TOS_Report

Seminar Report on
COMBAT VEHICLE
TOS-1
Guide By
Dr. Vikas M. Phalle Sumedh Sonawane
HOD(DT) Defence Technology
VJTI, Mumbai. Reg. No. 212210003
Department Of Defence Technology
Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute(VJTI), Mumbai.
[2022-23]

COMBAT VEHICLE - TOS.1
Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute, M. Tech. (Defence Technology)
Page No.2
CONTENTS
Sr. No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Name Of Chapters
Introduction
Literature Review
Design and Development
System Description
Armament on TOS-1
Unguided Missile/Rocket
6.1 Technical Specification
Engine and mobility
7.1 TZM-T reloading vehicle
Accessories
Modernization of heavy flamethrower system
Combat history and Variants
Page No.
5
7
8
10
11
12
13
14
15
17
19
24

Page No.3
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. No
5.1
6.1
6.2
7.1
7.2
8.1
8.2
9.1
9.2
9.3
Caption
Armament on TOS-1
Unguided Missile/Rockets
122 mm Rockets
V-84MS diesel engine
TZM-T reloading vehicle
Accessories of tos-1
Accessories of tos-1
Option placing the article on the ABAC-KTNTS tos-1a
The placement ISS products ABAC-KTNTS on tos-1a
Parts ABAC-KTNTS
Page No.
11
12
13
14
15
17
18
19
20
22

Page No.4
LIST OF TABLES
Table No.
1.1
7.1
Caption
Specification of TOS-1
Freight loader TZM-T Specifications
Page No.
6
15/16

Page No.5
1. INTRODUCTION
The TOS-1 heavy flame thrower system is a 220mm 30-barrel multiple rocket launcher systems
that can fire rockets with thermobaric or incendiary warheads. The Russian development of the
TOS-1 began in the late 1980s. The heavy flamethrower system TOS-1 was designed and created
at the beginning of the 1980s. It represents a complex combat vehicle - launcher, rockets, and
transport and loading vehicle. The flame thrower system is mounted on a T-72 tank chassis with
an armored cluster of tubes. The enemy is killed by the effect of excessive pressure and high
temperature during the explosion of the thermobaric mixtures delivered to the target by rockets.
The TOS-1 enters into service with the Russian army at end of 2000. The vehicle has been
deployed during the war in Chechnya. The TOS-1 heavy flame thrower system is designed to
destroy lightly armored vehicles, set fire and destroy buildings and various constructions, and kill
enemy personnel in the open or in shelters. The whole system comprises a BM-1 combat vehicle,
two TZM-T transporter-loader vehicles, and 72 NURS unguided rocket projectiles.
The Tos-1 is a Russian multiple rocket launcher. It also known as ‘blazing sun’ because this
flamethrower system is able of unleashing hell with its 24 220mm missiles.The Tos-1 system’s
intense firepower makes it one of Russia’s most powerful weapons. The TOS-1 is designed for
fire support of infantry and tanks, defeating enemy personnel at an unconcealed environment and
under the shelter in various kinds of offensive and defensive combat action, and also for
incapacitation of light armored transport and vehicles.
TOS-1 is used in combat formation of supported forces from unconcealed and concealed positions.
The TOS-1 is designed and manufactured by the Russian Defence Company JSC of
Uralvagonzavod. The TOS-1 is in service with the Russian armed forces.Heavy flamethrower
system can fire unguided 220mm 30-barrel or 24-barrel incendiary rocket and thermobaric weapon
mounted on a tracked main battle tank chassis. High accuracy calculation of firing angle for
unguided rockets allocates targets of the impact point on the area in a way that makes it possible
to cover a target densely at 6 seconds of full salvo duration at the maximum range of 6,000 m
It allows suppressing enemy active actions for a long time period at considerable areas and 100%
destruction of unconcealed enemy personnel at the area of 40,000 square meters. Ammunition
consists of 72 missiles, 24 of which are based at TOS-1 and 48 at reloader vehicle TZM-T. Chassis
of tanks of T-80, T-90 type could be used as the basic chassis. TOS-1 was designed to attack enemy
fortified positions and lightly armoured vehicles and transports, in open terrain in particular. First
combat tests took place in 1988 and 1989 in the Panjshir Valley during the Soviet–Afghan War.
The TOS-1 was shown for the first time in public in 1999 in Omsk.

Page No.6
Table 1.1. Specification of TOS-1
Armament 30 x 220 mm rocket launcher tubes
Armor Protection against the firing of small arms and
artillery shell splinters.
Country users Russia, Kazakhstan
Weight 46,000 kg
Designer Country Russia
Speed 60 km/h maximum road speed
Accessories
A fire control system, ballistic computer, laser
range finder,
Range 550 km
Crew 3
Dimensions Length: 6.86 m; Width: 3.46 m; Height: 2.6 m

Page No.7
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
[1] Sukharev dmitry andreevich, Antonov dmitry olegovich, Semashko marina yurievna,
Increasing the combat efficiency of the heavy flame-throwing system tos-1a. (2021). This
paper describes ways to increase the combat effectiveness of shells of the heavy flamethrower
system TOS-1A "Solntsepyok", such as: increasing the range of the projectile by changing the
shape of the head part, using composite materials, coating the body of the projectile with special
materials. The thermobaric unguided missile MO.1.01.04M.OP was taken as a basis. Increasing
the flight range allows you to increase the ballistic efficiency of projectiles. The use of composite
materials will reduce the mass of the projectile, which will also affect the increase in the range of
the projectile. The coatings will ensure the radio invisibility of the projectile for enemy radars.
[2] Sukharev dmitry andreevich, Antonov dmitry olegovich, Semashko marina yurievna.
Increasing the battle efficiency of the heavy firing system tos-1a. (2021). This paper describes
ways to increase the combat effectiveness of shells of the TOS-1A "Solntsepek" heavy
flamethrower system, such as: increasing the projectile's flight range by changing the shape of the
warhead, using composite materials, covering the shell of the projectile with special materials. The
basis was taken thermobaric unguided missile MO.1.01.04M.OP. Increasing the flight range
improves the ballistic efficiency of the projectiles. The use of composite materials will reduce the
mass of the projectile, which will also affect the increase in the projectile's flight range. The
coatings will ensure the projectile's radio invisibility for enemy locators

Page No.8
3. DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT
The chassis of TOS-1 MBRL system is based on the T-72 main battle tank. It retains the same
design with the turret being replaced with the rocket launch facility. The hull of the vehicle is made
of reinforced steel. The total weight of the launch vehicle is 46,500kg.
The rocket launcher has the capability to carry three personnel, with the driver stationed in the
middle and the commander and gunner accommodated within the two small turrets at the rear.
The MBRL system offers lower firing range compared to other multiple rocket launch systems. It,
however, offers much versatility to the operators due to its thermobaric and multiple launch
capabilities. The TOS-1A platform carries an ammunition load of 24 rockets, while the TZM-T
re-loader vehicle holds 48 rockets.
The TOS-1 is a T-72 Russian-made main battle tank with the turret removed. The driver is at the
front in the center of the chassis, and there are two small turrets behind for the other members of
the crew. The hull is made of steel which provides protection for the crew against the firing of
small arms and shell splinters.
3.1. Development
The idea of a heavy short-range MLRS to launch rockets equipped with incendiary and
thermobaric warheads arose in the late 1970s. The combat system consisting of the combat vehicle,
rockets, and loading vehicle was developed in early 1980s at KBTM in Omsk and was named
TOS-1, remaining a secret development for a long time.
The TOS-1 Buratino is intended to engage military personnel, equipment, and buildings, including
fortified constructions. The nickname "Buratino" originates with the name of the hero of a Russian
retelling of the Pinocchio tale, given the perception of the big "nose" of the launcher The combat
vehicle acts within the combat order of infantry and tanks. The large mass of the launcher and the
need for a high-level of protection [due to the relatively short range of 3,500 m (11,500 ft)] helped
determine the use of the chassis of the T-72 main battle tank. The TZM reloading vehicle was built
on the chassis of a KrAZ-255B cross-country truck and equipped with a crane for
loading/unloading of the launcher. Production of KrAZ-255B has officially stopped in 1994.
Therefore, TZM-T for later Soltsepyok was created based on the chassis of a T-72 variation T-
72A.

Page No.9
In 2003, the improved TOS-1A system Solntsepyok entered service with the range extended to 6
kilometers and a better ballistic computer.In March 2020, Russia introduced a new rocket for the
TOS-1A with a range of 10 km, achieved in part by weight and size reductions of a new fuel air
explosive mixture in the warhead, while also increasing its power. Minimum range is extended
from 400 m to 1.6 km, so the shorter-range M0.1.01.04M rocket will be retained for close combat
environments in 2018, Russian NBC Protection Troops received 30 TOS-1A Solntsepyok 220 mm
multiple rocket launchers.
Saudi Arabian Military Industries signed a Memorandum of Understanding with Rosoboronexport
for the local production of the TOS-1A. The new TOS-2 system was first used during the Kavkaz-
2020 drills in September 2020. It is based on an Ural all-terrain vehicle. It is also equipped with a
more powerful TBS-M3 rocket and its own crane and it has an increased range. It is protected from
precision weapons.

Page No.10
4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
The "combat vehicle" BM-1 based on a modified T-72A chassis and fitted with a rotating launch
system for 24 unguided thermobaric rockets. All rockets can be launched within 6 to 12 seconds.
The launch vehicle is equipped with a fire control system with a ballistic computer, aiming sight
and 1D14 laser range finder. The other standard equipment consists of a TKN-3A sight for the
commander, a GPK-59 navigation system, an R-163-50U radio station, an R-174 intercom and a
902G smoke grenade launcher with four barrels. The 3-man crew is armed with one AKS-74, one
RPKS-74, three RPG-26s, and 10 F-1 hand grenades. The BM-1 is fitted with the same equipment
as the T-72 tank (NBC protection, fire-fighting, observation etc.).
TZM-T with a cover off one of the rocket storage racks, with two rockets. Two TZM re-supply
vehicles, fitted with a 10 kN crane. Each vehicle carries 2x12 spare rockets and 400 litres of fuel
for the BM-1 and has a combat weigh of 39 t (86,000 lb). The TZM-T has a crew of three, armed
with two AKS-74s, one RPKS-74, five RPG-26s, and 10 F-1 hand grenades.
A set of rockets NURS MO.1.01.04 and MO.1.01.04M. These are 3.3 m (10 ft 10 in) and 3.7 m
(12 ft 2 in) long and weigh 173 kg (381 lb) and 217 kg (478 lb) respectively. The original rocket
for the TOS-1A had a range of only 2,700 m (8,900 ft), but the improved version extends the range
to 6,000 m (20,000 ft). Some sources say its range is 12 km.The system was modernized in 2016.
Modernized systems with active protection, new engine and launchers and other improvements
were delivered in early 2018. In March 2020, Russia introduced a new rocket for the TOS-1A with
a range of 10 km

Page No.11
5. ARMAMENT ON TOS-1
The armament of the TOS-1 consists of a block launcher with 24 guide pipes of 220 mm caliber
with 3,725 m length for launching unguided missile. The whole system is mounted on the centre
of a tracked armored chassis.
The missile block launcher unit is fitted on a mobile platform that can be rotated on 360°.
Depending on the target, the firing could be conducted by single or double shots from two barrels.
Launching control of unguided missiles is fully automatic
The TOS-1 is also equipped with four smoke grenade launchers 902G, two on each side at the
front of the hull. The vehicle can also generate smoke through the exhaust of the engine.
The launch system is complemented by an advanced fire control system comprising a ballistic data
computer, equipment used for observation for the commander and a rangefinder, and a control
panel. The fire control system enhances the target acquisition and detection capability.
The fully automatic launch control system enables the launch of unguided missiles. Each rocket is
equipped with a detonating fuse, special thermobaric explosives and a solid-fuelled thrust engine.
The system has the capability to launch multiple rockets within half a second. The rockets can
engage targets within the range between 400m and 6,000m.
Fig.5.1. Armament on TOS-1

Page No.12
5.1. Self-protection
The MBRL system offers protection against small arms fire and shell splinters. Either side of the
hull is installed with Type 902G smoke grenade launchers. The engine smoke generation system
can further make the launch vehicle invisible to enemies
6. UNGUIDED MISSILE/ROCKET
The TOS-1A fires an unguided missile via ballistic course after its boosting by a solid-fuelled
thrust engine. The projectile nose is equipped with special thermobaric explosives.
At missile fuse activation at the target area, central initiation - destructive charge destructs a thin-
walled capsule of the projectile nose and dispenses thermobaric explosives at ground air lair.
At the same time inflammation of the explosives occurs simultaneously transferring into
explosion. It produces a powerful blast wave and a high-temperature impulse, which destructs the
personnel and vehicles of the enemy.
Fig.6.1. Unguided Missile/Rockets

Page No.13
6.1 Technical Specification of 122 mm Rocket for TOS-1
A rocket is a munition that is propelled by a self-contained rocket motor. In its simplest form, a
rocket motor consists of a tube in which fuel is burned, with an opening at one end.
The escaping gases cause an equal and opposite reaction on the closed end of the tube, propelling
the rocket forwards (Ryan, 1982). Thrust is generated by channelling the rapidly expanding gases
from the burning rocket fuel through one or more nozzles (venturi).
The 122 mm rockets for the TOS-1 have seven venturis at the rear of the rocket motor. While
rocket motors can contain either liquid or solid fuel, TOS-1 systems fire rockets with motors
containing only solid rocket fuel.
Unlike a missile, an unguided rocket does not adjust its trajectory in flight to precisely strike the
target. As such, once the TOS-1 has fired an unguided rocket, there is no way to alter its course.
Fig.6.2. 122 mm Rockets

Page No.14
7. ENGINE AND MOBILITY OF TOS-1
The TOS-1 is based on the chassis of the Russian-made T-72 main battle tank. The vehicle is
motorized with a V-12 multifuel engine V-84-1 developing a power of 840 hp at 2,000 rpm. The
TOS-1 launch vehicle has a total weight of 46,000 kg, it can run at a maximum road speed of 60
km/h with a maximum range of 550 km without additional fuel tanks. The suspension consists of
each side of six road wheels with the idler at the front, drive sprocket at the rear and rear, and three
return rollers supporting the inside of the track only. The upper part of the suspension is protected
by rubber plates.
The vehicle is powered by a V-84-1 engine with a rated power output of 840hp at 2,000rpm. The
components of the TOS-1A rocket launcher system are similar to those of BM-1 Combat vehicle,
while the chassis is based on the T-72 battle tank. The TOS-1 launch vehicle has a total weight of
46,000 kg, it can run at a maximum road speed of 60 km/h with a maximum range of 550 km
without additional fuel tanks.
The suspension consists of each side of six road wheels with the idler at the front, drive sprocket
at the rear and rear, and three return rollers supporting the inside of the track only. The upper part
of the suspension is protected by rubber plates.
Fig.7.1. V-84MS diesel engine

Page No.15
7.1. TZM-T reloading vehicle
TZM-T reloading vehicle This heavy flamethrower is supported by a new TZM-T reloading
vehicle, which is used to transport and reload rockets. It carries a full set of reload rockets in two
pods for 12 rockets each. A crane is mounted between these units. Reloading vehicle also carries
400 liters of fuel for the BM-1 launch vehicle. The TZM-T is operated by a crew of three
Fig.7.2 TZM-T reloading vehicle
7.2. Freight loader TZM-T Specifications
Table 7.1 Freight loader TZM-T Specifications
Weight TLV-T kit Nursi, t 39
Average ground pressure, MPa (kgf/cm2) 0,079 (0,79)
main dimensions:
– Length
– Width on removable flaps
– Height
– On the main bottom clearance
7000
3580
3050
477

Page No.16
speed (maximum on the highway), km / h 60
Cruising range, km 550
Number vozimykh for MB-1 ammunition,
items
24
Ammunition supply of fuel for the BM-1, n 400
Obstacles:
– Maximum lift, hail,
– The maximum angle of heel deg.
– Width of the trench, m
– Wall height, m
– The depth of the ford, m
30
25
2,6-2,8
0,85
1,2

Page No.17
8. ACCESSORIES OF TOS-1
The TOS-1 launch vehicle is equipped with a fire control system, ballistic computer, aiming
sight and laser range finder 1D14 The right side hatch is fitted with a small infrared light. Two
stabilizing jacks are mounted at the rear of the chassis which are deployed on the ground for
firing. The fire control system of TOS-1A includes ballistic data computer, sight rangefinder
1D14, control panel, impulse unit roll-pitch sensing device PB2.329.04 and commander's
observation device TKN-3A.
The fire control system is designed for target searching, measuring of the target range, measuring
of inclination, launchers different from horizon, angle detection of the target position, estimation
of the super-elevation angles of the rocking unit and side rotation of the launcher considering
range, air temperatures, charge, air pressure, speed and direction of the wind at the active and
passive areas of missile flight trajectory.
Fig.8.1. Accessories of tos-1

Page No.18
Fig.8.2. Accessories of tos-1
For self-digging, a bulldozer blade is mounted at the front of the vehicle. It allows to
significantly shortening the time period equipping of the individual trench. This system is
operated by the driver from inside the vehicle. To ensure insure fire accuracy the TOS-1A is
equipped with two outriggers and hydraulic locks mounted at the rear of the chassis.

Page No.19
9. MODERNIZATION OF HEAVY FLAMETHROWER SYSTEM TOS-1A
At present JSC “Design Bureau of Transport Machinery” (Omsk) is a pioneer in the development
of heavy flamethrower system (TOS) TOS-1A, which is designed to provide fire support to
infantry and tanks, the defeat of the enemy, open and covered fire positions in a variety of offensive
and defensive combat, as well as the decommissioning of light armored vehicles and vehicles. The
system includes a fighting machine BM-1. capable of hitting enemy targets at ranges from 3.6 to
6 kilometers (depending the type of missile).
Fig.9.1 Option placing the article on the ABAC-KTNTS BM TOS-1A (object 634B)
Fighting vehicle BM-1 is a multiple launch rocket systems (MLRS) on tank chassis of T-72A.
Fighting machine (BM) is used to place Nursi and start at designated targets. BM-1 is equipped
with a rotating platform with a swinging part in the form of a package of 24 tube guides for missiles
with power servo drives and fire control system, placed on the chassis of a main battle tank T-72A.
Guidance swinging of PU on the target in the horizontal and vertical planes produced power servo
drives with a laser rangefinder and ballistic computer. The most important condition for

Page No.20
maintaining the combat readiness of TOS-1A and ensure the effective management of its fire is
the exact orientation of PU and Surveying binding.
The fire control system TOS-1A includes an optical sight, laser range finder periscope 1D14, tilt
sensor, trim PB2.329.04 (electrical, Pendulum) and specialized electronic digital computer system
with sensor equipment MO.1.01.01.03M2. A laser range finder distance to the target are
determined with an accuracy of up to 10 m The data is automatically entered into the ballistic
computer calculates the required elevation launcher. The angle of heel and trim package guides
captured automatically and takes into account the calculator. TOS-1A incorporates the device
orientation — giropolukompas HPA-59.
Fig. 9.2. The placement ISS products ABAC-KTNTS on BM TOS-1A
“NPO” Progress “offers a comprehensive solution to upgrade TOS-1A, and the use of the product
ABAC-KTNTS comprising: a laser designator c to measure the distance to the target, up to 1.5
meters, forced a precision inertial measurement unit, which serves as high-precision topographic
location with an accuracy of 0.7 PDE, gyrocompass and girokursoukazaetlya, navigation .
Product ABAC-KTNTS turns TOS-1A as an independent reconnaissance and strike complex. It
should be noted that the adopted today in service of the Ministry of Defense of Russian mobile
navigation systems and geodetic topoprivyazchiki have the precision parameters of PDE 2. The
technical proposal relates to the fire control system, including the gyrocompass
girokursoukazatelyam, orientation and stabilization systems PU.

Page No.21
The essence of the technical proposal is shown in Figures 1 and 2. The composition of the BM
TOS-1A (object 634B) product introduced ABAC-KTNTS. To improve the accuracy and launch
NURS TPU BM placed on inertial measurement unit , which also serves as for precision
measurements BM azimuth, pitch and roll, and perform the function gyro, girokursoukazaetlya
and navigator in the nomination of BM to the start position (SP).
Technical Proposal for placement on the ISS TPU BM-1 TOS-1A refers to methods for controlling
vibrations of aiming launcher MLRS combat vehicles. The proposed technical solution, the
measurement of the amplitude and frequency of vibration of aiming the weapon is carried out
using high-precision built-in accelerometer inertial measurement unit (IMU) articles of ABAC-
KTNTS. The measurement results are processed in the integrated unit TSBUN central computer
in real time. Information about deviations of aiming device used for control intervals between
shots, and the tension of the cable, or spring-torsional vibration isolators to change their stiffness
in accordance with the specified characteristics of aiming in amplitude and frequency of
oscillations as in the preparation of the shooting, and in managing the fluctuations in the process
of aiming a volley MLRS. Technical Proposal “RPA” PROGRESS “automates the process of
measuring and recording vibrations of aiming in real time.
Improving performance characteristics of TOS-1A is also due to improved fire control system. In
fire-control system introduced inertial measurement unit that is connected to the central control
unit and navigation, Doppler speed sensors, and optical sight used as a laser designator.
It should be noted that the ISS can be used to determine the gyro horizon, which is designed to
measure the angles of the BM in the automated systems of stabilization funds and arms control
volley fire. The technical result — increasing the efficiency of missile systems by eliminating the
dynamic error gyrovertical during firing. In the conduct of shooting switching devices turn off the
system and horizontal correction gyrovertical converted into the free gyro mode. To do this, O
horizon sensors are connected to the input of the amplifier through a horizontal correction
switching devices whose inputs are connected to the output of the control device, and its entrance
— to the output of the driver.
Product ABAC-KTNTS provide strategic autonomy war machine (BM), BM increase vitality and
reduce training time volley with an arbitrary starting position by an autonomous topogeodesic

Page No.22
binding and orientation of MB standalone installation estimates of fire and flight plan data (EDM
and DPZ), the coordinates of aiming points , bespritselnogo guidance package guides.
The system of independent orientation, according to the technical proposal “NPO Progress” is the
initial azimuth and navigation equipment, built-in central control and navigation (TSBUN) —
initial fighting machine TOS-1A. After which the navigation system TSBUN continuously
determines the location and orientation of the BM, the system displayed on the electronic
navigation map displayed on the color display of the display device. After receiving the targeting
of the laser pointer, a block of reception and transmission of data, the system also displays the
range to the target and the direction of the race at the starting position (SP). At the starting position
inertial navigation unit product ABAC-KTNTS defines specified angles pointing to the current
position of MB. The system continuously determines the error of their angles with the current
guidance. Drive guidance on these disagreements exercise guidance package guides. After a volley
of BM can make protivoognevoy maneuver and change the joint venture. Preparation of a new
salvo is the same way.
Fig.9.3. Parts ABAC-KTNTS

Page No.23
The laser pointer is used to measure distance to an object in a single measurement. The principle
of operation of a laser range finder based on irradiation of the object stack of laser pulses and
simultaneous accumulation of echoes, reflecting? Nnyh from the object. The number of laser
pulses emitted in the stack and, consequently, accumulated echoes adaptively selected from 1 to
1024, depending on the reflectivity of the object, its size, weather conditions and distance to the
object. Laser pulse repetition frequency of 5 kHz. Laser pointer has built a television camera, the
lens of which is shared with at? Mnym channel rangefinder. Displayed on the display device in
the form of a cross mark and the distance to the object. Image of the object and the underlying
surface on the display items improved by image processing procedures.
Incorporated in the product ABAC-KTNTS technical solutions and software will greatly expand
the functionality of the fire control system, stabilization, orientation and navigation TOS-1A,
improve positioning accuracy for combat positions and reduce the available time for work that
enhances the survivability BM TOS-1A
The TOS-1A launcher is mounted on a modified T-72A main battle tank chassis. Vehicle is
powered by a V-84MS diesel engine, developing 840 hp. It is fitted with a self-entrenching blade.
Armor protection of this system is similar to that of the T-72A MBT.

Page No.24
10. COMBAT HISTORY AND VARIANTS
 TOS-1A were first used in combat in Iraq by the Iraqi Army in the recapture of Jurf Al
Sakhar on October 24, 2014, from ISIL forces.
 The TOS-1 was used in Syria on October 10, 2015, by Syrian Army forces against rebel
forces in Hama. It was used again by the Syrian Arab Army in April 2017 in the area of
Palmyra, and later in the same month to destroy an ISIS camp.
 Azerbaijan used the TOS-1A against the Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army on 4 April
2016 and 28 September 2020.
 A TOS-1A unit was seen being deployed towards the Ukrainian border during the 2022
Russian invasion of Ukraine.
Variants
 TOS-1
 TOS-1A
 TOS-2
Current operators
 Algeria
 Azerbaijan
 Armenia
 Iraq
 Kazakhstan
 Russia
 Saudi Arabia
 Syria

Page No.25
REFERENCES
[1]http://www.otvaga2004.narod.ru/otvaga2004/caleidoscope/flamethrowers_1.htm Archived
February 14, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
[2] "This Russian Tank-Mounted Rocket Launcher Can Incinerate 8 City Blocks". 14 September
2015. Archived from the original on 7 May 2017. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
[3] "For the first time Azerbaijan has used heavy flamethrower systems". AZERI DAILY.
Archived from the original on 14 April 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
[4] "Iraq: See the EXPLOSIVE Russian firepower helping Iraqi forces fight IS". Archived from
the original on 18 January 2016. Retrieved 23 December 2014 – via YouTube.
[5] Sukharev dmitry andreevich, Antonov dmitry olegovich, Semashko marina yurievna,
Increasing the combat efficiency of the heavy flame-throwing system tos-1a. (2021).
[6] Sukharev dmitry andreevich, Antonov dmitry olegovich, Semashko marina yurievna.
Increasing the battle efficiency of the heavy firing system tos-1a. (2021).

TOS_Report

More Related Content

What's hot

Recently uploaded

TOS_Report