MUST SEE

1. (CLR)Common language runtime:-
• CLR is provides a number of services that includes:-
– Loading and execution of programs
– Memory isolation for applications
– Verification of type safety
– Compilation of IL into native executable code
– Providing metadata
– Memory management
– Enforcement of security
– Interoperability with other system
– Managing exceptions and errors
• CLR ensures:
– A common runtime environment for all .NET languages
– Uses Common Type System (strict-type & code-verification)
– Memory allocation and garbage collection
– Intermediate Language (IL) to native code compiler. Which Compiles MSIL code into native
executable code
– Security and interoperability of the code with other languages
• Over 36 languages supported today
– C#, VB, Jscript, Visual C++ from Microsoft
– Perl, Python, Smalltalk, Cobol, Haskell, Mercury, Eiffel, Oberon, Oz, Pascal, APL, CAML, Scheme,
etc.

2. C# (pronounced C Sharp) developed by Microsoft Corporation, USA
New programming language that runs on the .NET Framework
C# is simple, modern, type safe, and object oriented
C# code is compiled as managed code
Combines the best features of Visual Basic, C++ and Java
FEATURE:
Simple
Modern
Object-Oriented
Type-safe
Version able
Compatible
Secure

3. Managed Code:-executed under the control of CLR, and use the .NET Framework libraries.
• CLR executed code is called managed code
• Represents programming code in the low level language MSIL (MS Intermediate Language)
• Contains metadata
– Description of classes, interfaces, properties, fields, methods, parameters, etc.
• Programs, written in any .NET language are
– Compiled to managed code (MSIL)
– Packaged as assemblies (.exe or .dll files)
• Object-oriented
• Secure
• Reliable Protected from irregular use of types (type-safe)
• Allows integration between components and data types of different programming languages
• Portable between different platforms
– Windows, Linux, Max OS X, etc.
Unmanaged (Win32) Code :-
does not execute under the CLR
No protection of memory and type-safety
– Reliability problems
– Safety problems
Doesn’t contain metadata
Needs additional overhead like (e.g. use COM)
Compiled to machine-dependent code
Need of different versions for different
platforms
Hard to be ported to other platforms

6. • Intermediate Language (IL)
• NET languages are not compiled to machine code. They are compiled to an Intermediate Language
(IL).
• CLR accepts the IL code and recompiles it to machine code. The recompilation is just-in-time (JIT)
meaning it is done as soon as a function or subroutine is called.
• The JIT code stays in memory for subsequent calls. In cases where there is not enough memory it is
discarded.
• Low level language (machine language) for the .NET CLR
• Has independent set of CPU instructions
1Loading and storing data, calling methods 2Arithmetic and logical operations3Exception handling Etc.
• MSIL is converted to instructions for the current physical CPU by the JIT compiler
• {{{{Sample MSIL Program}}}

8. Common Type System (CTS)
• CTS defines the CLR supported types of data and the operations over them
• Ensures data level compatibility between different .NET languages
– E.g. string in C# is the same like String in VB.NET and in J#
• Value types and reference types
• All types derive from System.Object
• Visual Studio:-
Visual Studio is powerful Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for .NET Developers
– Create, edit, compile and run .NET applications
– Different languages – C#, C++, VB.NET, J#, …
– Flexible code editor
– Powerful debugger
– Integrated with SQL Server and IIS
– Strong support of Web services, WCF and WWF
Visual programming
– Component-oriented, event based
• Managed and unmanaged code
• Helpful wizards and editors
– Windows Forms Designer
– WCF / Silverlight Designer
– ASP.NET Web Forms Designer
– ADO.NET / LINQ-to-SQL / XML Data Designer
• Many third party extensions

9. ADO:-ADO stands for ActiveX Data Objects
ADO.NET is a database technology of .NET Framework used to connect application system and
database server
ADO.NET is a part of the .NET Framework
ADO.NET consists of a set of classes used to handle data access
• ADO.NET uses XML to store and transfer data among applications, which is not only an
industry standard but also provide fast access of data for desktop and distributed
applications.
• ADO.NET is scalable and interoperable.
• ADO.NET is a set of classes that expose data access services for .NET Framework
programmers. ADO.NET provides a rich set of components for creating distributed, data-
sharing applications. It is an integral part of the .NET Framework,.
components of ADO:-
1) Data Provider:
2) Data Reader:
3) Data Set:
4) Data Adapter:

10. ADO.NET provides a set of common components for accessing data:
1) Data Provider: Acts as a bridge between your application and a data source. Providers are
available for many popular databases, including SQL Server and Oracle. When a native provider is
unavailable for your data source, you use an Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) or Open Database
Connectivity database (OLE DB) provider to access your data source. Each.NET Framework Data Provider
offers a set of services for accessing data. See the following section for details on using data providers.
2)Data Reader: Provides forward-only access to a data source one row at a time by using
one of the .NET Framework Data Providers. See the section “Reading Data with Data Readers,”
later in this chapter. Data Readers are a service of the .NET Framework Data Providers. Data
Reader is listed separately here because it represents an important model for data access.
Data Sets are populated with Data Readers.
3)Data Set: Provides an in-memory cache of data that’s retrieved from a data source by
way of one of the .NET Framework Data Providers. See the section “Caching Data with Data
Sets,” later in this chapter.
4)Data Adapter: Data adapters are an integral part ofADO.NET managed providers,
which are the set of objects used to communicate between a data source and a dataset. (In
addition to adapters, managed providers include connection objects, data reader objects, and
command objects.)

12. BCL The Base Class Library
• The Base Class Library (BCL) is the core set of classes that serve as the basic API of the Common
Language Runtime. The classes in mscorlib.dll and some of the classes in System.dll and
System.core.dll are considered to be a part of the BCL. It includes the classes in namespaces like
System , System. Diagnostics , System. Globalization, System. Resources , System . Text , System
Runtime . Serialization and System . Data etc.
• BCL stands for Base class library also known as Class library (CL). BCL is a subset of Framework class
library (FCL). Class library is the collection of reusable types that are closely integrated with CLR. Base
Class library provides classes and types that are helpful in performing day to day operation e.g.
dealing with string and primitive types, database connection, IO operations.
FCL Framework Class Library:-
• The Framework Class Library (FCL) is a superset of the BCL classes and refers to the entire class library
that ships with .NET Framework. It includes an expanded set of libraries, including Windows Forms,
ADO.NET, ASP.NET, Language Integrated Query, Windows Presentation Foundation, Windows
Communication Foundation among others.
• while Framework class library contains thousands of classes used to build different types of
applications and provides all the basic functionalities and services that application needs. FCL includes
classes and services to support different variety of application e.g.
• Desktop application,
• Web application (ASP.Net, MVC, WCF),
• Mobile application,
• Xbox application,
• windows services etc

15. ASP.NET is an open-source server-side web application framework designed for web development to
produce dynamic web pages. ... ASP.NET is built on the Common Language Runtime (CLR), allowing
programmers to write ASP.NET code using any supported .NET language. It was developed by Microsoft to
allow programmers to build dynamic web sites, web applications and web services.
advantages of ASP.NET
1)Easy Programming Model 2)Flexible Language Options 3)Compiled Execution 4)Rich Output
Caching 5)Web-Farm Session State 6)Enhanced Reliability 7)Master Pages 8)Themes
9)Improved Security 10)Web Services
Characteristics of Asp . Net
1)Directives 2)User controls 3)Custom Controls 4)Rendering Techniques 5)State management
6)Application
7)Session state
1)Directives
A special instruction to process Asp. Net A directive is special instructions on how ASP.NET should
process the page.[11] The most common directive is <%@ Page %> which can specify many things,
such as which programming language is used for the server-side code.
2)User controls
• User Controls have encapsulations of page sections registered and used as controls in Asp . Net
• A user control is primarily a form made of any combination of server and client controls sewn
together with server and client script code.
• User controls have their own events which are handled during the life of ASP.NET requests.
3)Custom controls
• Custom controls are built by developers.
• They do not have an ASCX markup file
• They have all the code compiled into a dynamic link library (DLL) file
• Programmers can also build custom controls for ASP.NET applications. Such custom controls can be used
across multiple web applications and Visual Studio projects.

16. Characteristics of Asp . Net continuesssss
4)Rendering Techniques
• Asp . Net uses visited composite rendering technique
• During compilation, the template file is compiled into initialization code which builds a control tree
which is also called the composite. It represents the original template
• Literal text goes into instances of the Literal control class
• Server controls are represented by instances of a specific control class
• The initialization code is combined with user-written code resulting in exclusive class for a page
5)State management
• Asp . Net applications are hosted by a Web server and are accessed using the stateless HTTP protocol
• If an application uses stateful interaction, it has to implement state management on its own
• Asp . Net provides various functions for state management
• “State” is treated as GUI state.
• Problems may arise if an application needs to keep track of data of the states like transient states
6)Application
• Application state is held by a collection of shared user defined variables
• These are set and initialized when the Application OnStart event fires on the loading of the first
instance of the application and are available until the last instance exits
• Application state variables are accessed using the Applications collection, which provides a wrapper
for the application state
• Applications are identified by their names
7)Session state
• Server-side session state is held by a collection of user-defined session variables that are persistent during
user sessions
• These variables are unique to each session instance
• The variables can be set to be automatically destroyed after a defined time of inactivity even if the session
does not end and free various resources
• Client-side user session is maintained by either a cookie or by encoding the session ID in the URL

17. What is the .NET?
.NET (pronounced “dot net”) is a software component that runs on the Windows operating system.
• ‫٭‬. NET provides tools and libraries that enable developers to create Windows software much faster
and easier.
• ‫٭‬The .NET Framework must be installed on a user’s PC to run .NET applications.
• Programmers produce software by combining their source code with .NET Framework and other
libraries. The framework is intended to be used by most new applications created for the Windows
platform. Microsoft also produces an integrated development environment largely for .NET software
called Visual Studio.
• Net is a new framework for developing web-based and windows-based applications within the
Microsoft environment.
.NET Language ‫-:٭‬ .NET includes new object-oriented programming languages such as C#, Visual
Basic .NET, J# (a Java clone)
and Managed C++. These languages, plus other experimental languages like F#, all compile to the
Common Language Specification and can
• work together in the same application.
Components of .NET Architecture
Microsoft .NET consists of four major components:
1)Common Language Specification (CLS) – blue in the diagram
Below
2)Framework Class Library (FCL)
3)Common Language Runtime (CLR)‫٭‬
4).NET Tools

18. Components of .NET Architecture
1)Common Language Specification (CLS)
The CLS is a common platform that integrates code and components from multiple .NET programming
languages.
In other words, a .NET application can be written in multiple programming languages with no extra work
by the developer
2)Framework Class Library (FCL)
‫٭‬The FCL is a collection of over 7000 classes and data types that enable .NET applications to read and
write files, access
databases, process XML, display a graphical user interface,
draw graphics, use Web services, etc.
‫٭‬The FCL wraps much of the massive, complex Win32 API into more simple .NET objects that can be used
by C# and other .NET programming languages.
3)Common Language Runtime (CLR)‫٭‬
The CLR is the execution engine for .NET applications and serves as the interface between .NET
applications and the
operating system. The CLR provides many services such as:
Handles exceptions
Interfaces between managed code, COM objects, and DLLs
Provides type-checking
Provides code meta data (Reflection)
Provides profiling, debugging, etc.

19. • Components of .NET Architecture
4).NET Tools
• Visual Studio .NET is Microsoft’s flagship tool for developing Windows software.
• ‫٭‬Visual Studio provides an integrated development environment (IDE) for developers to create
standalone Windows
• applications, interactive Web sites, Web applications, and Web
• services running on any platform that supports .NET.
‫٭‬In addition, there are many .NET Framework tools designed to help developers create, configure, deploy,
manage and
• secure .NET applications and components.
History of Dot Net?
• Microsoft put their best men at work for a secret project called Next Generation
Windows Services (NGWS)., under the direct supervision of Mr. Bill Gates.
• Sometime in the July 2000, Microsoft announced a whole new software
development framework for Windows called .NET in the Professional Developer
Conference (PDC).
• Microsoft also released PDC version of the software for the developers to test.
• After initial testing and feedback Beta 1 of .NET was announced.
• Microsoft then announced Beta 2 after it incorporated many changes suggested
by the community into the software.
• Finally, in March 2002 Microsoft released final version of the .NET framework.

20. • What are static and dynamic websites?
• There are basically two main types of website -
static and dynamic. A static site is one that is usually
written in plain HTML and what is in the code of the
page is what is displayed to the user. Static" means
unchanged or constant, while "dynamic" means
changing or lively. Therefore, static Web pages
contain the same prebuilt content each time
the pageis loaded, while the content of dynamic
Web pages can be generated on-the-fly.
Standard HTML pages are static Web pages
• A dynamic site is one that is written using a server-
sidescripting language such as PHP, ASP, JSP,
or Coldfusion.