This document outlines security challenges and mechanisms for underwater wireless communication networks (UWCNs). UWCNs use acoustic links for sensors and autonomous underwater vehicles due to radio frequency absorption by water. The document discusses common attacks on UWCNs like jamming, wormholes, and selective forwarding. It proposes secure time synchronization, localization, and routing to authenticate nodes and secure the network. Potential applications of UWCNs include environmental monitoring, search and rescue missions, and marine archaeology. Key challenges are limited battery power, bandwidth, and high error rates in underwater acoustic channels.

1. SECURING UNDERWATER WIRELESS
COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
Presented By
Ku. Devyani B. vaidya

2. OUTLINE
 INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
NECCESITY OF UWCNs
ATTACKS AND COUNTER MEASURES
SECURITY REQUIREMENT
PROPOSED SECURITY MECHANISM
APPLICATIONS OF UWCNs
DISADVANTAGES OF UWCNs
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES

3. INTRODUCTION
.Underwater wireless communication networks (UWCNs) are constituted
by sensors and autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) that interact to
perform specific applications such as underwater monitoring .
 Sensors Nodes are simply nodes energy constrained devices that have
ability of sensing the surrounding environment.
 Sink also known as base station, is a more powerful node that behaves
as an interface between the sensor nodes and the clients.
 Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVS) that interact to perform
specific applications such as underwater monitoring.

4. HISTORY
 The science of underwater communication began in 1490 when
Leonardo da Vinci stated.
 In 1687 , Issac Newton wrote his Mathematical Principles of Natural
Philosophy which included the first mathematical treatment of sound
of water.

5. NECESSITY OF UWCNs
Wired underwater is not feasible in all situations as shown below-
 Temporary experiments
 Breaking of wires
 Significant cost of deployment
 Experiment over long distances
 Radio waves do not propagate well underwater due to high energy
absorption of water. Therefore UWCNs are based on acoustic links
characterized by large propagation delay.
 It cannot rely on GPS.

6. ATTACKS AND COUNTERMEASURES
 Underwater wireless communication networks are particularly vulnerable
to malicious attacks due to the high bit error rates, large and variable
propagation delays and low bandwidth of acoustic channels.
 Several methods are proposed to secure UWCN . Three schemes are there
namely secure time synchronaization, localization and routing in UWCN.

7. Jamming
Wormh
ole
attacks
Sybil
attack
Selective
Forwardi
ng
Acknowl
edgment
Spoofing
ATTACKS Hello
Flood
attack
Sinkhole
Attacks
ATTACKS AND COUNTER MEASURES

8. JAMMING
Method of Attack
A jamming attack consists of interfering with the physical channel by putting
up carriers on the frequencies neighbor nodes use to communicate .
Countermeasures
 Spread spectrum techniques
 Sensors can switch to sleep mode

9. WORMHOLE ATTACK
Methods of Attack
• False neighbourhood relationship
are created.
• The adversary can delay or drop
packets sent through the wormhole.
Countermeasures
 Estimating the direction of arrival by a
wormhole indicator variable.

10. SINKHOLE ATTACK
Methods of Attack
• A malicious node attempts to attract
traffic from a particular area towards it by
announcing that it is a high quality route.
Countermeasures
 Geographical routing.
 Authentication of nodes exchanging
routing information.

11. HELLO FLOOD ATTACK
Methods of Attack
• A node receiving a hello packet from a malicious node may interpret that
the adversary is a neighbor node.
Countermeasures
 Bidirectional link verification.
 Authentication is a possible defense.

12. SELECTIVE FORWARDING
Methods of Attack
• Malicious nodes drop certain messages instead of forwarding
them to hinder routing.
Countermeasures
 Multipath routing.
 Authentication.

13. Sybil Attack
Methods of Attack
• Sybil attack is defined as a malicious
node illegitimately taking on multiple
identities.
• Attacker with multiple identities
pretend to be in many places at once.
Countermeasures
 Authentication.
 Position verification.

14. Acknowledgement Spoofing
Methods of Attack
• A malicious node overhearing packets sent to neighbor nodes use the
information to spoof acknowledgements.
Countermeasures
 Encryption of all packets sent through the networks.

15. SECURITY REQUIREMENT
 Authentication :-Proof that data was sent by a legitimate user.
 Confidentiality:- Information is not accessible to unauthorized
parties.
 Integrity:-Information is not altered.
 Availability:-Data should be available when needed by an authorized
user.

16. PROPOSED SECURITY MECHANISM
Securing underwater wireless communication :
Secure time synchronization.
Secure localization.
Secure routing.

17. SECURE TIME SYNCHRONIZATION:
Why is Time Synchronization important ?
 Location and proximity siblings
 Maintain ordering of messages
 Internetwork coordination
 Energy efficiency

18. SECURE LOCALIZATION:
Why is Localization important ?
 Sensor tasks .
 Making routing decisions .
 The attacker makes the node think it is somewhere different from actual location.As a
result wrong decisions happen.
Secure localization gives the guarantee of correctness despite of
presence of intruders.It is the process for each sensor node to locate its position in the
network.

19. SECURE ROUTING:
Why is routing important ?
 A sensor routing rejects the routing paths containing malicious
nodes.
 It is specially challenging in UWCNs due to the large propagation
delays,low bandwidth,difficulty of battery refills of underwater
sensors and dynamic topologies.

20. APPLICATIONS OF
UNDERWATER WIRELESS
COMMUNICATION.

21. Search and rescue missions under water.

22. Environmental monitoring to gather oceanographic data.

23. Marine archaeology

24. DISADVANTAGES of UWCNs
 Battery power is limited and can not be recharged easily.
 The available bandwidth is severely limited.
 Long and variable propagation delays.
 Multipath and fading problems.
 High bity error rate.

25. CONCLUSION
 Wireless technology will play a vital role in many application areas that
are not possible in past.
 The main challenges related to secure time synchronization,localization
and routing have been surveyed.
 Since the deployment of the proposed system is still in its development
stage , an account of actual implementation has not been provided in
this paper. The research issues of UWCNs remain wide open for
future investigation.

26. REFERENCES
 M.C Domingo ,”Securing underwater wireless communication networks”, Journal ,IEEE Wireless Communications archive.
Volume 18 Issue 1, February 2011
 I.F. Akyildiz, D. Pompili, and T. Melodia, “Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks: Research Challenges,” Ad Hoc
Net., vol. 3, no. 3, Mar. 2005.
 W. Wang et al., “Visualization of Wormholes in Under-water Sensor Networks: A Distributed Approach,” Int’l. J. Security Net., vol. 3,
no. 1, 2008.
 F. Hu, S. Wilson, and Y. Xiao, “Correlation-Based Security in Time Synchronization of Sensor Networks,” Proc. IEEE WCNC,
2008.
 C. Tian et al., “Tri-Message: A Lightweight Time Synchronization Protocol for High Latency and Resource-Constrained Networks,”
Proc. IEEE ICC, 2009.
 C. Tian et al., “Localization and Synchronization for 3D Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks,” in Ubiquitous Intelligence and
Computing, LNCS, Springer, 2007, pp. 622–31.