Work study involves establishing the standard time required for workers to complete tasks through time and motion studies. It is used for production planning and control, setting performance standards, and estimating costs. A time study engineer times workers performing jobs using a stopwatch and applies allowances to account for rest breaks, setup times, and other non-working periods to determine the standard time for each task. The standard times are then used to set worker productivity targets and improve efficiency.

1. • It can be defined as the application of
techniques designed to establish the
time for a qualified worker to carry out
the task at a defined rate

2. Need for work study and its applications:
1. The main purpose is it investigates,
reducing and eliminating ineffective time
2. It helps in setting up of standard time for
carrying the work
3. It helps in setting up of the standards

3. Applications:
1. It provide basis for production planning
and control
2. It helps in setting up of better layout
3. It helps in setting of just-in-time
4. It helps in set up of standards for machine
utilization and labor performance
5. It provides information on estimation,
tenders, selling prices and delivery dates

4. Advantages of work study:
1. Increase in productivity
2. Makes system systematic
3. Accurate means of setting standards
4. Increase in efficiency
5. Minimize the losses
6. Acts as a investigation tool

5. Objectives of method study:
1. Best way to do the work
2. Time required to do the work
3. Way to measure the results

6. Objectives of work measurement:
1. Main objective of work measurement is to
compare the efficiency of other methods
2. Balance the work of members in a
department
3. To determine the association with
workers and machines

7. Stop watch procedure for collecting time
study data:
1. Get the necessary details of the job and
machine
2. Make a number of observations before
breaking the job in to number of steps
3. Time 15 to 20 cycles from time to time
4. Convert to basic times
5. Add basic time for each element
6. Give necessary allowances

8. 7. Once the engineer performs the method
analysis he is then likely to make a study
and document the standard time required
to perform the job
8. The actual timing is done in simply a
matter of clocking the time the operator
required to perform the job
9. first, he must grade the operator
10. The engineer must apply the allowances
to the standard times

9. Stop watch time study equipment:
1. Stop watch:
a. The traditional stop watch in use is very
limited and it is replaced by the smart
phone
b. Since majority of the operations in
apparel industry is less than a minute and
it is comfortable for us to use decimal
stop watch

10. Standard time:
it is the total time in which a job should be
completed at the standard performance
or
It is the time required by a worker with
standard experience to complete a given
task when working at a pace sustainable
for an entire work day under normal
conditions and work methods

11. Performance rating:
1. It is the process during which the time
study engineer compares the
performance of the operator under
observation with his own concept of
normal performance

12. Techniques followed in time study:
1. Speed rating
2. Skill and effort rating
3. Synthetic rating
4. Objective rating

13. Speed rating:
1. In this the pace or speed of the operator
is measured in relation to the normal
pace or speed
2. This rating is applied to each element is
multiplied by this factor

14. Skill and effort rating:
1. In this standards are given for each factor
in tabular form
2. The worker was watched while working
and given a value from the table
3. The time which is obtained is basic time

15. Synthetic rating:
1. It is similar to skill and effort rating
2. In this the performance of the operator is
rated from the values already known from
PMTS
3. In this the time study is done in the usual
manner and then actual time obtained for
certain elements from this study is
compared with the known standards

16. Objective rating:
1. In this rating can be done in 2 stages
2. First, the operators speed is rated by
observing speed of the movement
3. Second, an allowance of secondary
adjustments is added to the pace rating
by considering the job difficulties
4. Difficulties are:

17. Amount of body used
Foot pedals
Biannualness
Eye-hand coordination
Handling equipment
weight

18. Process allowance:
1. It is an allowance provided to
compensate for the enforced idleness
during a process
2. The reasons are
a. No work
b. Power failure
c. Faulty material
d. Faulty tools

19. Personal allowance:
1. It is the allowance which forces to go
away from the work place to attend
personal needs
2. Nature calls, coffee or tea break,
washing…etc
3. Commonly taken as 5 % for male and 7%
for female

20. Rest allowance:
1. Operators are not machines and they
need to go for toilet, scratch, blow their
nose…etc
2. Relaxation allowance is need to give to
the operator
3. These allowances help the operator to
have a break from pressure and help
them to concentrate more on the work
after the break

21. Special allowances:
1. This allowance is decided as a policy
matter of the management
2. These allowed for activities which are
normally not a part of the operation
3. Examples
a. Start up
b. Cleaning
c. Shut down
d. Set up
e. Dismantling
f. Training