Tourism is a complex, multi-sector industry that involves the movement and activities of people outside their normal places of residence. The document defines tourism from several perspectives and outlines the key elements that make up the tourism system, including tourists, destinations, generating regions, and transit routes. It also discusses push and pull factors that influence travel and introduces Leiper's model of the tourism system, which views tourism as interactions between these geographical and organizational components.

1. TOURISM FOUNDATION BASICS

2. INTRODUCTION
TO
TOURISM AS AN INDUSTRY

3. Learning Objectives
⌛ Understand and explain the basic definition of tourism
⌛ Identify the major participants and forces shaping the tourism
industry
⌛ Explain the historical factors that encouraged the development of
tourism
⌛ Explain the impact of physical, human, and regional geography
on tourism activities
⌛ Explain why tourism should be studied from marketing,
management and financial perspectives
⌛ Identify future challenges and opportunities facing the tourism
industry
⌛ Discuss career prospects in the tourism industry

4. Defining Tourism
 According to Theobald “etymologically, the word tour is derived from
the Latin word tornare / tornus and the Greek word tornos, meaning,
changed in modern English to represent ‘one’s turn’.
 The suffix-ism is defined as an action or process; typical behavior of
quality. While the suffix- ist denote ‘one that performs a given action’
When the word tour and the suffixes-ism and – ist are combined, they
suggest the action of movement around a circle.
 One can argue that a circle represents a starting point, which
ultimately returns back to its beginning. Therefore like a circle, a tour
represents journey in a round trip, i.e. the act of leaving and then
returning to the original starting point and therefore, one who takes such
a journey can be called a “Tourist”.

5. What is Tourism?
Four different perspectives of tourism can be identified:
• The tourist: The tourist seeks various psychic and physical experience and satisfactions.
The nature of these will largely determine the destinations chosen and the activities
enjoyed.
• The business providing tourist goods and services: Business people see tourism as an
opportunity to make a profit by supplying the goods and services that the tourist markets
demand.
• The government of the host community or area: politicians view tourism as a wealth
factor in the economy of their jurisdiction. Their perspective is related to the income their
citizens can earn from this business. They also consider the foreign exchange receipts
from international tourism as well as the tax receipts collected from tourist expenditures,
either directly or indirectly. The government can lay an important role in tourism policy,
development, promotion and implementation.
• The host community: Local people usually see tourism as a cultural and employment
factor. Of importance to this group, for example, is the effect of the interaction between
large numbers of international visitors and residents. This effect may be beneficial or
harmful, or both.

6. Tourism is a collection of activities, services and industries
that delivers a travel experience, including transportation,
accommodations, eating and drinking establishments, retail
shops, entertainment businesses, activity facilities and other
hospitality services provided for individuals or groups traveling
away from home..….(WTO)
What is Tourism?

7. Tourism
“ Tourism is the temporary movement of people to destinations
outside their normal places of work and residence, the activities
undertaken during their stay in those destinations, and the
facilities created to cater to their needs”…
- MATHIESON AND WALL (1982)

8. “Tourism is the sum of the phenomena and
relationships arising from the interaction of
tourists, business suppliers, host governments
and host communities in the process of attracting
and hosting these tourists and other visitors .”
- MACINTOSH AND GOELDNER (1986)

9. Elements of Tourism
• Elements of tourism refer to the basic fundamentals without which
tourism activity of any kind is not possible.
• They form the base of tourism and all tourism activities are possible due
to them. anatomy of tourism phenomenon reveals, that, it is basically
composed of three elements, namely;
• Man(the human element as the creator of the act of tourism)
• Space(the physical element to be necessarily covered by the act itself)
• Time(the temporal element which is composed by the trip itself and the
stay at the destination)

10. Essential Requirements for Tourism
• Time, as the hours for leisure increase so does the opportunity for travel. Changes in
work days or hours, school calendars will affect how and when people can travel. The
overall travel pattern has moved from a two week vacation to three or four day mini-
vacations per year.
• Money, the majority of travel requires discretionary income. Discretionary income is
money left over after all monetary obligations (food, rent and taxes) have been paid.
• Mobility, is the access to transportation (car, bus, plane, train or ship) and the hours
required to get to their destination.
• Motivation, is the reason people travel. Motivations may include seeking novelty,
education, meet new people, adventure or stress reduction.

11. Tourism – Myths and Realities
Myths Realities
The majority of tourism in the world is international Tourism in the world is predominantly domestic (people
traveling their own country). Domestic tourism
accounts for about 80% of tourist trips.
Most tourism journeys in the world are by air as
tourists jet-set from country to country
The majority of trips are surface transport (mainly by
car.
Tourism is only about leisure holidays. Tourism includes all types of purpose of visit, including
business, conference and education.
Employment in tourism means substantial travel and
the chance to learn language.
Most employment in tourism is in the hospitality sector
and involve little travel.
Large multinational companies such as hotels chains
and airlines dominate tourism.
The vast majority of tourism enterprises in every
destination are SMEs
Tourism is a straightforward sector demanding little
research or planning
Tourism is a complex multi-sectoral industry
demanding high-level planning underpinned by
research to succeed.

12. A Tourism Model
• Dynamic and interrelated nature of tourism
• The traveling public (tourists) are the focal point (heart) of
the model
• Tourism promoters link the traveling public with the
suppliers of services
• Tourism suppliers provide the services that tourists need
when they travel
• External forces affect all participants in tourism; tourists,
promoters and suppliers

13. Scope of Tourism
• Hospitality – hotels, resorts , spa , restaurants
• Aviation – airport, airlines, city office
• Tours &Travel – travel agency , tour operator, travel agent, tour guide, travel
planner , Cruise Liners, Railways , Car Rental
• Education & research
• Retails
• Media – print , electronic, digital
• Events – meetings , conferences, sports , concerts , entertainment
• Retails/BPOs
• Banking
• Real estate
• Govt./private and NGOs,
• National / international/regional
• IT Sectors
• HR

14. Services and Tourism
• Service and Tourism go hand in hand
• Growth rate of services sector faster than any
other
• Tourism is the leader in the production of new jobs
• Tourism has developed an important part of the
economic foundation of many countries

15. Bringing Tourism into Focus
• Typical reasons for travel
– Vacation and leisure trips
– Visits to friends and relatives
– Business and professional trips
• Host community affected by tourism
• Can study tourism from a variety of perspectives
• Wide variety of questions relating to tourism need to be answered
• Technology having unprecedented affect on tourism industry

16. Tourism
Studies
Sociology
of
Tourism
Sociolo
gy
Parks
and
Recreati
on
Tourism course & Disciplines inputs to the tourism field

17. Different Perspective of Study on Tourism

18. Economics
Political science
Agriculture
Marketing
Anthropology
Business
management
psychology
sociology
ecology
law
history
geography
Tourism
studies

19. GEOGRAPHICAL PERSPECTIVE
From a geographer’s perspective the
main concern of tourism is to look
into aspects like geographical location
of a place, the climate, the landscape,
the environment

20. SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
From a sociologist’s perspective Tourism is a social activity; it is
about interaction between different communities— hosts and
guests encounter between different cultures

21. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
From an historian’s perspective tourism is a study of the factors
instrumental in the initiation of tourism to a particular
destination, the order of happenings leading to tourism
development, the reasons for happening of the occurrences in
that order

22. MANAGERIAL PERSPECTIVE
From the management perspective tourism is an industry ,
and therefore needs managerial skills in order to be properly
managed

23. ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE
From an economist’s perspective tourism is a major source
of foreign exchange earnings, a generator of personal and
corporate incomes, a creator employment and a contributor
to government earnings

24. Studying Tourism from Business Perspectives
• Marketing
• Management
• Finance

25. Interdisciplinary Approach
Tourism takes in practically all aspects of society and attracts people from
different strata with diverse economic –socio – cultural and educational
backgrounds, thereby behaving in different ways and travelling for different
purposes .

26. Tourism Industry
• The tourism industry is a vast industry made up of
businesses and organizations that provide goods and
services to meet the distinctive needs of tourist.
• These are related to virtually all areas of the economy
making tourism a very large industry.
• The tourism industry comprises many sectors or sub-
industries such as the hospitality industry , transport
industry, attractions, and entertainment .
• All these sectors are interconnected and integrated.

27. Tourism’s Challenges and Opportunities
• Encourage growth of tourism as it creates jobs and brings money into
the community or country
– It also serves an important need for the consumer.
– May change social structure
• Unplanned tourism can lead to excessive demands of transportation,
public services and degrade the environment, can spoil culture

28. Importance of Tourism
• Tourism is a global phenomenon.
• It is the world’s largest and fastest growing industry. It
is characterized by constant change, development
and highly dynamic industry. It is vulnerable to
significant events
• Tourism generate more jobs, good source of income ,
economic engine booster.
• It helps to preserve and promote , maintain culture ,
heritage monuments , environment of a area.
• It act as a bridge . It has positive and negative
impacts.

29. Why
• Improvements in transport (e.g. more airports)
have made it quicker and easier to travel to
places.
• Countries in more unusual destinations such as
the middle east and Africa have got better at
marketing themselves as tourist attractions. This
means more people are aware of them.
• Many countries have invested in infrastructure for
tourism to make them more attractive to visitors.

30. Culture
e.g.
museums,
art galleries
Entertainment
(bars,
restaurants,
theatres)
shopping
Popular
destinations
include:
• London
• New york
• Paris
• Rome
Beaches
Swimming
Snorkelling
Fishing
Water skiing
Popular
destinations
include:
• Spain
• The
Caribbean
• Thailand

31. scenery
walking
climbing
skiing
Snow
boarding
Popular
destinations
include:
• Alps
• Dolomites
• Rockies

32. • Tourism creates jobs for local people.
• It also increases the income of other
businesses that supply the tourism industry.
• Tourism is important to the economy of both
rich and poor countries e.g. tourism in
France generated 35 million euros In 2006
and 2 million jobs.
• Poorer countries tend to be more dependant
on income from tourism than richer ones.

33. Why?
• People have more disposable income.
• Companies give more paid holidays
than they used to.
• Travel has become cheaper
(particularly air travel)
• Holiday providers now use the
internet to sell their products to people
directly which also makes them
cheaper.

34. Where do you fit in?
• Projected to remain the world’s largest industry.
• Travel and tourism sales will grow at a rate of 4.1% a year
through the year 2020.
• Have the choice of working in a really fun place!

35. BASIC NATURE OF TOURISM

36. In India we see the origin of the concept of Tourism in Sanskrit
Literature. It has given us three terms derived from the root
word “Atana” which means going out

37. Tirthatana- It means going out and
visiting places of religious merit.
Paryatana - It means going out for
pleasure and knowledge.
Deshatana - It means going out of
the country primarily for economic
gains.

38. There are two important components that make up Tourism:
1. The practice of travelling for pleasure.
2. The business of providing tours and
services for persons travelling.

39. There are four basic services to be
provided for Tourists
TRANSPORTATION
ACCOMODATION
FOOD
ENTERTAINMENT

40. As per WTO definition,
Tourism can be classified into the following forms -

41. INBOUND TOURISM : Visits to a country by non-
resident of that country - for example, when A
American citizen, Mr. Sam comes to India to see the
Taj Mahal, he is an inbound tourist for India

42. OUTBOUND TOURISM: Visits by the residents of a country to another
country ,for example when an Indian citizen, Mr. Ram goes to America
to see Hollywood , he is an outbound tourist for India

43. DOMESTIC TOURISM: It involves travelling by the
residents of the given country within their own
country, for example, when Sonia resident of Delhi
goes to see the
Taj Mahal in Agra she is a domestic Indian Tourist.

44. INTERNAL TOURISM: It comprises of domestic
tourism and inbound tourism.

45. INTERNATIONAL TOURISM
It comprises of inbound tourism and
outbound tourism

46. Tourism System

47. THE TOURISM SYSTEM
TRAVELLER
GENERATING
REGION
TOURIST
DESTINATION
REGION
DEPARTING TRAVELLERS
RETURNING TRAVELLERS
TRANSIT
ROUTE
REGION
“One of the leading models of tourism Attraction
systems was created by Leiper in 1990”

48. LEIPER 1979 (UPDATED 1990)
 Leiper consider the phenomenon
tourism as a system, which is
functioning under various
environments.
e.g. Human, Socio-Cultural,
Economical, Technological,
Physical, Political & Legal ,
Environment

49. PRODUCTS INDUSTRIES
1. Accommodation services for visitors 1. Accommodation for visitors
2. Food and beverage serving services 2. Food and beverage serving activities
3. Railway passenger transport services 3. Railway passenger transport
4. Road passenger transport services 4. Road passenger transport
5. Water passenger transport servcies 5. Water passenger transport
6. Air passenger transport services 6. Air passenger transport
7. Transport equipment rental services 7. Transport equipment rental
8. Travel agencies and other reservation services
8. Travel agencies and other reservation services
activities
9. Cultural services 9. Cultural activities
10. Sports and recreational services 10. Sports and recreational activities
11. Country-specific tourism characteristic goods
11. Retail trade of country-specific tourism
characteristic goods
12. Country-specific tourism characteristic
services
12. Other country-specific tourism characteristic
activities

50. What are “whole tourism
systems”?
 Real WTS are people, places, organisation that interact
in certain roles when tourism happens.
 Models of WTS are representations of real WTS,
frameworks for researching and studying tourism in a
comprehensive and systematic manner.
Five elements in every WTS
• At least one tourist.
• One tourist generating place (where trips begin
and end).
• At least one tourist destination place.
• At least one transit route.
• At least one tourism industry.

51. LEIPER’S MODEL
TGR- Traveller-Generating Region. “push”
TRR- Transit Route Region.
TDR- Tourist Destination Region. “pull”

52. PUSH & PULL FACTORS
Push Factor : factors which
encourage individuals to
move away from their
home setting through
Tourism
Pull Factor: those
attributes of a different
place which attract or 'pull'
them towards it.

54. GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES
Leiper outlines three geographical elements in his model:
1) Traveller-generating region;
2) Tourist destination region; and
3) Transit route region.
 The tourist destination functions as a ‘pull’ factor in the market and provide
an area for most of the tourism activity. It attracts different kinds of tourists with
such tourism products as attractions and the quality of management and
service.

55. Tourist Generating Region (TGRs)
TGRs are places where a tourist's trip begins and normally
ends, the generating regions are the place for the essential
markets of the tourist business and it is the basis of tourist
industry.

56. TRANSIT ROUTE REGION (TRR’s)
 The area between the Traveler Generating Region
and the Tourist Destination Region is known as
the Transit Route
 While a long haul journey a Temporary stoppage is
called a transit route.
 Here traveller stays for some time in manner to
change flight or for re fuelling.
•It includes the short period of travel to reach
the destination.
•Includes the stop over's.
•The intermediate places which the tourist

57. Tourist Destination Region (TDR’s)
TDRs are places where a tourist's main visiting
activities occurs. Its important for TDR to have
some special features, activities to attract tourist.

58. Tourist
 Tourist is considered as the most important
element of the System.
 Without the presence of tourist the System may
not function at all
A temporary visitor staying at least 24hrs and less
than 1 consecutive year.
 The following are to be considered tourists:
• Persons traveling for pleasure, for health.
• Persons traveling in a representative capacity of any
kind.
• Persons traveling for business reasons.

60. TOURISM INDUSTRY
• The tourism industry refers
to the businesses and
organizations that help to
promote the tourism product.
• This is the last element in
Leiper’s Model.
• The Tourism Industry is the
amalgam of different
industries.
• It includes : - Hotels

61. AIRLINES

62. TRAVEL AGENCIES

63.  According to Leiper,
various industrial sectors
can be located in different
places.
 In the traveler-generating
region, we can find travel
agents and tour operators.
 In the destination region,
we can find attractions and
hospitality industry and in
the transit route region, we

64. All the Elements of the System interact with one
another in various contexts like delivering the
Tourism Products, Transacting the Products…….

65. Destination: It’s the connection of tourists with
places that makes a place a tourist destination

66. Destination
• A destination is a place where tourists travel
for leisure or business related activities.
• It is the place where the tourist product is
located and consumed.
• Destinations can be spread over a wide
geographical area and it is the reason for
tourism to exist.

67. A place becomes a tourist destination only if a tourist visit

68. Itinerary
• A travel plan or schedule which includes all
travel details such as date ,time, mode of
transport, accommodation, etc. for travelers

69. Environments
• Tourism systems are open systems, they interact
with environments
• Environments are surrounding conditions, which may
affect a system and/or be affected by it
• Physical, social, cultural, economic, political,
technical, legal etc.

70. Examples Of Environments Affecting WTS
 Spectacular scenery, a feature of the physical
environment, can be vital for a place’s role as a tourist
destination
 Political policies of governments can be vital in
determining flows of tourists out of generating regions
and into destinations.

71. Uses of Whole Tourism System Model
 It reminds us of all the elementary things that make up
tourism.
 It enables us to see how the elements interrelate to make
tourism happen.
 A place can be viewed and studied as (i) a generating
place, (ii) a point in transit and/or (iii) a destination

72. Component of Tourism & Tourism Management
• The component of tourism including:
a. The Tourist
b. The Host
c. Natural resources and environment

73. Components of Tourism & Tourism Management
d. The Built Environment
a. Cultural
b. Infrastructure
c. Technology
d. Information
e. Governance

74. Component of Tourism & Tourism Management
e. Operating sectors of the Tourism industry
a. Transportation
b. Accommodation
c. Food services
d. The attraction
e. The events
f. Adventure and Outdoor recreation
g. The entertainment
h. Tour operator
i. Travel agent

75. Components of Tourism
•Accommodation
•Accessibility
•Amenities
•Attractions
•Activities

76. • It is very basic to tourist destinations.
• A place to stay, sleep, eat, freshen up in the form of rented room and certain services on
charge in a building provided by a individual or firm. e.g. hotels, guest house , resorts etc.
Accommodation

77. • Primary Accommodations
• Secondary Accommodations
Types of Accommodations

78. • Hotels
• Resorts
• Complexes
• Heritage Hotels
Primary Accommodations

79. • Motels
• Youth Hostels
• Holiday Centers
• Farm Houses
• Sleeper Trains
• Caravans
Secondary Accommodations

80. Accessibility
“Accessibility is a means by which a tourist
can reach the area where attractions are
located”…. It is also called connectivity

81. • Accessibility also means the transportation.
The important transportation modes are
road,rail,air and water transport.
• Accessible tourism is intended as the set of
services and facilities capable of allowing
persons with specific needs to enjoy a
holiday and their leisure time with no
particular barriers or problems.

82. Amenities
“The basic facilities
provided in a tourist
destination”.

83. • Natural Amenities
• Manmade Amenities
Types of Amenities

84. • Beaches
• Sea Bathing
• Possibilities of Fishing
• Opportunities of trekking
Natural Amenities
Manmade Amenities
Various types of entertainment
Facilities which cater special needs

85. Attractions
A tourist attraction is a place of interest where tourists visit,
typically for its inherent or exhibited cultural value, historical
significance, natural or built beauty, or amusement
opportunities.

86. Types of Attractions
Natural Attractions
•Climates
•Landscapes
•Mountains
•Beaches
Manmade Attractions
•Theme parks
•Museums
•Ancient Monuments
•Cultural Centers

87. • Culture
• Traditions
• Scenic
• Entertainment
• Other Attractions
PETERS INVENTORY of Tourist
Attractions include :

88. Activities
“The various elements of tourism services
available which offered to tourist at the
destinations”

89. Tourist Typologies : Classifying Tourists

90. Tourist Typologies
• The classifications of tourists based on their
behaviour
• Its number has grown over the years
• These typologies serve as guide to tourism
business owners as to what products,
services and facilities should be sold to
certain tourists having the same behavior

91. Tourist Typologies
• Marketers and planners as well as managers of
tourism businesses consider these typologies
to guide their marketing, planning, development
and management functions

92. Classification of Tourists

93. Major points to study
• Understand Cohen's classification
• Understand Plog's classification
• Give examples on each types of tourists
• Identify the concerns and needs of
different types of tourist

94. Tourist
• Tourists, i.e. temporary visitors staying at least twenty four
hours but not more than one year in the country visited and
the purpose of whose journey can be classified under one of
the following headings:
a. Leisure (recreation, holiday, health, study, religion and sport)
b. Business, family, mission, meeting
• Same – day Visitors / Excursionists i.e., temporary visitors
staying less than twenty four hours in the country visited
(including travelers or cruises).

95. Tourist
Takes photos, buys souvenirs, goes to famous
places, stays briefly in one place, does not
understand the local people

96. Do you stay in your bubble?
Environmental bubble - Surrounded by
similar living environment when travelling abroad

97. What makes you feel comfortable and safe when travelling?
Find the points in your travel leaflets!
Brainstorm with your neighbour!
Write down your findings inside the bubbles.

98. Fly with a reputable airline..

99. Environmental bubble?
• A coach with air-conditioning
• Include travel insurance
• A comfortable hotel/
accommodation
• Choose a reputable travel
agency
• Well planned itinerary
• Eat Chinese food
• Chinese-speaking tour guide
• Staff with professional training
• Speak or read the
same language
• Sufficient rest time
• Breakfast at hotel
• Buffet, choose your
own food
• Fastpass in theme park
• Special queue

100. Cohen’s Classification
Tourism combines curiosity to seek out new
experiences with the need for security of familiar
reminders of home
seek out new experience
Curiosity
familiar reminder of home
Security
ExplorerDrifter Individual
mass tourist
Organized
mass tourist

101. Non-Institutionalized
Tourists
are loosely attached to the tourist
establishment expose to host
community
Institutionalized Tourists
are dealt with in a routine way by
the tourist establishment
e.g. travel agencies, hotel chain
Explorer Drifter
Individual
Mass
Tourist
Organized
Mass
Tourist
Cohen’s Classification

102. Where is the tourist ?
Spend most of the time
inside/ always inside
Go further away from it/
far away from

103. Organized Mass Tourist
• least adventurous
• spend most of their time in their comfortable
“environmental bubble” throughout their trip
• the itinerary is decided in advance
• attractions are guided and well fixed
• tourists have no decision on their trip
Cohen’s Classification

104. Individual Mass Tourist
• similar to the organized mass tourist
• the tour is not entirely fixed
• have certain control over their time and
itinerary
• but all the major arrangements are still
made through travel agencies
Cohen’s Classification

105. Explorer
• arrange their trips alone
• go somewhere unusual
• look for comfortable accommodation and reliable
transportation
• retain some of the basic routines and comforts of
their native way of life
• try to mix with local people and speak their
language
• dare to leave their “environmental bubble”
Cohen’s Classification

106. Drifter
• go further away from the “environmental bubble”
• keep away from the accustomed ways of life in
home countries
• no fixed itinerary
• plan trips wholly on their own
• live with local people
• often take odd-jobs to keep themselves going
Cohen’s Classification

107. What type is it ?

108. What’s your travel personality?
• Do the psychological test to know your
travel personality at besttripchoices.com
• Jot down your type and some keywords
of your characteristics

109. Plog’s Classification
• Destination popularity VS traveler’s personality
Your travel personality
• Authentic = Psychocentric
• Mid-authentic = Near psychocentric
• Centric authentic = Mid-centric
• Centric venturer = Mid-centric
• Mid-venturer = Near allocentric
• Venturer = Allocentric

110. Plog’s Classification
Allocentric Type
• seek new experiences and
adventure
• outgoing and self-confident
• enjoy meeting ppl from different
cultures
• explore an area
• make own travel arrangements
• choose activities and tourist
attractions

111. Plog’s Classification
Psychocentric Type
• conservative, inhibited and unadventurous
• return to familiar destinations
• want to relax
• expect the type of food and activity
• prefer heavily structured itinerary
• safety and security are important

112. Plog’s Classification
Mid-centric Type
• between allocentric and psychocentric
• not particularly adventurous
• receptive to new experience

113. Plog’s Psychocentric-Allocentric
Model
• Stanley Plog classified tourists into two
major classifications based on their
personality and curiosity to visit places:
– Allocentric type
– Psycho-centric type

114. Plog’s Psychocentric-Allocentric
Model
• Allocentric:
– Often adventure seekers and go for new
experiences.
– Prefers outings and are self confident.
– Not only comfortable meeting strangers or new
people but also it fascinates them for they
explore into their cultures while such meetings.
– These people specify the area and make their
own travel arrangements.

115. Plog’s Psychocentric-Allocentric
Model
• Psychocentric:
– Generally conservative, inhibited and unadventurous.
– Traditional and have little curiosity to visit strange places.
– Frequently these members keep returning to familiar
destinations to avoid troubles.
– They want to relax, love serenity and better happy when
undisturbed.
– Tourists of Psycho-centric type expect the same food and
activities.
– Ultimate factor is that they are too much worried about
touring is safety and security.

116. Cohen’s Tourist Typology
• Eric Cohen categorized tourist into four:
– organized mass tourist
– individual mass tourist
– the explorer and;
– the drifter.
• This is similar to Plog’s model wherein
psychocentrics are further divided into
organized and individualized and the
allocentrics into explorers and drifters.

117. Cohen’s Tourist Categories
The organized mass tourist
•package tour fixed itineraries, planned stops, guided organizers making the decisions
•Familiarity at a maximum and novelty at a minimum
The individual mass tourist
•Tour not entirely planned by others
•Tourist having some control over his/her itinerary and time allocations
•Major arrangements made through travel intermediary
•Tourist remaining largely within the environmental bubble of home country ways and mixing little with locals
•Dominant familiarity
The explorer
•Tourist usually planning his/her own trips and trying to avoid developed tourist attractions
•Desire to mix with locals but still protected within the environmental bubble.
•Dominant novelty, tourist not fully integrating with locals
The drifter
•Tourist plan their trip alone
•Tourists avoid tourist attractions and live with the locals
•Almost entirely immersed in the host culture, sharing its shelter, food and habits
•Novelty is dominant and familiarity disappears.

118. Plog’s Classification

119. Global Travel Survey
• This survey done in the United Kingdom in
2005 has a more general approach to
classifying tourists into adventurers,
worriers, dreamers, economizers and
indulgers
• These are based on how tourists perceived
traveling

120. Adventurers
• Are motivated to seek new experiences
• Value diversity
• Seek new activities, cultures and people
• Are independent and in control
• Travel plays a central role in their lives
• Don’t need to be pampered
• “I feel confident that I could find my way around a city that
I have never visited before.” “I really hate traveling with a
group of people, even if they’re people I know.”

121. Worriers
• Suffer considerable anxiety about traveling
• Travel is relatively unimportant to them
• Are not particularly adventurous
• “Most traveling is too stressful for me.” “I
worry a lot about home when I’m away.” “I
have a fear of flying”.

122. Dreamers
• Are fascinated by travel
• Their own travel tends to be more mundane than might be
expected give their travel ideas.
• Their trips are oriented more toward relaxation than adventure.
• Lack confidence in their ability to master the details of traveling
• Anxious about the stresses of travel.
• “I like I have to travel to enjoy life fully.” I like to be able to impress
people by telling them about the interesting places I’ve visited.” “I
really rely on maps and guidebooks when I travel to a new
place.”

123. Economizers
• They travel primarily because they need a break,
travel is not a central activity for them.
• Seek value in travel
• Their experience of travel does not add meaning to
their lives
• Their sense of adventure is low
• “Traveling first-class is a waste of money, even if you
can afford it.”

124. Indulgers
• Like to be pampered
• Their travel is not a central or important
experience
• Are generally willing to pay for a higher level of
service when they travel
• Do not find travel intimidating or stressful
• “I don’t worry about how much things cost when I
travel.” “It’s worth paying extra to get the special
attention I want when I travel.”

125. Pearce’s Travel Category
Pearce developed 15 traveler categories
based on major role-related behaviors

126. Pearce’s Travel Category
– Tourist
– Explorer
– Traveler
– Missionary
– Holidaymaker
– Overseas student
– Jetsetter
– Anthropologist
– Businessperson
– Hippie
– Migrant
– International athlete
– Conservationist
– Overseas journalist
– Religious pilgrim

127. Traveler
 A traveler is a person who travels from one place to another.
 It is a general term used for a person who travels, irrespective of
the purpose of travel , distance traveled ,or duration of stay.
 Stays briefly in one place, experiments with local food, goes to
famous places, takes photos, explores privately.
 All tourists are travelers/visitors but all travelers/visitors are not
tourist

128. Holidaymaker
Takes photos, goes to famous places, is
alienated from society, buys souvenirs,
contributes to the visited economy

129. Jetsetter
Lives a life of luxury, is concerned with
social status, seeks sensual pleasures,
prefers interacting with people of his/her
own kind

130. Businessperson
Concerned with social status,
contributes to the economy, does not
take photos, prefers interacting with
people of his/her own kind, goes to
famous places

131. Migrant
Has language problems, prefers
interacting with people of his/her own
kind, does not understand the local
people, does not live a life of luxury, does
not exploit people

132. Conservationist
Interested in the environment, does not
buy souvenirs, does not exploit the local
people, explores places privately, takes
photos

133. Explorer
Explores places privately, is interested in
the environment, takes physical risks,
does not buy souvenirs, keenly observes
the visited society

134. Missionary
Does not buy souvenirs, searches for the
meaning of life, does not live a life of
luxury, does not seek sensual pleasures,
keenly observes the visited society

135. Overseas Student
Experiments with local food, does not
exploit the local people, takes photos,
keenly observes the visited society,
takes physical risks.

136. Anthropologist
Keenly observes the visited society,
explores places privately, is interested in
the environment, does not buy souvenirs,
takes photos

137. Hippie
Does not buy souvenirs, does not live a
life of luxury, is not concerned with
social status, does not take photos,
does not contribute to the economy

138. International Athlete
Not alienated from own society, does not
exploit the local people, does not
understand the local people, explores
places privately, searches for the
meaning of life

139. Overseas Journalist
Takes photos, keenly observes the
visited society, goes to famous places,
takes physical risks, explores places
privately

140. Religious Pilgrim
Searches for the meaning of life, does not
live a life of luxury, is not concerned with
social status, does not exploit the local
people, does not buy souvenirs

141. Transit Visitor
• A traveler/visitor who passes through a country
without breaking journey other than for taking
connecting transport is called a transit visitor.
• His /her destination is another country.

142. VFR, DINKs , SINKs , Nuptial , Empty NEST
• Visiting friends and relatives
• Double income but no kids
• Single income but no Kids
• Newly Married
• Empty Nest – term used for old and retired
people whose children are settled and they are
free, ready to travel

143. FIT, GIT, SIT
• Free/frequent individual traveler
• Group inclusive traveler
Special interest tourist (SIT): have particular
interest such as bird watching, food and wine,
flowers, fishing during the Sardine Run, or
attending the Book Fair etc.

144. Cruise Passengers
• A cruise passenger is a visitor who arrives in the country
aboard cruise ships and who does not spend a night in
an accommodation establishment in the country

145. Youth travel: backpackers and gap year travellers
• Backpacking or youth tourist: generally have little luggage, are on
a budget, want to experience adventure and excitement, tend to
travel independently, enjoy meeting other traveller, and have flexible
travel schedules. A group of young tourists on a weekend walking
tour in the mountains, or a student touring around the country by bus
are examples of this group of tourist.
• Gap year travellers: do not study further or enter job opportunity
after school, instead they take break called a gap year. They travel,
work and earn money, learn new skills or do volunteer work in
another country. During this time they gain skills and life experience
before starting tertiary education. These young people are also
known as “gappers”.

146. Drawing up a tourist profile
• To make sure that the needs of all types of
tourist are met it is important for travel agents to
draw up tourist profile.
• This is a summary of facts about what tourists
want and expect form the travel experience.

147. A basic tourist profile contains the
following information about the tourist :
• name
• nationality
• age
• contact details such as address and telephone number
• occupation
• need and preferences, for, example, adventure, sport, one education
• specific requirement such as accommodation, transport, or food
• and the length of the trip, and arrival and departure date.
• Travel agents prepare tourist profiles of their clients and use the
information when arranging trips for them. This will ensure that the
specific needs of the tourist are met.

148. Using the illustration and the information below draw up a tourist profile for
John. You may need to make up some details to complete the profile:
John Brown, from Sydney, is visiting South Africa for ten days to
celebrate his 24th birthday. He wants to experience as many
adventure attractions as he can before he returns home on
Christmas day. He is a sports science consultant, does not eat
meat, and wants to taste some South African food. He wants to
take photographs of wildlife and the new friends in the hostels
in which he will stay. His back contains all his clothes and
sleeping bag. He does not have enough money for fancy
restaurant or expensive gifts. He forgot his international driver’s
license at home.

149. 4. Tourist ProfileName Mr. John Brown
Nationality Australian
Age 24
Contact details 2 Boundary Road, Bondi Beach Sydney
(Learners may supply made up contact detail)
Occupation Sports Science Consultant
Needs and preferences • Accommodation – hostel
• Sport – watch local rugby
• Photography – trip to a game reserve
• Food – visit to township restaurant. Mr
Brown is a vegetarian so make sure
vegetarian food is available
Specific requirements • Transport- bus, for journeys between
cities, minibus taxi in and around towns,
air for the long flight
• Dietary
Budget Low to middle
Duration of visit 15 – 25 December

150. Recreation / Leisure
• Recreation means spending time to refresh and
revitalize the body and mind by indulging in
activities which have no monetary benefits.
• Leisure – it is defined as one’s free or unoccupied
time in a relaxed manner for entertainment or rest.

151. Tourist Product
• The tourist product is the reason of travel
to the destination and may be defined as
the total experience of travel and other
attractions at the destination.

152. Market Segmentation
• Market segmentation is similar to tourist
typology
• It is another way of classifying tourists
and understanding them

153. • Segmentation is a sort of grouping people
with the same characteristics such as
geographic, demographic, psychographic,
and product-related characteristics

154. Tourist Market Segmentation
Geographic
segmentation
Grouping of potential tourists is based on their location
Demographic
segmentation
Grouping is based on the tourist’s gender, age, ethnicity, occupation,
income, household size and family situation.
Psychographic
segmentation
Grouping is based on how tourists live and on their priorities and
interests.
Product-related Grouping of tourists is based directly on what they want and need in a
particular good or service.

155. – Identifies WHO your market is.
– Broken down by age, gender, income and
occupation.
Demographics

156. – Identifies WHERE your market is.
– A matter of place whether regional or national
or within a section of a city/mall (Macro and
Micro Markets)
Geographic

157. – Identifies HOW and WHY your market buys.
– The behavior of your customers as they purchase
a particular product.
• Divides buyers based on social class, lifestyle, and
personality characteristics.
• Buyers can also be grouped according to the product
benefits they seek.
Psychographics

158. CHARACTERISTICS OF TOURISM INDUSTRY

159. Characteristics of Service Marketing
• Can’t be seen, tasted, felt, heard,
or smelled before purchase.
• Can’t be separated from service
providers.
• Quality depends on who provides
them and when, where and how.
• Can’t be stored for later sale or use.
INTANGIBILTY
INSEPARABILTY
VARIABILITY
PERISHABILITY

160. Intangible
• Unlike a tangible product, say, a motor car or
refrigerator, no transfer of ownership of goods is
involved in tourism. The product here cannot be
seen or inspected before its purchase.

161. • Instead, certain facilities, installations, items of
equipment are made available for a specified time and
for a specified use. For example, a seat in an aero
plane is provided only for a specified time.

162. Tangible and Intangible
Products/Services
Tangible goods
with some
services
Hybrid :Equal
Part good and
service
Major service
With minor
good
Pure Service:
No Tangible
Good.
Pure tangible
good;
no service
Chocolate Computer
& Warranty
Meal at a
restaurant
Hair
Styling
Legal Advice

163. VARIABILITY
• Services are highly variable
• Services are produced and consumed simultaneously.
• Service consistency depends on the service provider’s
skill.
• Lack of consistency a major source of customer
disappointment.
• Guest expectations are different.
“Quality can not be controlled; must be produced”

164. PSYCHOLOGICAL
• A large component of tourism product is
the satisfaction the consumer derives from
its use. A tourist acquires experiences
while interacting with the new environment
and his experiences help to attract and
motivate potential customers.

165. Highly Perishable
• A travel agent or tour operator who sells a
tourism product cannot store it.
• Production can only take place if the customer
is actually present. And once consumption
begins, it cannot be stopped, interrupted or
modified.

166. • If the product remains unused, the chances are
lost i.e. if tourists do not visit a particular place,
the opportunity at that time is lost. It is due to
this reason that heavy discount is offered by
hotels and transport generating organisations

167. Perishability
Lack of ability to inventory
 Lack of ability to inventory – services can
not be stored
 Capacity and demand must be
successfully managed
 Involve customer in the service delivery
system

168. Composite Product
The tourist product cannot be provided by
a single enterprise unlike a manufactured
product. The tourist product covers the
complete experience of a visit to a
particular place. And many providers
contribute to this experience.

169. provides rooms and restaurants , travel
agents make book for stay and
sightseeing, etc.

170. Unstable Demand
• Tourism demand is influenced by
seasonal, economic political and others
such factors. There are certain times of
the year which see a greater demand than
others. At these times there is a greater
strain on services like hotel bookings,
employment, the transport system, etc.

171. Fixed supply in the short run
• The tourism product unlike a
manufactured product cannot be
brought to the consumer; the
consumer must go to the product. This
requires an in-depth study of users’
behavior, taste preferences, likes and
dislikes so that expectations and
realities coincide for the maximum
satisfaction of the consumer.

172. Absence of Ownership
You neither own the automobile nor the
driver of the vehicle. Similarly, hotel
rooms, airline tickets, etc. can be used
but not owned. These services can be
bought for consumption but ownership
remains with the provider of the service.
So, a dance can be enjoyed by viewing
it, but the dancer cannot be owned.

173. Heterogeneous
• Tourism is not a homogeneous product
since it tends to vary in standard and
quality over time, unlike a T.V set or any
other manufactured product. A package
tour or even a flight on an aircraft can’t
be consistent at all times. The reason is
that this product is a service and
services are people based.

174. RISKY
• The risk involved in the use of a tourism
product is heightened since it has to be
purchased before its consumption. An
element of chance is always present in its
consumption. Like, a show might not be
as entertaining as it promises to be or a
beach holiday might be disappointing due
to heavy rain.

175. MARKETABLE
Tourism product is marketed at two levels.
At the first level, national and regional
organizations engage in persuading
potential tourists to visit the
country or a certain region.

176. At the second level, the various individual
firms providing tourist services, market their
own components of the total tourist product to
persuade potential tourists to visit that region
for which they are responsible.

177. CHARACTERSTICS OF SERVICE
1. Service is an experience for
the customer.
2. Service is a performance by
an employee or product
3. When service is delivered, the guest
and service provider are both part
of the transaction

178. 4. Service quality is difficult to control
and evaluate.
5. The customer and the organization
often measure quality of service
differently
6. When service is delivered, there
can be no recall of the guest’s
experience

179. 7. Estimating the cost of service delivery is difficult
8. Excess production of service cannot
be placed in inventory
9. Service delivery and demand can be
individually customized

180. 10.Successful service delivery can be
achieved with different viewpoints
11.When purchasing services there is
limited or no ownership
12.Service has an aspect of time
13.Service is often provided as a value
added to a physical product.

181. Why do people travel ?
Psychological and sociological needs depending upon the
individual interest/preference, purpose motivating factors and
his/her cultural background and economic, conditions or situation.
• They travel for professional or business, work
• Pleasure , passion and challenge
• Need for change ,satisfaction ,safety, belonging
• Health reasons ,relaxation
• Seeking knowledge ,to sharpen learning perspective
• Spiritual well being
• Holidaying as cultural norm
• Social perspective – curiosity and cultural , interpersonal
reasons
• Sports ,concerts , events , exhibition - entertainment

182. MOTIVATING FACTORS
• Physical motivators are those related to the refreshment
of body and mind, health purposes, sport and pleasure.
• These groups of motivators are seen to be linked to those
activities which will reduce tension.
• These motivators push people to travel to those tourism
destinations where physical activities can be taken
pursued.
Motivation can be described as a driving force within
individuals that impels them to action.

183. • Cultural motivators are those identified by
the desire to see and know more about other
cultures, to find out about the natives of a
country, their lifestyle, music, art, folklore,
dance, etc.
• These motivators push a person to travel to
destinations which provides an opportunity to
visit historical monuments, participate in
music concerts, dance recitals and so on.

184. • Interpersonal motivators mean this group includes a
desire to meet new people, visit friends or relatives,
and to seek new and different experiences.
• Travel is an escape from routine relationships with
friends or neighbours or the home environment or it is
used for spiritual reasons.
• This motivator factor sees tourist travel and go for
home stays so as to experience new culture while
forging relationship during the period.
• This motivator would also mean that one would travel
to a destination to attend a family / friend wedding.

185. • Status and prestige motivations include a desire
for continuation of education (i.e. personal
developments).
• Such recognition and attention from others, in order
to boost the personal ego.
• This category also includes personal development
in relation to the pursuit of hobbies and education.

186. Purposes of Travel
• Business
– Primary activities
• Conventions
• Consultations
• Inspection
– Secondary activities
• Dining out
• Recreation
• Shopping
• Sight seeing
• VFR

187. Purposes of Travel
• Visiting Friends or Relatives
– Primary activities
• Socialising
• Dining in
• Home entertainment
– Secondary activities
• Dining out
• Physical recreation
• Shopping
• Sight-seeing
• Urban entertainment

188. Purposes of Travel
• Other personal business
– Primary activities
• Shopping
• Religious visit
• Medical appointment
– Secondary activities
• Dining out
• VFR

189. Purposes of Travel
• Pleasures
– Primary activities
• Recreation
• Sight-seeing
• Dining out
– Secondary activities
• VFR
• Convention
• Business
• Shopping

190. Classification of Traveler

191. Different Types of Tourism

192. A Choice Between
Two Categories of Tourism:
 Mass Tourism:
 The organized movement of large groups of people to
specialized tourist locations.
 A consequence of the increase of people traveling for
pleasure; developed to cater to huge numbers of tourists.
 Examples: whole resort towns, theme parks, tourism
business districts, cruises, packaged vacations, all-
inclusive resorts, etc.
MASS TOURISM V.S. ALTERNATIVE

193. Mass Tourism

194. IMPACTS Positive Negative
Economic Impacts • Brings Money into local economy.
• Creates jobs for local people.
• Increases the income of
industries that supply tourism
e.g. Farming
• A lot of the profit made from tourism
is kept by the large travel companies
rather than going to the local
economy.
Social Impacts • Lots of jobs means young people
are more likely to stay in the
area.
• Improved roads, infrastructure
and communications benefit local
people.
• Income from tourism can be
reinvested in local community
projects
• The tourism jobs available to locals
are often badly paid and are
seasonal.
• Traffic congestion caused by tourists
can inconvenience local people.
• The behaviour of some tourists can
offend locals.
Environmental impacts • Income from tourism can be
reinvested in protecting the
environment.
• Transporting lots of people long
distances releases greenhouse
gasses that cause global warming.
• Tourism can increase litter and
pollution.
• Tourism can lead to the destruction
of natural habitats

195. A Choice Between
Two Categories of Tourism:
 Alternative Tourism:
 Individually planned activities to gain and experience first-
hand knowledge about local cultures and environments.
 Focus on secluded areas, occur during non-peak
travelling times, can include arranging own flights and
accommodations.
 Example: a self-planned biking trip through Vermont, while
camping or arranging accommodations “as you go.”
MASS TOURISM V.S. ALTERNATIVE

196. Alternative Tourism

197. A Quick Comparison between Mass
and Alternative Tourism
Mass Tourism Alternative Tourism
large groups singles, families, friends
traditional recent trend
fixed program spontaneous decisions
focus on “sights” focus on “experiences”
little or no background research careful preparation and research
desire for souvenirs desire for memories / knowledge
purchase items while there bring items to give away
may involve loud social activities quiet, low impact
snapshots and postcards photography and painting
no language preparation learn local language

198. The Different Types of Tourism
(A General Overview)
We have already discussed the travel variables that influence
people to travel, or to stay at home. When travel motivators
and barriers combine with these variables, they affect the
travel destination and what type of travel experience the tourist
signs up for. Today, the tourism industry offers many
specialized forms of tourism in order to meet the increasingly
diverse and the unique requests of a demanding public.
People want to be able to choose from a variety of options
based on to their needs and desires!

199. The Different Types of Tourism
(A General Overview)
These “types of tourism” categories are a useful way to
start looking at where tourists go, why they go there,
and what they do while on vacation. However, it is
important to note that these categories are not always
as clear cut as they suggest, as travelers will engage in
variety of activities while on vacation, many of which
overlap into more than one category.

200. Pleasure Tourism
• To improve the physical or spiritual condition of an
individual .
• Examples: yoga workshops, detoxification clinics,
spas, etc.

201. Business Tourism
 To complete a business transaction or attend a
business meeting / conference.

202. Nature Tourism
 To enjoy a natural setting or wildlife, including
ecotourism.

203. Cultural Tourism
 To experience the history, folklore, and culture of a
people.

204. Social Tourism
 Travel that involves the company of others, such as
tour-bus travel or family visits.

205. Recreation Tourism
 To escape the routine of daily life, such as camping
or going to a beach.

206. Active Tourism
 Has a set objective, such as climbing a mountain or
learning a new language.

207. Sports Tourism
 To experience a sport or sporting event – watching
and participating, such as ski holidays or the
Olympics.

208. Religious Tourism
 Involves visiting a place of spiritual significance.

209. Health / Medical Tourism
 To improve one’s health, such as a visit to a health
resort or weight-loss camp.

210. *Adventure Tourism
 Involves challenges and adventure, such as trekking
through a tropical rainforest or rock climbing.
* Types of Sustainable Tourism, a movement, which started
around 2000.

211. *Wilderness Tourism
 To experience something very different from everyday
life in remote wilderness areas.
* Types of Sustainable Tourism, a movement, which started around
2000.

212. *Ecotourism
 Stresses low-impact adventure in a natural setting; sometimes
called “green tourism.”
* Types of Sustainable Tourism, a movement, which started around 2000.

213. Ecotourism is tourism that doesn’t harm the
environment and benefits the local people.
Ecotourism involves:
Conservation-protecting and managing the environment.
Stewardship-taking responsibility for conserving the
environment.
Ideally conservation and stewardship should involve local
people and local organisations so that local people benefit
from tourists.
Ecotourism is usually a small scale activity, with only small
numbers of visitors going to an area at a time. This helps
keep the environmental impact of tourism low.

214. Environmental benefits Economic benefits Benefits for local people
• Local people are
encouraged to conserve the
environment rather than use
it for damaging activities.
• It reduces poaching and
hunting of endangered
species.
• Ecotourism projects try to
reduce the use of fossil
fuels.
• Waste that tourists create is
disposed of carefully.
• Ecotourism creates jobs for
local people (e.g. as guides
or in tourist lodges) which
helps the local economy
grow.
• Local people not directly
employed in tourism can
also make money by selling
local crafts to visitors or
supplying the tourist industry
with goods.
• People have better and
more stable incomes in
ecotourism than in other jobs
e.g. farming
• Many ecotourism schemes
fund community projects e.g.
schools, water tanks and
health centres.

215. 1. Sustainable development means improving the
quality of life for people but doing it in a way that
doesn’t stop people in the future getting what they
need.
2. Ecotourism helps areas to develop by increasing
the quality of life for local people- the profits from
ecotourism can be used to build schools or
healthcare facilities.
3. The development is sustainable because its done
without damaging the environment- without
ecotourism people may have to make a living to
improve their lives by doing something that harms
the environment e.g. cutting down trees.

216. An area of sustainable tourism that includes all
ecotourism, most of alternative tourism and mass
tourism.
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM

217. Sustainable Tourism
• Sustainability is a critical factor.
• It is "development that meets the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs"

218. Cinematic Tourism
• Movies based tourism where people travel to
watch shooting of films/movies or the location
where picturization of movie was done.
• Some time people just want to study cinema
or want to learn about its various aspects or
some time they just visit place to meet/see
their favoruite actor/actress in area

219. Slum Tourism
• Slum tourism - people travel to slum areas
to see slum or poor people’s life style and
to support them with the help of NGO or
themselevs .

220. Beach Tourism
• People prefer to travel sea
beach area to spent their quality
time. Relaxation , recreation
• Sea , sand and sun
• They stay there in camps or
nearby hotels. e.g. Goa

221. Tribal Tourism
• People travel to see or observe tribal life style culture in
their natural habitat , interior area or countryside away from
the main stream society and urban place.
• They want to learn or do some research study on tribes.
• It is also known as ethnic tourism

222. A wealthy individual always on vacation, some of
them for tax purposes, to avoid being resident in
anycountry.
Perpetual Tour

223. This tour is by
visiting a
particular location
after seeing it in a
film or reading
about it.
Pop-culture Tour

224. It includes all those products associated with the
archaeological patrimony already are visits to
archaeological deposits, museums, interpretation centers,
spectacles of historical recreation, the recovery of
associated native products to last times, festivals of
theater.
Archaeological tourism

225. Travelling to a disaster scene not
primarily for helping, but because it’s
interesting to see. It can be a problem if
it hinders rescue, relief and repair work.
This is also the act of looking upon the
devastation.
Disaster tour

226. Not travelling physically but
exploring the world through
internet, books, TV, etc.
Armchair/Virtual tourism

227. Agri-tourism focused on various
agricultural technology. It describes the
act of visiting a working farm or any
agricultural, horticultural or agribusiness
operation to enjoy, be educated or be
involved in activities.

228. Physical activity or sports-oriented that includes the
following:
adventure tourism, agri-tourism, audio tourism,
educational tourism, extreme tourism, heritage
tourism, garden tourism, health tourism, tea tourism ,
wine tourism , eco-tourism, ancestry tourism, rural
tourism, bio-tourism, bookstore tourism, creative
tourism, music and dance tourism, mystical tourism
and winter tourism , space tourism, sustainable
tourism,
Niche Tourism

229. Includes audio walking tours
and other audio guided
forms of tourism including
museum audio guides and
audio travel books.
A
u
di
o-
t
o
u
ri
s
m

230. It may involve travelling to an
educational institutional; a
wooded retreat or some other
destination in order to take
personal-interest classes, such
as cooking classes with a
famous chef or crafts classes.
Education
al tourism

231. It is a type of niche tourism involving travel to
dangerous places or participation in
dangerous events. It overlaps with extreme
sport. The two share the main attraction,
adrenaline rush caused by an element of risk
and different mostly in the degree of
engagement and professionalism.
Extreme tourism

232. Visiting historical (Rome , Athens, Cracow) or industrial sites
such as old canals, railways, battlegrounds, etc.

233. Visiting botanical
gardens famous places in
the history gardens such as
Versailles and the Taj
Mahal.
Garden tourism

234. It is usually used to
escape from cities
or relieve stress;
perhaps for some
‘fun in the sun’,etc.
Often to “health
spas”.
Health
tourism

235. Tourism alone or with groups to participate in
hobby interest to meet others with similar
interest or to experience something pertinent
to the hobby. Example might be garden tours,
amateur radio or square dance cruises.

236. also known as genealogy
tourism) It’s aim is to
trace one’s ancestry,
visiting the birth
places of these
ancestor’s and
sometimes getting to
know distant family.
Ancest
ry tour

237. It implies not only natural elements such as forest
and mountains, but also the indigenous local
characteristics such as traditions, customs and
folklore. Direct experience with local people
can be a unique selling point to attract tourists.
Rural tour

238. Paves the way for a sustainable usage of
natural resources which are available in
promoting the tourism and recreation
industry.
Bio Tourism

239. Winter Tourism
Winter sports contribute to winter tourism. Many
water sports holiday packages are available at
places in many countries apart from Ski and
Snow festival tours organized annually. Skiing
is extremely popular in the mountainous areas.
Majority of the event participants are from
countries with a warm climate.

240. Mystical Tourism
This involves medication, yoga and
rituals.

241. 'Dark tourism' is a different
type of tourist attraction.
It is the travel to sites
associated with death and
suffering. Dark tourism or
than tourism is tourism
involving travel to sites
associated with death and
suffering.
Dark tourism

242. SPACE TOURISM
• Costliest types of tourism, is a trip to space. It is a travel to the earth’s
orbit and sub orbit; travel to planets beyond the earth’s orbit , e.g. to Mars;
moon,
• Earth based simulated experiences at NASA centre and entertainment
based experience, visiting international space station, Observatories to
watch stars, to know and learn about space related topics such as space
shuttle, rocket launching ,landing , solar system
• Give unique and thrilling experience of viewing the earth from outer
space
• First space tourist – Denis Tito
• Companies promoting space tourism are
Virgin Galactic, Space Adventures, Starchaser, Blue Origin, Bigleow
Aerospace, etc.

243. Carrying capacity
• In case of tourism, it is defined as the maximum number of
people that may visit a tourist destination at the same time ,
without causing destruction of the physical, economic ,
socio-cultural environment and an unacceptable decrease in
the quality of visitors’ s satisfaction….

244. • Advocacy platform: 1950's - 1960's. Tourism considered an ideal activity with few
negative impacts for tourist destinations. Government should promote tourism.
• Cautionary platform: 1970's. Proposed that tourism would eventually result in
negative impacts for tourism destinations unless it was carefully planned and
regulated.
• Adaptancy platform: 1980"s. Promoted less mass tourism and more alternative
tourism. Alternative tourism included: home stays; cultural villages and volunteer
tourism.
• Knowledge-based platform: 1990's. Promotes planning for specific tourism
activities and destinations which attempt to scientifically determine impacts and
capacities for tourism destinations.
JAFARI'S FOUR PLATFORMS

247. • The relationship between the quantity that tourism
enterprises provided.
• Tourism enterprises wish to sell at various prices and the
quantity of tourism services that consumers wish to buy.
SUPPLY AND DEMAND

248. TOURISM IMPACTS
• Positive
• Negative
• Direct
• In direct

249. Benefits and Costs of Tourism
Tourism brings both economic and non-economic
benefits and costs to host communities.
The benefits including:
a) Provides employment opportunities, both skilled and
unskilled, because it is labor-intensive industry.
b) Generates a supply of needed foreign exchange
c) Increase income
d) Creates increased gross national product
e) Reinforces preservation of heritage and tradition
f) Develops an infrastructure that will also help stimulate
local commerce and industry
g) Can be develop with local product and resources
h) Spreads development

250. Benefits and Costs of Tourism
The costs including:
a) Develop excess demand for resources
b) Create social problems
c) Degrades the natural physical environment and create
pollution.
d) Degrades the cultural environment
e) Increase the incidence of crime, prostitution and
gambling
f) Commercialize culture, religion and the arts
g) Creates conflict in the host community
h) Contributes to disease, economic fluctuation and
transportation problems