The document summarizes the wars for control of North America between France and England from 1689-1763. It began with early raids by both sides in the early 1600s and escalated into a series of global imperial wars between the two powers, including King William's War, Queen Anne's War, and King George's War. These wars were fought both in Europe and North America over the interior lands and waterways of the continent. Key battles included the taking of Port Royal, Louisbourg, Quebec, and Montreal, culminating in the French defeat on the Plains of Abraham in 1759 and the fall of New France in 1763. The conflicts determined the future domination of North America by Britain at the expense of French control of

1. War for the ContinentWar for the Continent
1689-17631689-1763
© Ruth Writer© Ruth Writer
Western Michigan UniversityWestern Michigan University

2. Conflict started earlyConflict started early
 1613—Port Royal raid by British1613—Port Royal raid by British
 1628—Kirke Brothers raid on Quebec1628—Kirke Brothers raid on Quebec
• Did Brule assist with information?Did Brule assist with information?
• Champlain sent to EuropeChamplain sent to Europe

3. North America 1650North America 1650
 http://jb-hdnp.org/Sarver/Maps/ah02_europeansettlementm.jpghttp://jb-hdnp.org/Sarver/Maps/ah02_europeansettlementm.jpg

4. Roots of Conflict…Roots of Conflict…
 Imperial rivalry in EuropeImperial rivalry in Europe
 ReligionReligion
• Catholic/New FranceCatholic/New France
• Protestant/English Colonies in AmericaProtestant/English Colonies in America
 Interior being staked out with fortsInterior being staked out with forts
• Mercantilism and tradeMercantilism and trade
 Beaver in scarce supplyBeaver in scarce supply
 Trappers forced to go further westTrappers forced to go further west

5. Jesuit Missions and Tribal AreasJesuit Missions and Tribal Areas
Devens, Carol. Countering Colonization: Native American Women and Great Lakes Missions, 1630-1900. Berkeley, Calif: University of
California Press, 1992.

6. Battle Ground TurfBattle Ground Turf
 French by 1683French by 1683
• Great LakesGreat Lakes
• St. LawrenceSt. Lawrence
• OhioOhio
• MississippiMississippi
 English by 1683English by 1683
• 13 colonies13 colonies
• Hemmed in by Atlantic & AppalachiansHemmed in by Atlantic & Appalachians
• Hudson Bay Company isolated to northHudson Bay Company isolated to north

7. MercantilismMercantilism
 Limited resourcesLimited resources
 Limited marketsLimited markets
 French neglected trade goodsFrench neglected trade goods
 English had great wool blanketsEnglish had great wool blankets
 Scots turned highlands to sheep raisingScots turned highlands to sheep raising
 Impacted emigration—and historyImpacted emigration—and history

8. End of New FranceEnd of New France
 Series of 4 wars including Fr/IndianSeries of 4 wars including Fr/Indian
• King William’s War [1689-97]King William’s War [1689-97]
• Queen Anne’s War [1702-13]Queen Anne’s War [1702-13]
• King George’s War [1744-48]King George’s War [1744-48]
 Acadian Expulsion—1755Acadian Expulsion—1755
 French and Indian War [1754-63]French and Indian War [1754-63]
 Plains of Abraham—1759Plains of Abraham—1759
 Conquest--1763Conquest--1763

9. What a difference a name makes!What a difference a name makes!
 Four global warsFour global wars
• King William’s [War of League of Augsburg]King William’s [War of League of Augsburg]
• Queen Anne’s [War of Spanish Succession]Queen Anne’s [War of Spanish Succession]
• King George’s [War of Austrian Succession]King George’s [War of Austrian Succession]
• French and Indian [Conquest]French and Indian [Conquest]
 Two namesTwo names
 Two sets of datesTwo sets of dates
 European War v. North AmericanEuropean War v. North American
 Remember names and dates of N AmRemember names and dates of N Am

10. New FranceNew France
 STRENGTHSSTRENGTHS
• First NationsFirst Nations
relationship goodrelationship good
• Knew interiorKnew interior
• Control of waterwayControl of waterway
• UnifiedUnified
• End run around EngEnd run around Eng
• FortsForts
 WEAKNESSESWEAKNESSES
• Outnumbered 20:1Outnumbered 20:1
• Less moneyLess money
• Poor transportationPoor transportation
• Iroquois enemyIroquois enemy
• Only few key citiesOnly few key cities
 MontrealMontreal
 QuebecQuebec
 LouisbourgLouisbourg

11. Colonial Wars ExperienceColonial Wars Experience
 Continuation of struggle in EuropeContinuation of struggle in Europe
 New France did not collapseNew France did not collapse
 New France was killed off by EnglandNew France was killed off by England
 Smaller than 13 colonies but…Smaller than 13 colonies but…
• ThrivingThriving
• Sparta of North AmericaSparta of North America

12. What if…?What if…?
 New France could have lastedNew France could have lasted
forever in small warsforever in small wars
 Mobility into interiorMobility into interior
 Harder to removeHarder to remove
 England brought reinforcementsEngland brought reinforcements

13. Maps of 1680sMaps of 1680s
Hennepin MapHennepin Map
CANADA OU NOVVELLE FRANCE by Alain Manesson-
Mallet

14. Nicolas Sanson Map 1683Nicolas Sanson Map 1683
http://www.mapsofpa.com/17thcentury/1683sanson.jpghttp://www.mapsofpa.com/17thcentury/1683sanson.jpg

15. King William’s WarKing William’s War
1689-16971689-1697
 Frontenac brought back as Governor Gen.Frontenac brought back as Governor Gen.
 America/England—dream of conquestAmerica/England—dream of conquest
 French on move—try to take HBCFrench on move—try to take HBC
 Lachine—200 killed by Am./IroquoisLachine—200 killed by Am./Iroquois
• Grisly attack, tortureGrisly attack, torture
 Frontenac sent parties to Maine-NYFrontenac sent parties to Maine-NY
• Colonies to south bonded together for firstColonies to south bonded together for first
 New England attack of Port RoyalNew England attack of Port Royal
 England unsuccessful atEngland unsuccessful at siegesiege QuebecQuebec

16. Peace of Ryswick--1697Peace of Ryswick--1697
 FranceFrance
• Lost Hudson BayLost Hudson Bay
• Kept AcadiaKept Acadia
http://jeffreyhosocials9.blogspot.com/http://jeffreyhosocials9.blogspot.com/

17. Five Cultures Clash--1702Five Cultures Clash--1702
 EnglishEnglish
 FrenchFrench
 HuronHuron
 MohawkMohawk
 AbenakiAbenaki

18. Queen Anne’s WarQueen Anne’s War
1702-17131702-1713
 Canadian raids on New EnglandCanadian raids on New England
• Deerfield, MADeerfield, MA
 53 killed53 killed
 111 POW to Canada [300 mi]111 POW to Canada [300 mi]
• Detroit attacked by Sauk and FoxDetroit attacked by Sauk and Fox
 Cadillac [dishonest] founded it in 1701Cadillac [dishonest] founded it in 1701
• Beginning of Conquest of New EnglandBeginning of Conquest of New England
 Port Royal taken by EnglandPort Royal taken by England
• Became Annapolis RoyalBecame Annapolis Royal
• Prize for English and American coloniesPrize for English and American colonies
http://1704.deerfield.history.museum/scenes/scene.do?title=Attackhttp://1704.deerfield.history.museum/scenes/scene.do?title=Attack

19. DeerfieldDeerfield
http://historynewsnetwork.org/article/4912http://historynewsnetwork.org/article/4912
http://edge-empire.deerfield-ma.org/http://edge-empire.deerfield-ma.org/

20. Route of CaptivesRoute of Captives
http://www.simonhoyt.com/deerfield-ma.htmlhttp://www.simonhoyt.com/deerfield-ma.html

21. Treaty of Utrecht--1713Treaty of Utrecht--1713
 Marked beginning of end of New Fr.Marked beginning of end of New Fr.
 France gave up AcadiaFrance gave up Acadia
• Bad hair day for AcadiansBad hair day for Acadians
• Did keep Cape Breton IslandDid keep Cape Breton Island
 France gave up Hudson Bay areaFrance gave up Hudson Bay area
• No boundaries setNo boundaries set
 France gave up NewfoundlandFrance gave up Newfoundland
• Kept some islands and pirate covesKept some islands and pirate coves
• St. Pierre and MiquelonSt. Pierre and Miquelon

22. Treaty of UtrechtTreaty of UtrechtMap from WikipediaMap from Wikipedia

23. LouisbourgLouisbourg
 Fortress on Cape Breton IslandFortress on Cape Breton Island
 Took 25 years to buildTook 25 years to build
 Star shaped walled fortressStar shaped walled fortress
 30 feet high walls; up to 70 feet thick30 feet high walls; up to 70 feet thick
 Fraud, graft, corruptionFraud, graft, corruption
 Built as sentry for St. LawrenceBuilt as sentry for St. Lawrence
 To protect New France—NOT SO MUCHTo protect New France—NOT SO MUCH
 Other forts built in Great Lakes/MississippiOther forts built in Great Lakes/Mississippi
regionsregions

24. Fort LouisbourgFort Louisbourg
http://www.fortressoflouisbourg.cahttp://www.fortressoflouisbourg.ca

25. Plan of LouisbourgPlan of Louisbourg
http://www.canadahistory.com/sections/voyager/2013/January/maps/Louisbourgc.jpghttp://www.canadahistory.com/sections/voyager/2013/January/maps/Louisbourgc.jpg

26. King George’s WarKing George’s War
1744-481744-48
 English into Ohio ValleyEnglish into Ohio Valley
 English Royal Navy took LouisbourgEnglish Royal Navy took Louisbourg
• Already weakened by mutinyAlready weakened by mutiny
• Took cannons through swampTook cannons through swamp
• Attacked weak sideAttacked weak side
• Returned fort to France in exchange forReturned fort to France in exchange for
IndiaIndia
• Made Americans MAD—fought for itMade Americans MAD—fought for it
 Britain built Halifax CitadelBritain built Halifax Citadel

28. Map of John Gibson--1758Map of John Gibson--1758

29. French and Indian WarFrench and Indian War
1754-17631754-1763
 British goal—to defeat New FranceBritish goal—to defeat New France
 Most fighting done by 1760Most fighting done by 1760
 Ft. Necessity—1754Ft. Necessity—1754
 Washington sent to ask French to leaveWashington sent to ask French to leave
 DefeatedDefeated
 Battle of the WildernessBattle of the Wilderness
• Washington and BraddockWashington and Braddock
• Braddock killedBraddock killed

30. Two phasesTwo phases
• Up to 1758—New France doing fineUp to 1758—New France doing fine
 French Canadians and Native allies as farFrench Canadians and Native allies as far
south as Carolinassouth as Carolinas
 Ft. OswegoFt. Oswego
 Ft. William HenryFt. William Henry
 Ft. Carillon [Ticonderoga]Ft. Carillon [Ticonderoga]
 Exception: Ft. Beausejour in 1755Exception: Ft. Beausejour in 1755
• After 1758—loss of New FranceAfter 1758—loss of New France
 British invested troops, materials, moneyBritish invested troops, materials, money
 Louisbourg, Quebec, MontrealLouisbourg, Quebec, Montreal

31. War for EmpireWar for Empire
http://peter.mackenzie.org/history/hist412.htmhttp://peter.mackenzie.org/history/hist412.htm

32. LouisbourgLouisbourg
 Fell in 1758Fell in 1758
 Siege of less than 2 monthsSiege of less than 2 months
 Attacked overland finallyAttacked overland finally
Art Gallery of Nova ScotiaArt Gallery of Nova Scotia

33. Quebec--1759Quebec--1759
 Strategic location, symbolic heartStrategic location, symbolic heart
 English—General James WolfeEnglish—General James Wolfe
• Sailed up St. LawrenceSailed up St. Lawrence
• Position on other bank of St. LawrencePosition on other bank of St. Lawrence
• Siege after unsuccessful attackSiege after unsuccessful attack
 French—Marquis de MontcalmFrench—Marquis de Montcalm
 Wolfe knew timing everythingWolfe knew timing everything

34. September 13, 1759September 13, 1759
 It was a dark and stormy nightIt was a dark and stormy night 
 4500 troops silently across river4500 troops silently across river
 Scaled cliffsScaled cliffs
 Overran French sentry outpostOverran French sentry outpost
 Sunrise English beyond city wallsSunrise English beyond city walls
 Plains of Abraham—15 minutesPlains of Abraham—15 minutes
 Both leaders mortally woundedBoth leaders mortally wounded

35. Climbing the Cliff at QuebecClimbing the Cliff at Quebec
Drawing by a soldier of Wolfe's army depicting the easy climbing of Wolfe's soldiers
Hervey Smyth (1734-1811) - Library of the Canadian Department of National Defence

36. Death of General WolfeDeath of General Wolfe
Benjamin West—1771—National Gallery of CanadaBenjamin West—1771—National Gallery of Canada

37. Death of MontcalmDeath of Montcalm"Sketch for The Death of Montcalm" by Marc Aurèle de Foy Suzor-Coté - Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec. Licensed under Public"Sketch for The Death of Montcalm" by Marc Aurèle de Foy Suzor-Coté - Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec. Licensed under Public
Domain via Wikipedia -Domain via Wikipedia -
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sketch_for_The_Death_of_Montcalm.jpg#/media/File:Sketch_for_The_Death_of_Montcalm.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sketch_for_The_Death_of_Montcalm.jpg#/media/File:Sketch_for_The_Death_of_Montcalm.jpg

38. MontrealMontreal
 17601760
 Surrendered to British and AmericanSurrendered to British and American
forcesforces
 Anticlimactic battleAnticlimactic battle
http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/chrono/1000fall_of_e.shtmlhttp://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/chrono/1000fall_of_e.shtml

39. New BoundariesNew Boundarieshttp://jb-hdnp.org/Sarver/Maps/ah05_prewarpostwarbdysm.jpghttp://jb-hdnp.org/Sarver/Maps/ah05_prewarpostwarbdysm.jpg

40. ResourcesResources
 http://www.1704.deerfield.history.museum/http://www.1704.deerfield.history.museum/
 Calloway, Colin G.Calloway, Colin G. The Scratch of a Pen: 1763 and the Transformation of North AmericaThe Scratch of a Pen: 1763 and the Transformation of North America. New. New
York: Oxford University Press, 2006.York: Oxford University Press, 2006.
 http://www.fortressoflouisbourg.cahttp://www.fortressoflouisbourg.ca
 Moore, Christopher, “Colonization and Conflict: New France and its Rivals.” Brown, Craig editor.
The Illustrated History of Canada. Toronto: Lester Publishing Limited, 2007. [pages 166-180]
 Morton, Desmond. A Military History of Canada. Edmonton: Hurtig Publishers, 1985
 See, Scott. History of Canada. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2001. [pages 47-56]
 Twatio, Bill. Battles Without Borders: The Rise and Fall of New France. Ottawa: Esprit De Corps
Books, 2004.
 http://www.warforempire.org/documents/educatorsguide.pdfhttp://www.warforempire.org/documents/educatorsguide.pdf