The document provides information on the evolution of wireless networks from 1G to 3G. It discusses the key components and architecture of cellular systems including base stations, mobile switching centers and their connection to the public switched telephone network. It also compares the differences between wireless and wired networks, and describes some of the limitations of early wireless networking. Finally, it covers topics like traffic routing, circuit switching, packet switching and the X.25 protocol.

1. UNIT-4 PART-2

2. CONTENTS Introduction Block Diagram of Cellular System Difference between Wireless& PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network Limitations of Wireless Networking Merging Wireless Networks &PSTN Development of Wireless Networks

3. INTRODUCTION Wireless network is an interconnection of many systems capable of providing service to mobile users within a particular geographic region (country or continent) Components Base station Mobile Switching Center (MSC) PSTN

4. Block Diagram of Cellular System

5. Differences Wireless PSTN (fixed) Highly Dynamic. Often Reconfigure for roaming and Handoffs. BW constrain ( RF cellular BW). No cables required. Virtually Static. Difficult to change N/W. Channel BW can be increased. Comprises of Trunks (cables).

6. Local Landline Telephone Network (PSTN)

7. Limitations of Wireless Networking Extremely complex (100’s BS connected to MSC’s). Extremely hostile and Random in nature (MSC –Handoff strategy – Limited BW spectrum). MSC required extra overhead. Capacity-MSC = 1 lac – 2 lacs users. CO ( central office) =10 lacs users.

8. Merging Wireless Networks &PSTN Common channel signaling. MSC = User Traffic Channel PSTN = Signal Channel In Wireless 1 Gen = One channel for voice and signal. 2 Gen = Simultaneous parallel channels for voice and signal. Wire Line PSTN = Wireless + PSTN.

9. Development of Wireless Networks First Generation Wireless Networks Second Generation Wireless Networks Third Generation Wireless Networks Fixed Network transmission Hierarchy Traffic Routing in Wireless Networks Circuit Switching Packet Switching X.25 Protocol

10. First Generation Wireless Networks Mobile User Base Station MSC

11. fixed network BSC BSC MSC MSC GMSC OMC, EIR, AUC VLR HLR NSS with OSS RSS 4.11.1 VLR

12. Second Generation Wireless Networks Employs digital modulation and advanced call processing capabilities Ex: GSM, TDMA ,CDMA, Cordless Phones. Dedicated control channel for voice, signal data. Provides paging and other data services. High data rate (N/W access.) Uses MAHO (Mobile Assisted Hand Off) where mobile units performs the following functions: reporting received power. scanning adjacent base station. data encoding and encryption.

13. Third Generation Wireless Networks Aim: to provide single set of standards that can meet wide range of applications and provide universal access thru out the world. Distinction between cordless and cellular phones disappear as personal handset provides access to voice, data and video services. It uses broadband integrated service digital N/W (ISDN) to provide internet for both fixed or mobile users. Provides reliable transfer of information .

14. Fixed Network transmission Hierarchy Signal level Digital bit rate Equivalent voice ckts. Carrier system North America and Japan DS-0 64.0 Kbps 1 - DS-1 1.544 Mbps 24 T-1 DS-1c 3.152 Mbps 48 T-1c DS-2 6.312 Mbps 96 T-2 DS-3 44.736 Mbps 672 T-3 DS-4 274.176 Mbps 4032 T-4 CEPT( Europe and more other PTTs) 0 64.0 Kbps 1 - 1 2.048 Mbps 30 E-1 2 8.448 Mbps 120 E-1c 3 34.368 Mbps 480 E-2 4 139.264 Mbps 1920 E-3 5 565.148 Mbps 7680 E-4

15. Traffic Routing in Wireless Networks Circuit Switching Packet Switching X.25 Protocol

16. Circuit Switching There are three phases in circuit switching: Establish Transfer Disconnect The telephone message is sent in one go, it is not broken up. The message arrives in the same order that it was originally sent.

17. Packet Switching In packet-based networks, the message gets broken into small data packets. These packets are sent out from the computer and they travel around the network seeking out the most efficient route to travel as circuits become available. This does not necessarily mean that they seek out the shortest route. Each packet may go a different route from the others.

18. Packet Switching Packet Data Format Fields in a Typical packet data HEADER USER DATA TRAILER FLAG ADDRESS FIELD CONTROL FIELD INFORMATION FIELD FRAME CHECK SEQUENCE FIELD

19. X.25 Protocol

20. Figure 17-3 Format of a Frame in X.25

21. Layers of X.25 Protocol

23. UNIT-4 PART -3

24. WIRELESS SYSTEMS & STANDARDS Global System for Mobile (GSM) GPRS CDMA Digital Cellular Standard

25. GSM Network Architecture

26. NSS MS MS BTS BSC GMSC IWF OMC BTS BSC MSC MSC A bis U m EIR HLR VLR VLR A BSS PDN ISDN, PSTN RSS radio cell radio cell MS AUC OSS signaling O

27. U m A bis A BSS radio subsystem MS MS BTS BSC BTS BTS BSC BTS network and switching subsystem MSC MSC Fixed partner networks IWF ISDN PSTN PDN SS7 EIR HLR VLR ISDN PSTN

28. GSM Speech Processing

29. GSM Signaling Protocol

30. Security in GSM Security services access control/authentication user  SIM (Subscriber Identity Module): secret PIN (personal identification number) SIM  network: challenge response method confidentiality voice and signaling encrypted on the wireless link (after successful authentication) anonymity temporary identity TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity) newly assigned at each new location update (LUP) encrypted transmission 3 algorithms specified in GSM A3 for authentication (“secret”, open interface) A5 for encryption (standardized) A8 for key generation (“secret”, open interface) “ secret”: A3 and A8 available via the Internet network providers can use stronger mechanisms

31. A3 RAND K i 128 bit 128 bit SRES* 32 bit A3 RAND K i 128 bit 128 bit SRES 32 bit SRES* =? SRES SRES RAND SRES 32 bit mobile network SIM AC MSC SIM K i : individual subscriber authentication key SRES: signed response

32. A8 RAND K i 128 bit 128 bit K c 64 bit A8 RAND K i 128 bit 128 bit SRES RAND encrypted data mobile network (BTS) MS with SIM AC BTS SIM A5 K c 64 bit A5 MS data data cipher key

33. GPRS

34. .

35. What is GPRS? A new bearer service for GSM that greatly improves and simplifies wireless access to packet data networks,e.g to the internet.

36. Motivation Speed Immediacy New and better applications User friendly billing

37. GSM Architecture BTS MS BTS BTS MS BSC BSC MSC GMSC MS EIR VLR HLR AUC PSTN PDN ISDN

38. GPRS Architecture BTS BTS MS BSC Gb SGSN Gf Gs Gr D EIR MSC/VLR HLR Gc Gn GGSN Gi PDN Gp GGSN Other GPRS PLMN

39. Protocol Architechture Transmission Plane GPRS specifies a tunnel mechanism to transfer user data packets . Signalling Plane GTP specifies a tunnel control management protocol.The signalling is used to create modify and delete tunnels.

40. Registration of a Mobile Node A mobile station must register itself with GPRS network. GPRS attach GPRS detach GPRS detach can be initiated by the MS or the network.

41. Session Management After Successful attach a MS gets one or more Packet Data Protocol(PDP) address.This address is unique only for a particular session. It consists of, PDP type PDP address assigned to MS Requested QoS Address of the corresponding GGSN

42. Session Management(Contd.) PDP-Address allocation: Static:Assigned by network operator of User’s home PLMN. Dynamic:Assigned by Corresponding GGSN.

43. PDP Context Activation MS SGSN GGSN Activate PDP Context Request Security Functions Activate PDP Context Accept Create PDP Context Request Create PDP Context Response PDP type,PDP Address QoS Requested,Access Point,… PDP type,PDP Address QoS Negotiated,Access Point,… PDP type,QoS Negotiated,… PDP type,PDP Address QoS Negotiated,…

44. Routing PLMN1 PLMN2 MS BTS BSC SGSN Gn Intra-PLMN GPRS Backbone Gn Gn SGSN GGSN Gi Packet Data Network(PDN) Eg.Internet,Intranet Border Gateway Gp Inter-PLMN GPRS Backbone Border Gateway Intra-PLMN GPRS Backbone GGSN Router LAN Host SGSN BSC BTS

45. Location Management MS frequently sends location update messages to inform the SGSN where it is. Determining frequency of update messages is non-trivial. The location update frequency is dependent on the state of the MS.

46. Location Management(Contd.) A MS can be in 3 states: IDLE READY STANDBY

47. Transmission Plane The protocols provide transmission of user data and its associated signalling Signalling Plane Comprises protocols for the control and support of functions of the transmission plane

48. GPRS Backbone:SGSN GGSN GTP tunnels the user packets and related signalling information between the GPRS support nodes. Subnetwork dependent convergence protocol It is used to transfer packets between SGSN and MS Data link layer LLC(MS-SGSN) RLC/MAC(MS-BSS) Physical layer PLL:channel coding,detection of errors, forward error correction, interleaving, detection of physical link congestion RFL:modulation and demodulation

49. PLL RFL Phy Layer MAC Network Service Relay RLC BSSP Phy Layer Phy Layer Network Data Link Service Service BSSGP IP LLC TCP/UDP Relay SNDCP GTP Phy layer Data Link Layer IP TCP/UDP Network Layer (IP or X.25) GTP RLC :Radio link control BSSGP:BSS GPRS Application protocol PLL :Physical link layer GTP :GPRS tunneling protocol RFL :Physical RF layer TCP :Transmission control protocol MAC:Medium access control UDP :user datagram protocol IP :Internet Protocol Transmission Plane BSS SGSN GGSN Gm Gb Gi

50. PLL RFL RLC MAC LLC SNDCP Network Layer Application PLL PHY RFL Layer MAC Network Service Relay RLC BSSGP MS BSS SNDCP:Subnetwork dependent convergence protocol LLC :Logical link control RLC :Radio link control Um

51. Application Application LLC RLC MAC GSM/RF GMM/SM GSM RF Physical layer MAC Network service Relay RLC BSSGP Phy Layer Network layer BSSGP LLC GMM/SM MS BSS SGSN GMM/SM:GPRS Mobilty Management and session Management Protocol GSM/RF:GSM physical layer(radio interface) I.e.PLL and RFL Signalling Plane:MSSGSN Um Gb

52. BSSAP SCCP MTP3 MTP2 Phy Layer Phy Layer MTP2 MTP3 SCCP BSSAP Signalling Plane SGSN MSC/VLR SGSN MSC/VLR Gs

53. MAP TCAP SCCP MTP3 MTP2 Phy Layer Phy Layer MTP2 MTP3 SCCP TCAP MAP MAP :Mobile Application Part TCAP :Transaction capabilities and application part SCCP :Signalling connection control part MTP :Message transfer part SGSN HLR(and EIR) Signalling Plane SGSNHLR/SGSNEIR Gr

54. 1 123 2 1 124 . . . . . . 935 MHz 935.2 MHz 960 MHz 959.8 MHz 200 KHz 1 123 2 124 . . . . . . 890 MHz 890.2 MHz 915 MHz 914.8 MHz 200 KHz 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Data Burst = 156.25 bit periods 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 TDMA Frame TDMA Frame Uplink Downlink Time Slot

55. 0 1 2 4 3 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 4 3 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 4 3 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 4 3 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 Uplink Downlink Voice User1 Voice User2 GPRS User1 GPRS User2 GPRS User3 F1 F2 F3 F4 F1 F2 F3 F4 Time Slot Number Carrier Frequency

56. GPRS Air Interface Master slave concept One PDCH acts as Master Master holds all PCCCH channels The rest of channels act as Slaves Capacity on demand PDCH(s) are increased or decreased according to demand Load supervision is done in MAC Layer

57. Group Channel Function Direction Packet data Traffic channel PDTCH Data Traffic MS BSS Packet broadcast control channel PBCCH Broadcast Control MS BSS Packet common Control Channel (PCCCH) PRACH PAGCH PPCH PNCH Random Access Access Grant Paging Notification MS BSS MS BSS MS BSS MS BSS Packet Dedicated Control Channels PACCH PTCCH Associated Control Timing Advance Control MS BSS MS BSS

58. MS BSS PRACH or RACH PAGCH or AGCH Random Access Transmission Packet channel Request PACCH PACCH PDTCH PACCH PDTCH PACCH Packet Immediate assignment Packet resource Request Packet resource assignment Frame Transmission Negative Acknowledgement Retransmission of blocks in error Acknowledgement

59. PRACH or RACH PAGCH or AGCH Paging Transmission Packet channel Request PACCH PACCH or PAGCH PDTCH PACCH PDTCH PACCH Packet Immediate assignment Packet paging response Packet resource assignment Frame Transmission Negative Acknowledgement Retransmission of blocks in error Acknowledgement Packet paging request PPCH or PCH MS BSS

60. Multi Slot Operation GPRS allows a mobile to transmit data in up to 8 PDCHs (eight-slot operation) 3-bit USF at beginning of each radio block in downlink points to next uplink radio block Comparison with single-slot GSM Higher delay at higher load Low blocking rate Improved Throughput

61. Conclusion GPRS provides efficient access to Packet Data Networks. Multislot operation in GPRS leads to efficient channel utilization. GPRS is more effective for long data packet transmission than short ones.

62. References “ General Packet Radio Service in GSM”, Jian Cai and David J. Goodman, Rutgers University, IEEE Communications Magazine, Oct 1997 http://www.comsoc.org/pubs/surveys/3q99issue/bettstetter.html http://www.wsdmag.com/2000/aug2200/38-45.html “ Wireless Internet Access based on GPRS”, IEEE Personal Comm. April 2000.

63. CDMA Digital Cellular Standard