Totalitarianism is a form of government where the state has total control over all aspects of society. Totalitarian regimes in Europe in the early 20th century included Nazi Germany under Hitler, Fascist Italy under Mussolini, and Communist Russia under Stalin. The Treaty of Versailles after World War 1 contributed to conditions that allowed totalitarian leaders to rise to power by punishing Germany severely and leaving some nations like Italy dissatisfied.

1. Totalitarianism A Brief Overview/ Review

2. Totalitarianism Definition: Form of government in which all societal resources are monopolized by the government. Total control over the population. Tools of Totalitarian government Propaganda Police terror Censorship Indoctrination

3. The State Fascist Model State = eternal, lasting State casts aside all who do not serve its purpose Individual = temporary, expendable Individual exists to serve the State (a tool) I I I I I Power Here

4. Right Wing vs. Left Wing Right- Wing Middle Class support Maintain Status quo Private ownership of industrial wealth Examples: Hitler’s Germany Mussolini’s Italy Left-Wing Poor/ peasant support Seek Elimination of classes Collective ownership Examples: Mao’s China Stalin’s Russia

5. Conditions that helped to bring about Totalitarian regimes in Europe

6. The Treaty of Versailles Which countries were represented at the Versailles negotiations? Italy, France, United States, England Who was missing? Germany and Russia What were the terms of the Treaty? Germany takes on all responsibility for the War (War Guilt Clause) Germany must give up land Germany must reduce its army Germany must pay billions of dollars to the allies The map of Europe is drastically altered as a result of the War and the Treaty…

7. Pre World War I Map

8. Post World War I Map

9. How did changes in the Map of Europe affect Russia, Italy and Germany? Russia did not regain land lost to Germany Italy did not gain land even though they were part of the winning side Germany lost territory and felt vulnerable

10. Our Big Three The terms of the Treaty help set conditions that led to the rise of…

11. Stalin and the Soviet Union Lenin founded the Soviet Union after the Russian Revolution in 1917 Stalin succeeded Lenin Referred to as the Grey Blur Postponed Lenin’s plans for a global communist revolution in order to secure the Soviet Union Several Five Year Plans to help the Soviet Union compete with the West Killed many of his top aides and advisors as well as any people who opposed his rule

12. Mussolini’s Italy Founded a fascist regime in the 1920s Pursued the idea of Mare Nostrum to create a new Italian Empire Army was ill-equipped for war Bound to Hitler Used Balcony speeches to rally the masses to his cause

13. Hitler’s Germany Arrested after failed Munich (Beer Hall) Putsch. Wrote Mein Kampf in jail Felt the Weimar officials had stabbed Germany in the Back Blamed Weimar Republic, communists, Jews and the French for Germany’s Problems Founded the Nazi party

14. Hitler’s Germany cont. Hyperinflation of the 1920s helped set conditions for Hitler’s Nazis to take control. 1932- Nazis finish strongly in elections President Hindenburg appoints Hitler Chancellor Hindenburg dies and Hitler takes over Birth of the Third Reich

15. Practice Multiple Choice Questions

16. 1. A major goal of France and Great Britain at the Conference of Versailles following World War I was to Create a politically unified Europe Keep Germany from rebuilding its military forces Restore pre-war imperial governments to power Help Germany rebuild its industrial economy

17. 2. What aim did Italian leader Vittorio Orlando have during the Creation of the Treaty of Versailles? To gain territory from Austria-Hungary To assume control of Austria’s industries To guarantee the partition of Germany To gain possession of Austria’s overseas colonies

18. 3. President Wilson said his Fourteen Points would provide a framework for A lasting and just peace Determining war reparations Expanding colonial empires Punishing aggressor nations

19. 4. One way fascist leaders in the 1920s and 1930s gained popular support was Promising to maintain peace with other countries Attracting foreign investment Limiting the strength of the military Appealing to national pride

20. 5. Stalin’s Great Purge from 1934-1939 Eliminated military dominance in state decisions Expanding Soviet agriculture at the expense of Soviet industry Brought about the deaths of millions of people Replaces soviet agricultural workers with technology

21. 6. Which of the following does not describe Hitler’s Germany, Mussolini’s Italy and Stalin’s Russia They were totalitarian regimes All three nations wanted to expand their borders political enemies were killed All three operated under Marxist principles

22. 7. Mao’s China and Stalin’s Russia were A. Right-Wing Totalitarian regimes B. Left- Wing Totalitarian regimes C. Representative Democracies D. Aristocracies

23. 8. Hyperinflation is a condition where A. Prices remain constant B. Prices rise rapidly, making paper money virtually worthless C. Wages increase dramatically D. Prices drop drastically, allowing all members of society the chance t buy goods

24. 9. As a result of the Treaty of Versailles A. Russia regained all of the land it had surrendered to Germany B. Italy became a major power in Europe C. Germany accepted guilt for World War I D. All of the above

25. 10. Who was Hitler referring to when he used the phrase “stab in the back” Communists Jews Weimar Officials The French

26. 11. Mussolini’s concept of Mare Nostrum promoted Italian expansion Italian isolationism Italian seafood Italian reliance on Germany

27. 12. Under Mussolini ’ s rule in Italy, a. a democracy was put it place. b. there was a one-party dictatorship. c. the socialists came into power. d. free speech was encouraged.

28. 13. What measure did the Nazis take that was a rejection of the Versailles treaty? a. They launched large public works projects. b. They rearmed Germany. c. They passed the Nuremberg Laws. d. They established the Gestapo.

29. 14. The founder of the Soviet Union was Trotsky Lenin Stalin Gorbachev

30. 15. Hitler was arrested after World War I World War II The Munich Putsch Selling his art

31. Answers B A A D C D B B 9. C 10. C 11. A 12. B 13. B 14. B 15. E