Download to read offline
More Related Content
![An Era of Change: the Progressive Era [Part 1]](https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/progressiveerappt2013-20148-140308094009-phpapp01-thumbnail.jpg?width=640&height=640&fit=bounds)
Unit 6 notes
- 1. Unit 6 Notes ProgressiveEra – American Imperialism - WWI
- 2.
- 3. The Progressives Early1900s, middle-class reformers addressed problems of 1890s Different reform efforts collectively called progressive movement Reformers aimed to restore economic opportunity & correct injustice by: - protecting social welfare & promoting moral improvement - creating economic reform & fostering efficiency
- 4. Progressives had fourmajor goals - Protecting Social Welfare - Promoting Moral Improvement - Creating Economic Reform - Fostering Efficiency The Progressives
- 5. • Wanted tohelp people deal with the harsh conditions of industrialization - Social Gospel & settlement houses inspired other reform groups • Florence Kelley – became a political activist advocate for women & children - Helped pass law prohibiting child labor & limiting women’s hours • Jane Addams - opened Hull House as a settlement house in Chicago Protecting Social Welfare
- 6. Protecting Social Welfare Some believed that morality rather than the workplace held the key to improving the lives of the poor - Felt poor should uplift selves by improving own behavior Prohibition - banning of alcoholic drinks - Woman’s Christian Temperance Union spearheaded prohibition crusade
- 7. Creating Economic Reform •1893 - panic prompted many people to doubt capitalism • Many became socialists - 1901 - Eugene V. Debbs helped organize the American Socialist Party
- 8. Creating Economic Reform •Journalists who exposed corruption in politics & business became known as Muckrakers - Ida Tarbell attacked John D. Rockefeller & Standard Oil for using cut throat businesses practices to eliminate competition
- 9. Fostering Efficiency • Businessleaders began using Scientific management studies to improve efficiency in the workplace - Scientific management - time and motion studies applied to workplace
- 10. Fostering Efficiency • Assemblylines were used to speed up production - Made people work like machines - Caused higher worker turnover • Henry Ford reduced workday to 8 hours & paid employees $5 a day to prevent turnover
- 12. Protecting Working Children •Child workers received lower wages - Small hands handled small parts better - Families need children’s wages • National Child Labor Committee gathered evidence of harsh conditions - Accidents & diseases caused by overwork
- 13. • Labor unionsargue children’s wages lower all wages • Groups pressed government to ban child labor & cut hours • Convinced most states to pass legislation banning child labor and setting maximum hours • Jacob Riis wrote a book called, How the Other Half Lives, to expose the harsh living conditions for the poor Protecting Working Children
- 14. Efforts to LimitWorking Hours • Muller v. Oregon -Court upheld limiting women to 10-hour workday • Bunting v. Oregon - upheld 10-hour workday for men • Reformers won workers’ compensation for families of injured & killed
- 15. • Oregon adoptedsecret ballot, initiative, referendum, recall • Initiative—bill proposed by people, not lawmakers, put on ballots • Referendum—voters, not legislature, decide if initiative becomes law • Recall—voters remove elected official through early election • Primaries allow voters, not party machines, to choose candidates • 17th amendment - Direct Election of Senators – Became law in 1913 Reforming Elections
- 16. • Food, drugadvertisements made false claims& medicines were often unsafe • Muckrakers - Writers who exposed corruption in American society • Exposed unhappy practices in the food industry • Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle - unsanitary conditions in meatpacking • Roosevelt commission investigates, backs up Sinclair’s account • Forced government to pass the laws The Muckrakers
- 17. • Pure Foodand Drug Act halted sale of contaminated food & medicine - required truth in labeling FDA • Roosevelt pushes for Meat Inspection Act - dictated sanitary requirements - Created federal meat inspection program (USDA) • These laws gave government inspectors the power to enforce safety and health standards in the making and selling of food and medicine The Muckrakers
- 18. • Led byRepublican Teddy Roosevelt • 1st challenged the power of corrupt money - Called Jay Gould a crook (no one else had the courage) - Gould was one of the most powerful men in America - Made fortune with crooked railroad deals • This gained Roosevelt popularity New Reformers
- 19. Roosevelt's Career • Foughtagainst Spain in Cuba (Rough Riders) • Became governor of New York - Tried to clean up government - Pushed through a civil service law - Hired qualified people • NY political bosses couldn’t control him,& urged him to run for vice-president • 1900 – William McKinley won reelection - Roosevelt became Vice President
- 20. Roosevelt Becomes President •McKinley shot in Buffalo • Teddy Roosevelt became youngest person to hold office (age 42) • His leadership & publicity campaigns helped create modern presidency • Supports federal government role when states do not solve problems concerning national welfare
- 21. • Square Deal- Roosevelt’s progressive reforms • Roosevelt felt the government should act as an umpire - Make sure everyone got a "square deal" The Square Deal
- 22. Conservation • Conservation -the controlled use natural resources • Roosevelt believed that water and timber resources should be maintained for the benefit of all people • He transferred 150 million acres of federal land into the national parks system • He urged the creation of national parks - Yellowstone, Yosemite, & The Grand Canyon
- 23. • Laissez faire- hands off approach towards business • Business leaders were shocked by Roosevelt's actions - They felt that government should not interfere with the economy - That the economy performed best when people were left free to create businesses and hire workers • Progressives felt that laissez faire created high prices and low wages Attack on laissez Faire
- 24. • Many bigbusinesses had formed trust - Controlled prices • This had continued in spite of the Sherman Antirust Act of 1890 - Act made it illegal for corporations to gain complete control of a type of business - Had not been enforced • By 1900, - trusts control about 80 % of U.S. industries • Roosevelt wanted to curb trusts that Trust Busting
- 25. Trust Busting • hurtpublic interest • Roosevelt began to enforce the Sherman Antitrust Act - 1st target was the railroads • Biggest target was Standard Oil - 1911 - Supreme Court ordered that it be broken up into smaller companies
- 26. Using Federal Power •1902 Coal Strike - Coal reserves were low - Roosevelt forced both sides to accept arbitration (3rd party decides dispute) - Each side received some of what it wanted - Sets principle of federal intervention when strike threatens public - Other presidents had sent troops to end strikes
- 27. Women's Suffrage • AThree-Part Strategy for Suffrage • Convince state legislatures to give women right to vote • Test 14th Amendment - states lost representation if they denied men vote • Push for constitutional amendment to give women the vote
- 28. Women's Suffrage • Womenreformers targeted workplace, housing, education, food, & drugs • National Association of Colored Women (NACW) - Goal was the moral education of the race was with which they were identified -Managed nurseries reading rooms, & kindergartens • Susan B. Anthony of National American Woman Suffrage Assoc. (NAWSA) - worked for woman suffrage, or right to vote
- 29. Women Win Suffrage •National Woman’s Party aggressively pressured for suffrage amendment • Work of patriotic women in war effort influenced politicians • 1920 - Nineteenth Amendment granted women right to vote
- 30. Changes in Leadership •Progressives agenda became America’s plan • 1908 - William Howard Taft elected as president - Roosevelt's hand picked successor
- 31. • Had cautiousprogressive agenda - Chose to consolidate ratter than expand Roosevelt’s reforms • Received gets little credit for successes - Busted over 90 trusts during his 4-year term • Did not use presidential bully pulpit to arouse public opinion • Angered progressives when he signed the The Payne- Aldrich Tariff - compromise bill that called for moderate tariffs - Progressives thought he abandoned low tariffs & progressivism Taft’s Presidency
- 32. The Bull MooseParty • Roosevelt decided to run for president again • Taft people outmaneuvered Roosevelt’s for nomination in the 1912 Republican convention • Progressives formed Bull Moose Party & nominated Roosevelt • Progressives called for: - More voter participation in government - Woman suffrage - Labor legislation, business controls
- 33. The Bull MooseParty • Roosevelt & Taft ran against Democrat Woodrow Wilson, - Wilson was a reform governor from NJ
- 34. Election of 1912 Wilson endorsed progressive platform called the New Freedom - Wanted stronger antitrust laws, banking reform, & lower tariffs - called all monopolies evil Roosevelt wanted oversight of big business - Didn’t think all monopolies were bad Socialist Party candidate Eugene V. Debs wanted to end capitalism Wilson won great electoral victory & got majority in Congress
- 35. • Woodrow Wilsonshared the same views as Roosevelt • He felt that "good trust" didn't exist • He focused on attacking trusts, tariffs, & high finance • Clayton Antitrust Act - stopped companies from buying stock to form a monopoly - Stated that labor unions & farming organizations had the right to exist - Strikes & peaceful protest and the collection of strike benefits became legal - Ended injunctions against strikers unless threaten irreparable damage • Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914 - Established new “watchdog” agency FTC - investigated regulatory violations - ended unfair business practices Wilson and Big business
- 36. • Wilson pushedfor Underwood Act to substantially reduce tariffs • Businesses tried to get Congress to vote it down • Set precedent of giving State of the Union message in person • Used bully pulpit to gain passage • Government had to replace revenue lost by lowering tariffs • 1913 - Sixteenth Amendment legalized graduated federal income tax - 1% to 6% - Government earned a lot more money from income tax than it ever earned from tariffs A New Tax System
- 37. Nation neededa way to strengthen the way banks were run as well as control the amount of money in circulation 1913 – Federal Reserve Act divided the nation into 12 banks and established a regional bank in each district These banks loaned served other banks in the region - Issued paper money - loaned money to banks in trouble Federal Reserve System - Brought private banking system under federal control Federal Reserve System
- 38.
- 39. Reasons for AmericanExpansion • Imperialism - policy of extending control over weaker nations - European countries practiced this in the 1700's and 1800's • 1800s - Europeans divided up most of Africa & competed for China • Japan joined race for China & U.S. decided to expand overseas • U.S. didn't want to do this in the beginning - Once colonies ourselves - Couldn't afford a war • Our attitude changed in the late 1800's for several reasons - Nationalism - U.S. united again following Civil War - People wanted to be a world power - Needed colonies to be one
- 40. Reasons for AmericanExpansion • U.S developed a desire for Desire for military strength - Admiral Alfred T. Mahan writes a book that urges the U.S. to build up navy to compete - U.S. builds modern battleships, becomes third largest naval power
- 41. Reasons for AmericanExpansion • New ideas - Charles Darwin - survival of the fittest - Social Darwinism - Americans believed that their society was superior and would spread throughout the world • People argued the U.S. had duty to Christianize or civilize “inferior peoples” - Also used to support racism
- 42. Reasons for AmericanExpansion • Foreign Markets - people wanted new markets for American goods - U.S. farms, factories produced more than Americans could consume - U.S. needed raw materials& new markets for goods - Foreign trade was the solution to overproduction, unemployment, & depression - Began exporting more than we were importing
- 43. Seward and Expansion •William Seward – Served as Secretary of State under Lincoln & Johnson - Tried to gain new lands for U.S. • 1867 - ordered navy to occupy the Midway Islands in the Pacific Ocean - Valuable as a Fueling station to refuel ships • Arranged for the U.S. to buy the Virgin Islands from Denmark (Didn't actually occur until 1917) - Also wanted to add the Hawaiian Islands
- 44. The Annexation ofHawaii • 1790s - U.S. merchants began stopping in Hawaii on way to China, India • Early 1800's - Christian missionaries moved to Hawaii to convert the people - Yankee missionaries founded schools & churches on islands - Many of the missionaries’ descendants became wealthy sugar and pineapple planters - They controlled the government
- 45. The Annexation ofHawaii • Mid-1800s, American- owned sugar plantations 75% of islands’ wealth • 1887, businessmen force King Kalakaua to limit vote to landowners • 1887, U.S. pressures Hawaii to allow naval base at Pearl Harbor - Became refueling station
- 46. The Annexation ofHawaii • 1891 - Queen Liluokalani came to power - She wanted to regain control of the island - Tried to remove landowning requirement • Planters called the U.S. government for help • Hawaii was valuable refueling station • U.S. sent marines - Marines and planters overthrew Queen
- 47. The Annexation ofHawaii • Set up an independent republic - Sanford Dole named president • Hawaii asked to be annexed by the u.s. - Grover Cleveland didn't want to annex it - President Cleveland cannot make Dole surrender power to queen - recognized Republic of Hawaii
- 48. The Annexation ofHawaii • 1898 – Hawaii was annexed following the Spanish American War - Congress proclaimed Hawaii a U.S. territory under President McKinley
- 49. Rebellion against Spain •Spain's empire was crumbling - Had once controlled most of the Americas - Late 1800's - Spain had only a few colonies • Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Philippines began wanting independence
- 50. Rebellion against Spain •Situation in Cuba interested U.S. - Cuba located 90 miles south of U.S. - American business interest had been growing (sugarcane) - Fighting caused trade with Cuba to drop
- 51. Rebellion against Spain •1896 - Spain sent General Valeriano Weyler to Cuba to crush the revolt - He treated the Cubans harshly - Put about 300,000 Cubans in concentration camps - Many died of starvation • American press told stories about the cruelty to stir up people emotions
- 52. Rebellion against Spain •Two papers fighting for customers (circulation war) - The World owned by Joseph Pulitzer - Journal owned by William Randolph Hearst • yellow journalism - sensationalized writing stories to attract customers
- 53. America goes toWar • President McKinley didn't want to go to war - He had fought in the Civil War • Public pressure forced McKinley to take action against Spain - He demanded that Spain stop its harsh treatment of Cubans - Spain sent general Weyler home but didn't stop treatment • February 9, 1898 - U.S. recovered a private letter written by a Spanish minister named Enrique Dupuy de Lôme - He called President McKinley weak - Spain apologized & de Lôme resigned - American public remained angry
- 54. America goes toWar • U.S.S. Maine sent to pick up U.S. citizens, protect U.S. property - The Maine exploded in Havana Harbor - U.S. blames Spain - "Remember the Maine” became war cry
- 55. America goes toWar • April 29, 1898 - President McKinley declared Cuba independent – The Spanish- American War began
- 56. Pacific War • U.S.entered war to fight for Cuba's freedom • 1st battle takes place half way around the world - Manila Bay in the Philippines • Before war Teddy Roosevelt sent fleet of ships to Hong Kong
- 57. Pacific War • Ledby Commodore George Dewey • May 1, 1898 - battle takes place - Filipinos, led by Emilio Aguinaldo, supported Dewey - Over 300 Spanish killed and defeated - Dewey became hero in U.S
- 58. The War inthe Caribbean • U.S. only had 28,000 men when war started - 200,000 signed up within 6 months • Teddy Roosevelt picked a group of soldiers known as the "Rough Riders" - Chose a diverse group - Cowboys, N.Y. City policemen, athletes, and American Indians
- 59. The War inthe Caribbean • They set sail for Cuba from Tampa, Florida - Had to wear wool uniforms (lightweight informs hadn't arrived yet) - Food spoiled in the heat - Men became sick • U.S. wanted to capture the port of Santiago - Had to control San Juan Hill to do this
- 60. The War inthe Caribbean • Rough Riders attacked and took San Juan Hill - Didn't have horses (they were left behind in Florida) - Roosevelt declared hero of attack on strategic San Juan Hill - Aug. 12 1898 - Spain signs truce
- 61. Treaty of Paris •August 12, 1898 – Spain & U.S. signed armistice • Met in Paris to make treaty • U.S. shocked Spain at the treaty signing in France - U.S. demanded the Spain hand over Puerto Rico, the island of Guam, and the Philippines (war had been fought over Cuba) - Spain didn't have any choice • Spain freed Cuba; handed Guam, Puerto Rico to U.S. & sold Philippines • Treaty of Paris touched off a great debate over imperialism - McKinley tried to justify annexation of Philippines on moral grounds - Opponents gave political, moral, economic arguments against
- 62. Results of theWar • U.S. didn't grant Cuba independence immediately - Cuba had to agree to the Platt Amendment - gave the U.S. the right interfere in Cuban affairs when there was a threat to life, property, and individual liberty - Cuba had to allow an American naval base at Guantanamo Bay until 1999
- 63. Results of theWar • Puerto Rico became a U.S. territory • Had its own elected legislature and a governor chosen by the president • 1917, Puerto Ricans made U.S. citizens; elect both houses
- 64. Results of theWar • Guam was controlled by the U.S. navy • President McKinley decided that the Philippines should become an American Colony - Philippines wanted independence - Revolted against the U.S. - 1902 - U.S. troops finally restored order • July 4, 1946, Philippines became independent
- 65. Power in thePacific • U.S. always had interest in Pacific - 1853 - U.S. navy landed in Tokyo Bay - Led by Commodore Matthew Perry • He carried a letter from President Millard Fillmore • U.S. wanted Japan to open ports to American trade - Carried gifts - Made it clear that Japan should not refuse president's request
- 66. Interest in China •U.S. joined other countries in competing for control of China - Saw China as vast potential market for investment & opportunity • France, Britain, Japan, Russia had settlements, & spheres of influence • U.S. came up with trade policy • U.S. Secretary of State John Hay issued Open Door Policy
- 67. Protecting American Rights •Hay issued new Open Door notes saying U. S. would keep trade open • Open Door policy reflected beliefs about U.S. economy: - Growth depended on exports - U.S. had right to keep markets open - Closing of area threatens U.S. survival
- 68. The Panama Canal •U.S. wanted canal to cut travel time of commercial & military ships • Colombia controlled the isthmus of Panama (Best Spot) • U.S. bought French company’s route through Panama • Negotiated with Colombia to build Panama Canal - Talks broke down
- 69. The Panama Canal •The United States helped organize Panamanian rebellion in order to facilitate the building of the Panama Canal • Panama gained independence • U.S., Panama sign treaty • U.S. paid $10 million for Canal zone
- 70. Constructing the Canal •Construction of canal is one of world’s greatest engineering feats - fought diseases & geographic obstacles - at height, 43,400 workers employed • 5000 workers died • Finished in 1914 • Canal cost $352 million dollars
- 72. Policing the Hemisphere •Roosevelt wanted it made clear that the U.S was the leading power in the Americas - Speak softly and carry a big stick" • Roosevelt reminded Europe about the Monroe Doctrine - It said that the U.S would police the western hemisphere • Added the Roosevelt Corollary - added to the Monroe Doctrine - Said that if a situation arose that required international police power the U.S. would do the job
- 73.
- 74. Causes of WorldWar I • Imperialism - France and England had many colonies - Germany industrialized, in the late 1800s & wanted began competing with France, Britain for colonies • Nationalism - devotion to interests & culture of one’s nation (pride) - Nationalism led to competition, antagonism between nations - Many feared Germany’s growing power in Europe - Various ethnic groups resented domination & wanted independence (Slavs in Serbia) - Russia saw itself as protector of all Slavic peoples
- 75. Causes of WorldWar I • Militarism - The belief that a nation should have a large and powerful military - Cost of building & defending empires led to more military spending - By 1890, Germany had strongest army on European continent - Competed with Britain for sea power - Led other powers to join naval arms race
- 76. Causes of WorldWar I • Alliance System - - Promised to fight if the alliance was attacked - Small conflict could turn into a large war • - Triple Entente or Allies - France, Britain, Russia - Germany, Austria- Hungary,& Italy were called the Triple Alliance
- 77. An Assassination Leadsto War • Balkan Peninsula was known as “the powder keg of Europe” because: - Ethnic rivalries among Balkan peoples - Leading powers had economic & political interests (Russian port & German railroad)
- 78. An Assassination Leadsto War • June 28, 1914 - Francis Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria-Hungary and heir to the throne assassinated in Sarajevo • Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia - Expected short war • Within 2 months the world was at war - Alliance system pulled one nation after another into war
- 79. War Breaks outin Europe • Archduke's assassination was spark needed to start war • Austria-Hungary blamed Serbia • July 28, 1914 Austria Hungary declared war on Serbia
- 80. War Breaks outin Europe • Russia prepared to defend Serbia (both countries were Slavic) • Germany declared war on Russia (allies with Austria-Hungary) - Germany also declared war on Russia's ally France
- 81. War Breaks outin Europe • Germany marched through Belgium to invade France - England declared war on Germany (had promised to protect Belgium) • Europe divided into two opposing groups. - Central Powers - Austria- Hungary, Germany, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria - Allied Powers - Serbia, Russia, France, Great Britain, Japan, Italy, and 15 smaller nations
- 83. The Fighting Starts •Germany’s Schlieffen Plan: hold Russia, defeat France quickly & then Russia • German troops swept through Belgium & cause major refugee crisis • Schlieffen Plan failed at the Battle of the Marne
- 84. Fighting the War •Most of the fighting against Germany occurred on the western front in France and Belgium • By spring 1915, 2 parallel systems of trenches crossed France
- 85. Fighting the War •Men lived in trenches amidst filth, pests, polluted water, poison gas, dead bodies - Constant bombardment, battle fatigue produce “shell shock” - Physical problems include dysentery, trench foot, & trench mouth - Many died of diseases - Area between the trenches known as “no mans land" • Armies fought to gain only yards of ground in bloody trench warfare
- 87. Fighting the War •War became a stalemate - neither side was able to win a decisive victory • Technology caused massive casualties in the war - Machine guns - Tanks - Mustard gas - Airplanes used for the 1st time in war
- 88. The War atHome • World War I was a total war - Required civilians to be as committed to victory as soldiers - Factories made weapons - Farmers grew food for soldiers - Governments used propaganda to motivate citizens to work harder • People patriotic at 1st - Many people lost heart after the war dragged on
- 89. Russian Revolution • Russianczar was a poor military leader • Russia lacked the food and weapons to fight Germany • People began wanting out of the war • Vladimir Lenin seized power in Russia - Communism - where the government has complete control over the economy and people's lives • Lennon got Russia out of the war - March 1918 - Treaty of Brest-Litovsk gave Germany a large area of the former Russian Empire
- 90. America Stays Neutral •Most Americans wanted to stay out of the war - Socialists, pacifists, & many ordinary people were against U.S. in war • Naturalized citizens concerned about effect on country of birth - Germans & Irish • Many people felt ties to British ancestry, language, democracy, & legal system
- 91. America Stays Neutral •Both sides tried to persuade the U.S. to enter the war and help them - Used propaganda • U.S. had stronger economic ties with Allies than with Central Powers
- 92. The War HitsHome • U.S. sold goods to both sides - legal as long as ships weren't carrying war supplies • European countries started trying to stop all U.S. ships - Trying to cut off supplies to enemy U.S. protested - The British blockaded & mined North Sea, stop war supplies reaching Germany - also stop food, fertilizer - U. S. merchant ships seldom reached Germany - Germany had difficulty importing food & fertilizer - 1917, famine caused 750,000 Germans to starve to death
- 93. The War HitsHome • Germany began using new invention to stop ships (U- boat) - set up U-boat counter- blockade of Britain • May 17, 1915 – German u- boat sank passenger ship (Lusitania) - 128 Americans among the dead - U.S. public opinion turned against Germany - U.S. outraged that Germany sank an unarmed passenger ship
- 95. The War HitsHome • Germany promised not to sink any more passenger ships - Less than 1 year later Germany torpedoed a French Steamer - President Wilson convinced congress to build more ships and increase the size of the army - Germany promised not to sink anymore passenger or merchant ships (2nd time) • President Wilson protests again & Germany asked U.S. to get Britain to end food blockade - otherwise would renew unrestricted submarine war
- 96. Election of 1916 •Democrat Wilson defeated Republican Charles Evans Hughes to win reelection - Germany became convinced that the U.S. would enter the war • They increased submarine attacks - Hoped to win the war before the U.S. could arrive
- 97. America enters thewar • Wilson tried to mediate - Called for “a peace between equals” - “ a peace without victory” where neither side would impose harsh terms on the other • Kaiser announced U-boats would sink all ships in British waters • Zimmerman Telegram - Told Mexico that Germany would help it get back all the land it lost in the Mexican war if it helped them - Outraged Americans • Germany sank two more American Ships • April 16, 1917 - U.S.A. entered World War I
- 98. America Mobilizes • SelectiveService Act - required all men between ages 21 and 30 to sign up for military service – (later expanded to ages 18 -45)
- 99. America Mobilizes • Womenalso joined the military – worked as nurses and ambulance drivers • African-American men were also drafted – Faced discrimination (segregated units, excluded from navy, marines) – Only allowed to do manual labor (digging ditches, loading trucks, etc.)
- 100. Women in theWar • Many women take jobs in heavy industry previously held by men • Many did volunteer work for war effort • Some were active in peace movement; Women’s Peace Party founded 1915 • Women’s effort bolstered support for suffrage - 19th Amendment passed following the war (Women’s suffrage)
- 101. Mass Production • U.S.needed to expand fleet to transport men, food, equipment to Europe • Gave special status to shipyard workers (Exempted from draft) • Utilized fabrication techniques – Built standardized parts elsewhere & assembled ships at the shipyards – Launched 95 in one day • Took over commercial & private ships for war use
- 102. America Turns theTide • Convoy system - destroyers escort merchant ships across Atlantic - losses dropped dramatically • Navy helped lay mines across North Sea, & keep U-boats out of Atlantic • 1918 - Germans had difficulty replacing boats & trained submariners
- 103. Fighting in Europe •After 2 1/2 years fighting, Allied forces were exhausted • 1st Americans arrived in 1917 - Took over a year to get the majority of the troops trained (fake weapons) - Lifted spirits of the Allies • American troops brought numbers, freshness, & enthusiasm
- 104. American Troops Goon the Offensive • 1917 - Russia pulled out of war • Germans shifted armies to western front - Came within 50 miles of Paris • Americans helped stop German advance & turn tide against Central Powers
- 105. The Home Front •President Wilson created the War Industries Board • Bernard M. Baruch a was head of board prosperous businessman – Its job was to organize and increase production of war materials – Made sure that iron and steel was used for weapons not cars – Economy shifted from producing consumer goods to war supplies • Railroad Administration – Controlled railroad process • Fuel Administration monitored coal supplies & rationed gas and heating fuel control industries • Public adopted conservation measures (gasless Sundays & lightless nights) • March 1918 – Fuel Administration introduced day-light savings time – Took advantage of longer summer days – Had 1st been proposed by Ben Franklin in the 1700’s
- 106. War Economy • Industrialwages rose but were offset by rising costs of food, housing • Large corporations made enormous profits • Unions boomed as a result dangerous conditions, child labor, & unfair pay • Wilson created National War Labor Board to settle disputes between labor & businesses
- 107. Food Administration • PresidentWilson established the Food Administration under Herbert Hoover to produce & conserve food • Hoover called on people to follow the “gospel of the clean plate” rather than rationing food
- 108. Food Administration • Declaredone day was wheatless, one day was sweetless. two days wheatless, & two other days porkless • Restaurants removed sugar bowls from tables a stopped serving bread after the 1st course
- 109. Food Administration • Peopleplanted victory gardens & grew tomatoes & cucumbers in parks • Hoover set high prices on wheat & other staples • Farmers increased their income by 30%
- 110. Selling the War •U.S. spent $35.5 billion on war effort • 1/3 paid through taxes (progressive income, excise on tobacco, liquor, & luxury items) • 2/3 borrowed through sale of War Bonds - loans to the government that would be repaid in the future
- 111. Attacks on CivilLiberties Increase • Demand for loyalty had dark side – Illegal to speak out against the war • Espionage and Sedition Acts - person could be fined or imprisoned for interfering with war effort or speaking against government – Violated 1st amendment – People were prosecuted for loosely defined antiwar activities – Main targets were socialists & labor leaders
- 112. The War EncouragesSocial Change • W.E.B. Dubois urged African-American support for war to strengthen call for racial justice • Most African Americans supported war • Some thought victims of racism should not support racist government • Many African-Americans moved north to work in the factories • Great Migration - large-scale movement of Southern blacks to North – escaped racial discrimination – took up new job opportunities (boll weevil infestation had destroyed much of the cotton crop) • Press of new migrants intensified racial tensions in North
- 113. The Collapse ofGermany • November 3, 1918, Austria- Hungary surrendered to Allies • German sailors, & soldiers rebelled • Socialists established German republic - Kaiser abdicated the throne • Germans were exhausted • November 11, 1918 armistice, or truce, signed - Known as "Veterans Day"
- 114. The Final Toll •World War I bloodiest war in history to date • Over half of 22 million dead were civilians • 20 million more were wounded • 10 million people became refugees
- 115. Planning For Peace •President Wilson issued a plan for peace (Fourteen Points) • Fourteen Points – Called for smaller militaries – End of secret treaties – Freedom of the seas – Next 8 points dealt with political boundaries • 14th Point Called for the creation of a League of Nations – League of Nations - an international organization that would settle disputes and keep peace – Wilson felt that the 14th was the most important
- 116. Planning For Peace •President Wilson went to peace conference in Europe after war - 1st time a president had left the country while in office • France and England demanded that Germany pay reparations - Money that a defeated nation pays to make up for a war’s destruction - France also wanted to prevent further German invasions • Italian Vittorio Orlando wanted Austrian-held territory • Conference excluded Central Powers, Russia, & small Allied nations
- 117. Treaty of Versailles •Treaty of Versailles - formally ended the war • Changed the map of Europe - Ottoman Empire and Austria- Hungary Empire were gone - New countries formed (Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia) • Placed various conditions on Germany: - Couldn’t have an army - Alsace-Lorraine returned to France
- 118. The Map of EuropeChanges
- 119. Treaty of Versailles •Germany was forced to pay reparations, • Germany couldn’t pay $33 billion in reparations that Allies want • War-guilt clause - Germany had to accept sole responsibility for war • Russia lost more land than Germany although it had fought with Allies for 3 years • Colonized people’s claims for self-determination ignored • Wilson convinced Europe to form the League of Nations - Wilson had to give up most of his points in return for League of Nations
- 120. The Treaty's Defeated •Senate had to approve treaty for it to become law • Senate refused to approve treaty - Many people were afraid of The League of Nations (Henry Cabot Lodge) - didn't want to give up power • Wilson Refused to Compromise on the League of Nations issue • 1919 - Woodrow Wilson suffered a stroke while trying to gain support for the treaty
- 121. The Treaty's Defeated •1920 - Warren G. Harding became president - He was against the treaty • 1921 - U.S.& Germany signed separate treaty • League of Nations formed - U.S. didn't join the League of Nations
- 122. Results of theWar • Worsened conditions in Europe - Lost a generation of young men - Germany forced to admit guilt and burdened with an impossible debt - Communism in Russia threatened to spread to other nations • The U.S.A. confirmed its status as a world power - War also helped make the U.S. a rich nation - Strengthens military & increased power of government - Accelerated social change for African Americans & women - Fears, & antagonisms provoked by propaganda remained (Red scare) • Treaty of Versailles did not settle conflicts in Europe