. Acculturation āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļ
3. Assimilation āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
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āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ (Subordinate Culture) āļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ (Dominant Culture)
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļ Assimilation āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļ āļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
4.Cultural Integration āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļ (Dualism) āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
(Dualistic Identity) āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
17
āļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
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āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļ
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āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
18
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
5. Cultural Conflicts āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ (Separatist Group) āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ (Terrorist Group)
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ (Acculturation) āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ (Assimilation) āļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ (Integration) āļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ (Conflict)
āļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ (Change)
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ (Industrial
Revolution) āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ Modernism āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
(Westernization) āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
19
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ (Product) āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ (Practice)
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ (Signifying
Practice) āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļ Symbolic
Values āļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
1.āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
(Meaning) āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
2.āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
(Significance) āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
Significance āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ (Cultural Domination) āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ (Values) āļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ (Habits) āļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļ/āļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
20
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ (Cultural
Imperialism)
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ (Media
Imperialism) āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ (Culture Industry) āļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ (Use Value) āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ (Symbolic Value) āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ (Centralization of Culture) āļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ Mass Product āļāļāļ āļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
21
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ (Mass Culture)
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ (Aesthetic Value) āļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ (Moral Value) āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ (Social Value)
āļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļ. āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļ The Clash of Civilizations āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ 2
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ Small is Beautiful āļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
22
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ /āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
(Indigenous Knowledge) āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
1. āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  (Folklore) āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
(āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ )
2. āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  “...āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ â€Ķ”“āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ â€
3. āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  “āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ â€â€œāļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ â€ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
4. āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
5. āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  (Phonology) āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
23
6. āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ  (Thoughts) āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  (Phonetic)
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  (Phonemic)
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  Pike āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
Emic (āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  Phonemic) āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ â€œāļ āļ āļ āļ â€ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ  “Etic” (āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  Phonetic) āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  “āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ â€ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
(āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ )
7. āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  (Phychoanalysis) āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
8. āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
(Hermeneutic Analysis) āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
9. āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
(Nationalism) āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
24
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
10. āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ  (Holistic)
āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ (Durkheim)āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
Collective Consciousness āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
11. āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
12. āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
(Interpretive Anthropology) āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  (Description) āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  (Interpretation)
āļ„āļ„āļ„āļ„āļ„āļ„āļ„āļ„āļ„ āļ„āļ„āļ„āļ„āļ„ (Clifford Geertz)
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  (Thick Description) āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
25
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
13. āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  (Game
Analogy) āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
14. āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  (Drama Analogy)
āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
15. āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ /āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  (Text Analogy)
16. āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
(Structuralism)
17. āļ  āļ āļ  āļ  āļ  āļ  āļ  āļ  āļ āļ  āļ  āļ  āļ  āļ āļ  āļ  āļ  āļ  āļ  āļ  āļ āļ āļ  āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  (Semiology, Phonology āļ āļ āļ āļ 
Linguistic Analysis)
18. āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
(Narratology)
19. āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  (Symbolic)
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  (Interpretive)
20. āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
(Heuristic)
21. āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  (Empiricism)
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
Positivism
22. āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  (Linguistic
Analysis)
26
23. āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
(Phenomenology) āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ 
24. Naturalism āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
25. āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ  (Historicism)
26. āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  (Ethnography) āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
27. āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
(Anthropology) āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
Hermeneutics āļ āļ āļ āļ  Thick Description āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
28. āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  (Neo –
structuralism āļ āļ āļ āļ  Post – structuralism āļ āļ āļ āļ 
Postmodernism) āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ , āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  (Nietzsche)
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ 
-āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  (Ferdinand De
Saussure) āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  (Big House) āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
(Beautiful Woman) āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ  āļ āļ  āļ  āļ  āļ  āļ  āļ  āļ āļ  āļ  āļ  āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
-Claude Levi Strauss (āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ ) āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  Post Modern
27
-āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ  (Michel Foucault) āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
-āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  (Jacques Derrida) āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
-āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  (Jean Baudrillard) āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  Post Modern
-āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  (Jean
Francois Lyotard) āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  Post Modern
-āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  (Emile Durkheim)
-āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ  (Thomas Kuhn) āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
Paradigm, Paradigm Shift
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
- Structure (āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ ) āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
- Grand Narrative (āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ )
- Philosophy (āļ  āļ  āļ āļ  āļ  āļ  ) āļ  āļ  āļ āļ  āļ  āļ āļ  āļ  āļ āļ  āļ  āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
- Theory (āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ ) āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
- System (āļ āļ āļ āļ ) āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
- Paradigm (āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ )
- Discourse (āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ ) āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
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āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
+āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
***************
**āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ**
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
1.āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  : āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
2.āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
3.āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
4.āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
5.āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
6.āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  2541
7.āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
8.āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
9.āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
10.
āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 

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āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļēāļĻāļĢāļēāļĒāļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļœāļđāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆ 2 āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ„āļąāļ”āđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļāļžāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āļĢāļēāļŠāļāļē...
 
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āļĢāļ°āđ€āļšāļĩāļĒāļšāļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļĢāļ§āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ„āļĨāļąāļ‡āļ§āđˆāļēāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļ‹āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļˆāļąāļ”āļˆāđ‰āļēāļ‡ āļž.āļĻ. 2560āļĢāļ°āđ€āļšāļĩāļĒāļšāļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļĢāļ§āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ„āļĨāļąāļ‡āļ§āđˆāļēāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļ‹āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļˆāļąāļ”āļˆāđ‰āļēāļ‡ āļž.āļĻ. 2560
āļĢāļ°āđ€āļšāļĩāļĒāļšāļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļĢāļ§āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ„āļĨāļąāļ‡āļ§āđˆāļēāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļ‹āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļˆāļąāļ”āļˆāđ‰āļēāļ‡ āļž.āļĻ. 2560
 
āđāļ™āļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļ­āļšāļžāļĢāļ°āļĢāļēāļŠāļšāļąāļāļāļąāļ•āļīāļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩāļ›āļŽāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļĢāļēāļŠāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ›āļāļ„āļĢāļ­āļ‡ āļž.āļĻ. 2539
āđāļ™āļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļ­āļšāļžāļĢāļ°āļĢāļēāļŠāļšāļąāļāļāļąāļ•āļīāļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩāļ›āļŽāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļĢāļēāļŠāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ›āļāļ„āļĢāļ­āļ‡ āļž.āļĻ. 2539āđāļ™āļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļ­āļšāļžāļĢāļ°āļĢāļēāļŠāļšāļąāļāļāļąāļ•āļīāļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩāļ›āļŽāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļĢāļēāļŠāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ›āļāļ„āļĢāļ­āļ‡ āļž.āļĻ. 2539
āđāļ™āļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļ­āļšāļžāļĢāļ°āļĢāļēāļŠāļšāļąāļāļāļąāļ•āļīāļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩāļ›āļŽāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļĢāļēāļŠāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ›āļāļ„āļĢāļ­āļ‡ āļž.āļĻ. 2539
 
āđāļ™āļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļ­āļšāđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļžāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļšāļĢāļĢāđ€āļ—āļēāļŠāļēāļ˜āļēāļĢāļ“āļ āļąāļĒ
āđāļ™āļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļ­āļšāđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļžāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļšāļĢāļĢāđ€āļ—āļēāļŠāļēāļ˜āļēāļĢāļ“āļ āļąāļĒāđāļ™āļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļ­āļšāđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļžāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļšāļĢāļĢāđ€āļ—āļēāļŠāļēāļ˜āļēāļĢāļ“āļ āļąāļĒ
āđāļ™āļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļ­āļšāđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļžāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļšāļĢāļĢāđ€āļ—āļēāļŠāļēāļ˜āļēāļĢāļ“āļ āļąāļĒ
 
āđāļ™āļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļ­āļšāļ‚āđ‰āļēāļĢāļēāļŠāļāļēāļĢāļžāļĨāđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āļŠāļēāļĄāļąāļ āļŠāļąāļ‡āļāļąāļ”āļāļĢāļĄāļŠāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļāļ„āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļ—āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ–āļīāđˆāļ™ āļŠāļļāļ”āļ—āļĩāđˆ 2
āđāļ™āļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļ­āļšāļ‚āđ‰āļēāļĢāļēāļŠāļāļēāļĢāļžāļĨāđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āļŠāļēāļĄāļąāļ āļŠāļąāļ‡āļāļąāļ”āļāļĢāļĄāļŠāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļāļ„āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļ—āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ–āļīāđˆāļ™  āļŠāļļāļ”āļ—āļĩāđˆ 2āđāļ™āļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļ­āļšāļ‚āđ‰āļēāļĢāļēāļŠāļāļēāļĢāļžāļĨāđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āļŠāļēāļĄāļąāļ āļŠāļąāļ‡āļāļąāļ”āļāļĢāļĄāļŠāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļāļ„āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļ—āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ–āļīāđˆāļ™  āļŠāļļāļ”āļ—āļĩāđˆ 2
āđāļ™āļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļ­āļšāļ‚āđ‰āļēāļĢāļēāļŠāļāļēāļĢāļžāļĨāđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āļŠāļēāļĄāļąāļ āļŠāļąāļ‡āļāļąāļ”āļāļĢāļĄāļŠāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļāļ„āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļ—āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ–āļīāđˆāļ™ āļŠāļļāļ”āļ—āļĩāđˆ 2
 
āđāļ™āļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļ­āļšāđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļžāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™/āļ™āļąāļāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļšāļĢāļĢāđ€āļ—āļēāļŠāļēāļ˜āļēāļĢāļ“āļ āļąāļĒ
āđāļ™āļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļ­āļšāđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļžāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™/āļ™āļąāļāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļšāļĢāļĢāđ€āļ—āļēāļŠāļēāļ˜āļēāļĢāļ“āļ āļąāļĒāđāļ™āļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļ­āļšāđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļžāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™/āļ™āļąāļāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļšāļĢāļĢāđ€āļ—āļēāļŠāļēāļ˜āļēāļĢāļ“āļ āļąāļĒ
āđāļ™āļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļ­āļšāđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļžāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™/āļ™āļąāļāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļšāļĢāļĢāđ€āļ—āļēāļŠāļēāļ˜āļēāļĢāļ“āļ āļąāļĒ
 
āļŠāļĢāļļāļ›āđāļœāļ™āļĒāļļāļ—āļ˜āļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāđāļœāļ™āļāļĢāļĄāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™
āļŠāļĢāļļāļ›āđāļœāļ™āļĒāļļāļ—āļ˜āļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāđāļœāļ™āļāļĢāļĄāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™āļŠāļĢāļļāļ›āđāļœāļ™āļĒāļļāļ—āļ˜āļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāđāļœāļ™āļāļĢāļĄāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™
āļŠāļĢāļļāļ›āđāļœāļ™āļĒāļļāļ—āļ˜āļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāđāļœāļ™āļāļĢāļĄāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™
 
āđāļ™āļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļ­āļšāļĢāļ°āđ€āļšāļĩāļĒāļšāļ‡āļēāļ™āļŠāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļĢāļ“
āđāļ™āļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļ­āļšāļĢāļ°āđ€āļšāļĩāļĒāļšāļ‡āļēāļ™āļŠāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļĢāļ“āđāļ™āļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļ­āļšāļĢāļ°āđ€āļšāļĩāļĒāļšāļ‡āļēāļ™āļŠāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļĢāļ“
āđāļ™āļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļ­āļšāļĢāļ°āđ€āļšāļĩāļĒāļšāļ‡āļēāļ™āļŠāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļĢāļ“
 
āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļēāļĻāļĢāļēāļĒāļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĄāļĩāļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļŊ āļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ”āļ§āļąāļ™ āđ€āļ§āļĨāļē āļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆ āđāļĨāļ°āļĢāļ°āđ€āļšāļĩāļĒāļšāļŊ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆ...
āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļēāļĻāļĢāļēāļĒāļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĄāļĩāļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļŊ āļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ”āļ§āļąāļ™ āđ€āļ§āļĨāļē āļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆ āđāļĨāļ°āļĢāļ°āđ€āļšāļĩāļĒāļšāļŊ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆ...āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļēāļĻāļĢāļēāļĒāļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĄāļĩāļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļŊ āļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ”āļ§āļąāļ™ āđ€āļ§āļĨāļē āļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆ āđāļĨāļ°āļĢāļ°āđ€āļšāļĩāļĒāļšāļŊ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆ...
āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļēāļĻāļĢāļēāļĒāļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĄāļĩāļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļŊ āļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ”āļ§āļąāļ™ āđ€āļ§āļĨāļē āļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆ āđāļĨāļ°āļĢāļ°āđ€āļšāļĩāļĒāļšāļŊ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆ...
 
āđāļ™āļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļ­āļšāļ—āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ–āļīāđˆāļ™ 407 āļ‚āđ‰āļ­
āđāļ™āļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļ­āļšāļ—āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ–āļīāđˆāļ™ 407 āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āđāļ™āļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļ­āļšāļ—āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ–āļīāđˆāļ™ 407 āļ‚āđ‰āļ­
āđāļ™āļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļ­āļšāļ—āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ–āļīāđˆāļ™ 407 āļ‚āđ‰āļ­
 
āđāļ™āļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļ­āļšāļ—āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ–āļīāđˆāļ™
āđāļ™āļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļ­āļšāļ—āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ–āļīāđˆāļ™āđāļ™āļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļ­āļšāļ—āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ–āļīāđˆāļ™
āđāļ™āļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļ­āļšāļ—āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ–āļīāđˆāļ™
 
āļĢāļ§āļĄāđāļ™āļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļ­āļšāļ—āļĩāđ€āļ„āļĒāļ­āļ­āļāļŠāļļāļ”āļžāļīāđ€āļĻāļĐ (āđāļ™āļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļ­āļšāđ€āļāđˆāļē)
āļĢāļ§āļĄāđāļ™āļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļ­āļšāļ—āļĩāđ€āļ„āļĒāļ­āļ­āļāļŠāļļāļ”āļžāļīāđ€āļĻāļĐ (āđāļ™āļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļ­āļšāđ€āļāđˆāļē)āļĢāļ§āļĄāđāļ™āļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļ­āļšāļ—āļĩāđ€āļ„āļĒāļ­āļ­āļāļŠāļļāļ”āļžāļīāđ€āļĻāļĐ (āđāļ™āļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļ­āļšāđ€āļāđˆāļē)
āļĢāļ§āļĄāđāļ™āļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļ­āļšāļ—āļĩāđ€āļ„āļĒāļ­āļ­āļāļŠāļļāļ”āļžāļīāđ€āļĻāļĐ (āđāļ™āļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļ­āļšāđ€āļāđˆāļē)
 
āđāļ™āļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļ­āļšāđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļžāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļšāļĢāļĢāđ€āļ—āļēāļŠāļēāļ˜āļēāļĢāļ“āļ āļąāļĒ
āđāļ™āļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļ­āļšāđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļžāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļšāļĢāļĢāđ€āļ—āļēāļŠāļēāļ˜āļēāļĢāļ“āļ āļąāļĒāđāļ™āļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļ­āļšāđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļžāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļšāļĢāļĢāđ€āļ—āļēāļŠāļēāļ˜āļēāļĢāļ“āļ āļąāļĒ
āđāļ™āļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļ­āļšāđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļžāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļšāļĢāļĢāđ€āļ—āļēāļŠāļēāļ˜āļēāļĢāļ“āļ āļąāļĒ
 
āļŦāļąāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļ­āļšāđ€āļ•āļĢāļĩāļĒāļĄāļŠāļ­āļš āļ™āļąāļāļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ™āđ‚āļĒāļšāļēāļĒāļšāļēāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āđāļœāļ™ āļŠāļąāļ‡āļāļąāļ”āļ—āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ–āļīāđˆāļ™
āļŦāļąāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļ­āļšāđ€āļ•āļĢāļĩāļĒāļĄāļŠāļ­āļš āļ™āļąāļāļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ™āđ‚āļĒāļšāļēāļĒāļšāļēāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āđāļœāļ™ āļŠāļąāļ‡āļāļąāļ”āļ—āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ–āļīāđˆāļ™ āļŦāļąāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļ­āļšāđ€āļ•āļĢāļĩāļĒāļĄāļŠāļ­āļš āļ™āļąāļāļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ™āđ‚āļĒāļšāļēāļĒāļšāļēāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āđāļœāļ™ āļŠāļąāļ‡āļāļąāļ”āļ—āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ–āļīāđˆāļ™
āļŦāļąāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļ­āļšāđ€āļ•āļĢāļĩāļĒāļĄāļŠāļ­āļš āļ™āļąāļāļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ™āđ‚āļĒāļšāļēāļĒāļšāļēāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āđāļœāļ™ āļŠāļąāļ‡āļāļąāļ”āļ—āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ–āļīāđˆāļ™
 
āđāļ™āļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļ­āļšāļ—āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ–āļīāđˆāļ™ āļšāļĢāļĢāļˆāļļāđāļ•āđˆāļ‡āļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŠāļąāļ‡āļāļąāļ”āļ­āļšāļ•. āđ€āļ—āļĻāļšāļēāļĨ āļ­āļšāļˆ. āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āļžāļąāļ—āļĒāļē āļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™ 211...
āđāļ™āļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļ­āļšāļ—āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ–āļīāđˆāļ™ āļšāļĢāļĢāļˆāļļāđāļ•āđˆāļ‡āļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŠāļąāļ‡āļāļąāļ”āļ­āļšāļ•. āđ€āļ—āļĻāļšāļēāļĨ āļ­āļšāļˆ. āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āļžāļąāļ—āļĒāļē āļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™ 211...āđāļ™āļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļ­āļšāļ—āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ–āļīāđˆāļ™ āļšāļĢāļĢāļˆāļļāđāļ•āđˆāļ‡āļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŠāļąāļ‡āļāļąāļ”āļ­āļšāļ•. āđ€āļ—āļĻāļšāļēāļĨ āļ­āļšāļˆ. āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āļžāļąāļ—āļĒāļē āļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™ 211...
āđāļ™āļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļ­āļšāļ—āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ–āļīāđˆāļ™ āļšāļĢāļĢāļˆāļļāđāļ•āđˆāļ‡āļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŠāļąāļ‡āļāļąāļ”āļ­āļšāļ•. āđ€āļ—āļĻāļšāļēāļĨ āļ­āļšāļˆ. āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āļžāļąāļ—āļĒāļē āļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™ 211...
 
āļŠāļĢāļļāļ›āļžāļĢāļ°āļĢāļēāļŠāļšāļąāļāļāļąāļ•āļīāļĢāļ°āđ€āļšāļĩāļĒāļšāļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļĢāļēāļŠāļāļēāļĢāđāļœāđˆāļ™āļ”āļīāļ™ āļž.āļĻ.2534 āđāļĨāļ°āđāļāđ‰āđ„āļ‚āđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāđ€āļ•āļīāļĄ āļ–āļķāļ‡ āļ‰āļš...
āļŠāļĢāļļāļ›āļžāļĢāļ°āļĢāļēāļŠāļšāļąāļāļāļąāļ•āļīāļĢāļ°āđ€āļšāļĩāļĒāļšāļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļĢāļēāļŠāļāļēāļĢāđāļœāđˆāļ™āļ”āļīāļ™ āļž.āļĻ.2534 āđāļĨāļ°āđāļāđ‰āđ„āļ‚āđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāđ€āļ•āļīāļĄ āļ–āļķāļ‡ āļ‰āļš...āļŠāļĢāļļāļ›āļžāļĢāļ°āļĢāļēāļŠāļšāļąāļāļāļąāļ•āļīāļĢāļ°āđ€āļšāļĩāļĒāļšāļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļĢāļēāļŠāļāļēāļĢāđāļœāđˆāļ™āļ”āļīāļ™ āļž.āļĻ.2534 āđāļĨāļ°āđāļāđ‰āđ„āļ‚āđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāđ€āļ•āļīāļĄ āļ–āļķāļ‡ āļ‰āļš...
āļŠāļĢāļļāļ›āļžāļĢāļ°āļĢāļēāļŠāļšāļąāļāļāļąāļ•āļīāļĢāļ°āđ€āļšāļĩāļĒāļšāļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļĢāļēāļŠāļāļēāļĢāđāļœāđˆāļ™āļ”āļīāļ™ āļž.āļĻ.2534 āđāļĨāļ°āđāļāđ‰āđ„āļ‚āđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāđ€āļ•āļīāļĄ āļ–āļķāļ‡ āļ‰āļš...
 
āđāļ™āļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļ­āļš āđ€āļ•āļĢāļĩāļĒāļĄāļŠāļ­āļšāļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”āļĻāļĢāļĩāļŠāļ°āđ€āļāļĐ (āđāļ™āļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļ­āļšāđ€āļāđˆāļē)
āđāļ™āļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļ­āļš āđ€āļ•āļĢāļĩāļĒāļĄāļŠāļ­āļšāļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”āļĻāļĢāļĩāļŠāļ°āđ€āļāļĐ (āđāļ™āļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļ­āļšāđ€āļāđˆāļē)āđāļ™āļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļ­āļš āđ€āļ•āļĢāļĩāļĒāļĄāļŠāļ­āļšāļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”āļĻāļĢāļĩāļŠāļ°āđ€āļāļĐ (āđāļ™āļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļ­āļšāđ€āļāđˆāļē)
āđāļ™āļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļ­āļš āđ€āļ•āļĢāļĩāļĒāļĄāļŠāļ­āļšāļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”āļĻāļĢāļĩāļŠāļ°āđ€āļāļĐ (āđāļ™āļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļ­āļšāđ€āļāđˆāļē)
 

Pol 6103 pimol 1 june 2013 line 1 (2)

  • 1. 1 POL 6103 āļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠ āļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠ Political Sociology and Social Change āļŠāļŠ.āļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠ āļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠ āļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠ 1 āļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠ 2556 āļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
  • 2. 2 āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒ 1.āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ (Race) āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ Phenotype āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒ 3 āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒ -āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ (Caucasoid) āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ - āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ (Mongoloid) āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ -āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ (Negroid) āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
  • 3. 3 āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ 2.Genotype āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ DNA āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ 3.āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ (Ethnic Group) āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ 3 āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ 3 āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
  • 4. 4 āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠ (Culture)āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ 1.āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ (Interconnected) āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ 2.āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ 3.āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ (Culture Ecology) āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
  • 5. 5 āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ (āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ) āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ 4.āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ (Instrumental Needs) āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ (Material Culture) āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ (Non Material Culture) āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ 5.āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
  • 6. 6 āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ 6.āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠ āļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ 2 āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ -āļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ -āļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠ āđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
  • 7. 7 āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ (Dynamics) āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠ āļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠ 1.āļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠāļŠ (Cultural Evolutionism) āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ -āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ (Vertical Model) āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ -āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ (Linear Model) -āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ (Stage Model) -Darwinism āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ āđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒāđƒ
  • 8. 8 āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ (Adaption) āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ (Fittest) āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ (Adaptation) āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ (Survival of the Fittest) āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ 1 2 3 4 5 6 Vertical Model Linear Model Stage Model Evolutionis m
  • 9. 9 āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ 2.āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ— (Cultural Diffusionism) āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ (Horizontal Model) āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ (Core Culture) āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ (Cultural Complex) āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ Culture Area āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ (Interaction) āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
  • 10. 10 āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ (Marginal Culture) āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
  • 11. 11 āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ Cultural Diffusionism āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ - Culture Complex āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ - Culture Core āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ - Culture Center āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ - Culture Area āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ - Marginal Culture āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ -Cross Cultural Comparison āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ -Cultural Relativism āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ (āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§) āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ (1) Great Tradition āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
  • 12. 12 (2) Little Tradition āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ (3) Great Narration āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ (4) Little Narration āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ Great Tradition & Great Narration āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ Great Tradition āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§
  • 13. 13 āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ Culture Diffusion āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ 1.Cultural Interaction āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ 2 āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ (āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§) āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ 2.Borrowing āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ 3.Adoption āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ 4.Adaptation āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ Computer āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
  • 14. 14 āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ— āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ—āļ— 1.Homogeneous āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ 2.Heterogeneous āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ 3.Fragmentation āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ 4.Specialization āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ (āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§) 5.Anomie āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ 6.Subculture āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ 7.Alternative Culture āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§ āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§āļ§
  • 15. 15 āļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļ āļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļ Alternative 8.Juxtaposition āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ 3 āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ 1. Adaptation āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ 2. Acculturation āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļ 3. Assimilation āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
  • 16. 16 āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ (Subordinate Culture) āļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ (Dominant Culture) āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļ Assimilation āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļ āļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ 4.Cultural Integration āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļ (Dualism) āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ (Dualistic Identity) āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
  • 17. 17 āļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļ 30 āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
  • 18. 18 āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ 5. Cultural Conflicts āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ (Separatist Group) āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ (Terrorist Group) āļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ (Acculturation) āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ (Assimilation) āļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ (Integration) āļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ (Conflict) āļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ (Change) āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ (Industrial Revolution) āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ Modernism āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ (Westernization) āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
  • 19. 19 āļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ (Product) āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ (Practice) āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ (Signifying Practice) āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļ Symbolic Values āļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ 1.āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ (Meaning) āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ 2.āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ (Significance) āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ Significance āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ (Cultural Domination) āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ (Values) āļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ (Habits) āļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļ/āļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
  • 20. 20 āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ (Cultural Imperialism) āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ (Media Imperialism) āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ (Culture Industry) āļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ (Use Value) āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ (Symbolic Value) āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ (Centralization of Culture) āļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ Mass Product āļāļāļ āļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
  • 21. 21 āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ (Mass Culture) āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ (Aesthetic Value) āļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ (Moral Value) āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ (Social Value) āļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļ. āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļ The Clash of Civilizations āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ 2 āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ Small is Beautiful āļāļāļāļāļāļāļ
  • 22. 22 āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ /āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  (Indigenous Knowledge) āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  1. āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  (Folklore) āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  (āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ ) 2. āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  “...āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ â€Ķ”“āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ â€ 3. āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  “āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ â€â€œāļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ â€ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  4. āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  5. āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  (Phonology) āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
  • 23. 23 6. āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ  (Thoughts) āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  (Phonetic) āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  (Phonemic) āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  Pike āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  Emic (āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  Phonemic) āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ â€œāļ āļ āļ āļ â€ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ  “Etic” (āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  Phonetic) āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  “āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ â€ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  (āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ ) 7. āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  (Phychoanalysis) āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  8. āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  (Hermeneutic Analysis) āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  9. āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  (Nationalism) āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
  • 24. 24 āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  10. āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ  (Holistic) āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ (Durkheim)āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  Collective Consciousness āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  11. āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  12. āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  (Interpretive Anthropology) āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  (Description) āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  (Interpretation) āļ„āļ„āļ„āļ„āļ„āļ„āļ„āļ„āļ„ āļ„āļ„āļ„āļ„āļ„ (Clifford Geertz) āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  (Thick Description) āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
  • 25. 25 āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  13. āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  (Game Analogy) āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  14. āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  (Drama Analogy) āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  15. āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ /āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  (Text Analogy) 16. āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  (Structuralism) 17. āļ  āļ āļ  āļ  āļ  āļ  āļ  āļ  āļ āļ  āļ  āļ  āļ  āļ āļ  āļ  āļ  āļ  āļ  āļ  āļ āļ āļ  āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  (Semiology, Phonology āļ āļ āļ āļ  Linguistic Analysis) 18. āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  (Narratology) 19. āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  (Symbolic) āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  (Interpretive) 20. āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  (Heuristic) 21. āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  (Empiricism) āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  Positivism 22. āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  (Linguistic Analysis)
  • 26. 26 23. āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  (Phenomenology) āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ  24. Naturalism āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  25. āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ  (Historicism) 26. āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  (Ethnography) āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  27. āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  (Anthropology) āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  Hermeneutics āļ āļ āļ āļ  Thick Description āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  28. āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  (Neo – structuralism āļ āļ āļ āļ  Post – structuralism āļ āļ āļ āļ  Postmodernism) āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ , āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  (Nietzsche) āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ  -āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  (Ferdinand De Saussure) āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  (Big House) āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  (Beautiful Woman) āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ  āļ āļ  āļ  āļ  āļ  āļ  āļ  āļ āļ  āļ  āļ  āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  -Claude Levi Strauss (āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ ) āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  Post Modern
  • 27. 27 -āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ  (Michel Foucault) āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  -āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  (Jacques Derrida) āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  -āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  (Jean Baudrillard) āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  Post Modern -āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  (Jean Francois Lyotard) āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  Post Modern -āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  (Emile Durkheim) -āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ  (Thomas Kuhn) āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  Paradigm, Paradigm Shift āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  - Structure (āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ ) āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  - Grand Narrative (āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ ) - Philosophy (āļ  āļ  āļ āļ  āļ  āļ  ) āļ  āļ  āļ āļ  āļ  āļ āļ  āļ  āļ āļ  āļ  āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  - Theory (āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ ) āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  - System (āļ āļ āļ āļ ) āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  - Paradigm (āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ ) - Discourse (āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ ) āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ 
  • 28. 28 āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  +āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  *************** **āļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļ** āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  1.āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  : āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  2.āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  3.āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  4.āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  5.āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  6.āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  2541 7.āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  8.āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  9.āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ  10. āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ āļ