TNTEU B.Ed., Contemporary India and Education BD1CE- Unit 1.-EDUCATION IN CONTEMPORARY INDIA, CONSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT

Contemporary India and Education
Dr.Raja Mohammed T
M.Sc.,M.Ed.,M.A(His).,M.Phil.,M.A.,(Psy).,Ph.D.,TNSET

Title -Contemporary India and Education
Sub Code- BD1CE
Credit -5
Total Mark -100
Internal Mark – 30
External Mark - 70
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Title Page
S.No Sub-Title Page
Number
1 Education – meaning, definitions, nature, functions and aims;
nature of education as a discipline
5
2 Type of Education 27
3 Level of Education 58
4 Indian Constitution – Education 74
5 RTE – Right to Education 104
6 inclusion; Education in the concurrent list and its implications. 135
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MEANING, NATURE AND
AIMS OF EDUCATION

EDUCATION
Education is a systematic process through which a child or an adult
acquires knowledge, experience, skill and sound attitude. It makes an
individual civilized, refined, cultured and educated. For a civilized and
socialized society, education is the only means. Its goal is to make an
individual perfect. Every society gives importance to education because it is
a universal remedy for all evils. It is the key to solve the various problems of
life.
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EDUCATION
Education has been described as a process of waking up to life:
❖Waking up to life and its mysteries, its solvable problems and the ways to solve the
problems and celebrate the mysteries of life.
❖ Waking up to the inter-dependencies of all things, to the threat to our global
village, to the power within the human race to create alternatives, to the
obstacles entrenched in economic, social and political structures that prevent our
waking up.
– Education in the broadest sense of the term is meant to aid the human being in
his/her pursuit of wholeness. Wholeness implies the harmonious development of all
the potentialities God has given to a human person.
– True education is the harmonious development of the physical, mental, moral
(spiritual), and social faculties, the four dimensions of life, for a life of dedicated
service.
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MEANING OF EDUCATION
The word ‘Education’ has been derived from different Latin
words.
a) ‘educare’ which means ‘to bring out’ or ‘to nourish’.
b) ‘educere’ which means ‘to lead out’ or ‘to draw out’.
c) ‘educatum’ which means ‘act of teaching’ or ‘training’.
d) ‘educatus’ which means ‘to bring up, rear, educate’.
e) ‘ēducātiō’ which means “a breeding, a bringing up,
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EDUCATION - DEFINITIONS
Different educationists’ thoughts from both Eastern and Western side have
explained the term ‘education’ according to the need of the hour. Various
educationists have given their views on education. Some important definitions
are:
1. Mahatma Gandhi – “By education I mean an all-round drawing out of the
best in man – body, mind and spirit.”
2. Rabindranath Tagore – “Education enables the mind to find out the
ultimate truth, which gives us the wealth of inner light and love and gives
significance to life.”
3. Dr. Zakir Husain – “Education is the process of the individual mind,
getting to its full possible development.”
4. Swami Vivekananda – “Education is the manifestation of divine
perfection already existing in man.”
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. Aristotle – “Education is the creation of sound mind in a sound body.”
Rousseau – “Education is the child’s development from within.”
Herbert Spencer– “Education is complete living.”
Plato – “Education is the capacity to feel pleasure and pain at the right
moment.”
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Froebel -“Education is enfoldment of what is already enfolded in the germ.”
T.P. Nunn – “Education is the complete development of the individuality of
the child.”
John Dewey – “Education is the process of living through a continuous
reconstruction of experiences.”
Indira Gandhi – “Education is a liberating force and in our age it is also a
democratizing force, cutting across the barriers of caste and class,
smoothing out inequalities imposed by birth and other circumstances.”
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NATURE OF EDUCATION
Education is a life-long process- Education is a continuous and lifelong
process. It starts from the womb of the mother and continues till death. It is
the process of development from infancy to maturity. It includes the effect of
everything which influences human personality.
Education is a systematic process- It refers to perform its activities through a
systematic institution and regulation.
Education is development of individual and the society- It is called a force for
social development, which brings improvement in every aspect in the
society.
As is the meaning of education, so is its nature. It is very complex. Let
us now discuss the nature of education:
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NATURE OF EDUCATION
Education is modification of behaviour- Human behaviour is modified and
improved through educational process.
Education is purposive: every individual has some goal in his life. Education
contributes in attainment of that goal. There is a definite purpose underlined
all educational activities.
Education is a training- Human senses, mind, behaviour, activities; skills are
trained in a constructive and socially desirable way.
Education is instruction and direction- It directs and instructs an individual to
fulfill his desires and needs for happiness of his whole personality.
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NATURE OF EDUCATION
Education is life- Life without education is meaningless and like the life of a
beast. Every aspect and incident needs education for its sound
development.
Education is continuous reconstruction of our experiences- As per the
definition of John Dewey education reconstructs and remodels our
experiences towards socially desirable way.
Education helps in individual adjustment: a man is a social being. If he is
not able to adjust himself in different aspects of life his personality can’t
remain balanced. Through the medium of education he learns to adjust
himself with the friends, class fellows, parents, relations, neighbors.
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NATURE OF EDUCATION
Education is a dynamic process: Education is not a static but a dynamic
process which develops the child according to changing situations and
times. It always induces the individual towards progress. It reconstructs the
society according to the changing needs of the time and place of the society.
Education is a three dimensional process: John Dewey has rightly
remarked, “All educations proceeds by participation of the individual in the
social consciousness of the race.” Thus it is the society which will determine
the aims, contents and methods of teachings. In this way the process of
education consists of 3 poles – the teacher, the child and the society.
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NATURE OF EDUCATION
Education is balanced development: Education is concerned with the
development of all faculties of the child. it performs the functions of the
physical, mental, moral, economic, spiritual development of the individual.
Education is a bipolar process: According to Adams, education is a bipolar
process in which one personality acts on another to modify the development
of other person..
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NATURE OF EDUCATION
.
Education as growth: The end of growth is more growth and the end of
education is more education. According to John Dewey, “an individual is a
changing and growing personality.” The purpose of education is to facilitate
the process of his/her growth.
. Therefore, the role of education is countless for a perfect society and man.
It is necessary for every society and nation to bring holistic happiness and
prosperity to its individuals.
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AIMS OF EDUCATION
Aims give direction to activities. Aims of education are formulated keeping in
view the needs of situation. Human nature is multisided with multiple needs,
which are related to life. Educational aims are correlated to ideals of life.
The goal of education should be the full flowering of the human on this
earth. According to a UNESCO study, “the physical, intellectual, emotional
and ethical integration of the individual into a complete man/woman is the
fundamental aim of education.”
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AIMS OF EDUCATION
The goal of education is also to form children into human persons committed
to work for the creation of human communities of fellowship, freedom,
justice and harmony. Students are to be mold only by making them
experience the significance of these values in the school itself. Teachers
could achieve this only by the lived example of their lives manifested in
hundreds of small and big transactions with students in word and deed.
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INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIAL AIMS:
EDUCATION
Individual aims and social aims are the most important aims of education.
They are opposed to each other individual aims gives importance for the
development of the individuality. Social aim gives importance to the
development of society through individual not fulfilling his desire. But it will
be seen that development of individuality assumes meaning only in a social
environment.
Individual Aims – Sir Percy Nunn observes, “Nothing goods enters into the
human world except in and through the free activities of individual men and
women and that educational practice must be shaped the individual.
Education should give scope to develop the inborn potentialities through
maximum freedom.”
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INDIVIDUAL AIM: EDUCATION
Biologists believe that every individual is different from others. Every child is
a new and unique product and a new experiment with life.
“Education is for the individual”. Individual should be the centre of all
educational efforts and activities.
Naturalists believe that central aim of education is the autonomous
development of the individual.
Rousseau said, “Everything is good as it comes from the hands of the
Author of Nature, but everything degenerates in the hands of man.”
God makes all things good, man meddles with them and they become evil.
God creates everything good man makes it evil. So individual should be
given maximum freedom for its own development.
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INDIVIDUAL AIM: EDUCATION
Psychologists believe that education is an individual process because of
individual differences. No two individuals are alike. So education should be
according to the interest of the individual
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CRITICISM OF INDIVIDUAL AIM:
Individual aim is not desirable because man is a social animal. Society’s
interest should be protected.
(1) Individual aim makes individual selfish.
(2) Maximum freedom may go against the society.
(3) Individuality cannot develop from a vacuum; it develops in a social
atmosphere.
(4) Unless society develops, individual cannot develop.
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Social Aim
The supporters believe that society or state is supreme or real. The
individual is only a means. The progress of the society is the aim of
education. Education is for the society and of the society. The function of
education is for the welfare of the state. The state will make the individual as
it desires. It prepares the individual to play different roles in society.
Individuality has no value, and personality is meaningless apart from society.
If society will develop individual will develop automatically. Here society
plays an important role.
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Criticism of Social Aim
(1) It makes individual only a tool of government.
(2) It reduces individual to a mere non-entity.
(3) Society ignores the valid needs, desires and interests of the individual.
(4) It is against the development of individuality of the individual
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MEANING, NATURE AND AIMS
OF EDUCATION
MEANING OF EDUCATION
EDUCATION - DEFINITIONS.
NATURE OF EDUCATION
AIMS OF EDUCATION
INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIAL AIMS
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FORMAL EDUCATION
• Formal Education is planned, organized and
structured form of learning, imparted in
educational institutions like School, College or
University in order to modify the behavior of an
individual
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FORMAL EDUCATION
• MEANING – Formal education is the education
that occurs within an organized and structured
context. It is usually located in institutions
dedicated to education or training, structured
via learning objectives or learning strategies,
facilitated by a teacher or trainer, planned on
the part of the learner and leads to certification.
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FORMAL EDUCATION
• Formal education or formal learning usually takes
place in the premises of the school, where a person may
learn basic, academic, or trade skills. Small children often
attend a nursery or kindergarten but often formal
education begins in elementary school and continues
with secondary school.
• Post-secondary education (or higher education) is usually
at a college or university which may grant an academic
degree. It is associated with a specific or stage and is
provided under a certain set of rules and regulations.
• The formal education is given by specially qualified
teachers they are supposed to be efficient in the art of
instruction. It also observes strict discipline. The
student and the teacher both are aware of the facts and
engage themselves in the process of education.
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FORMAL EDUCATION
Examples of Formal Education
• Learning in a classroom
• School grading/certification, college, and
university degrees
• Planned education of different subjects having a
proper syllabus acquired by attending the
institution
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CHARACTERISTICS
FORMAL EDUCATION
• Formal education is structured
hierarchically( lowest to the highest).
• It is planned and deliberate.
• Scheduled fees are paid regularly.
• It has a chronological grading system.
• It has a syllabus and subject-oriented. The
syllabus has to be covered within a specific time
period.
• The child is taught by the teachers
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Advantages of Formal
education:
• An organized educational model and up to date
course contents.
• Students acquire knowledge from trained and
professional teachers.
• Structured and systematic learning process.
• Intermediate and final assessments are ensured to
advance students to the next learning phase.
• Institutions are managerially and physically
organized.
• Leads to a formally recognized certificate.
• Easy access to jobs
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Disadvantages of Formal
education:
:
• Sometimes, brilliant students are bored due to the long
wait for the expiry of the academic session to promote to
the next stage
• Chance of bad habits’ adoption may be alarming due to
the presence of both good and bad students in the
classroom
• Wastage of time as some lazy students may fail to learn
properly in spite of motivation by the professional trainers.
• Some unprofessional and non-standard education system
may cause the wastage of time and money of the
students which leads to the disappointment from formal
education and argue them to go for non-formal education.
• Costly and rigid education as compare to other forms of
learning
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INFORMAL EDUCATION
• Learning that goes on in daily life and can be
received through daily experiences, such as
from family, peer group, the media and other
influences in a person’s environment.
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INFORMAL EDUCATION-
MEANING
• Informal education covers a vast array of learning that all people take part in, in their
lives every day.
• It covers activities like individual and personal research on a subject or interests
for themselves by using books, libraries, informal trainers, the internet or other
resources.
• Informal education also includes aspects whereby the individuals seek or want to
learn a specific skill. But informal education means also learning things without the
learner realizing that he learned it.
• This can be any kind of information that the learner picked up from the television,
radio, conversations with friends and/or family.
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Examples of Informal Education
• Teaching the child some basics such as numeric
characters.
• Someone learning his/her mother tongue
• A spontaneous type of learning, “if a person
standing in a bank learns about opening and
maintaining the account at the bank from
someone.”
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Characteristics of Informal Education
• It is independent of boundary walls.
• It has no definite syllabus.
• It is not pre-planned and has no timetable.
• No fees are required as we get informal education
through daily experience and by learning new things.
• It is a lifelong process in a natural way.
• The certificates/degrees are not involved and one has
no stress for learning the new things.
• You can get from any source such as media, life
experiences, friends, family etc.
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Advantages of Informal
Education
• More naturally learning process as you can learn at anywhere and
at any time from your daily experience.
• It involves activities like individual and personal research on a topic
of interest for themselves by utilizing books, libraries, social media,
internet or getting assistance from informal trainers.
• Utilizes a variety of techniques.
• No specific time span.
• Less costly and time-efficient learning process.
• No need to hire experts as most of the professionals may be willing
to share their precious knowledge with students/public through
social media and the internet.
• Learners can be picked up the requisite information from books,
TV, radio or conversations with their friends/family members.
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Disadvantages of Informal
Education
• Information acquired from the internet, social media,
TV, radio or conversations with friends/family
members may lead to the disinformation.
• Utilized techniques may not be appropriate.
• No proper schedule/time span.
• Unpredictable results which simply the wastage of
time.
• Lack of confidence in the learner.
• Absence of discipline, attitude and good habits
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Non-formal Education
• Non-formal education includes adult basic
education, adult literacy education or school
equivalency preparation.
• Home education, individualized instruction (such as
programmed learning), distance learning and
computer-assisted instruction are other possibilities.
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• Non-formal education includes adult basic
education, adult literacy education or school
equivalency preparation..
• Non-formal education is imparted consciously and
deliberately and systematically implemented. It
should be organized for a homogeneous group. Non-
formal, education should be programmed to serve
the needs of the identified group. This will
necessitate flexibility in the design of the curriculum
and the scheme of evaluation.
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• Boy Scouts and Girls Guides develop some sports
program such as swimming comes under nonformal
education.
• Fitness programs.
• Community-based adult education courses.
• Free courses for adult education developed by some
organization.
Examples of
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• The non-formal education is planned and takes place
apart from the school system.
• The timetable and syllabus can be adjustable.
• Unlike theoretical formal education, it is practical and
vocational education.
• Nonformal education has no age limit.
• Fees or certificates may or may not be necessary.
• It may be full time or part-time learning and one can earn
and learn together.
• It involves learning of professional skills.
Characteristics of Non-formal
Education
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• Practiced and vocational training.
• Naturally growing minds that do not wait for the system to amend.
• Literacy with skillfulness growth in which self-learning is
appreciated.
• Flexibility in age, curriculum and time.
• Open-ended educational system in which both the public and
private sector are involved in the process.
• No need to conduct regular exams.
• Diploma, certificates, and award are not essential to be awarded.
Advantages of Non-formal Education
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• Attendance of participants is unsteady.
• Sometimes, it’s just wastage of time as there is no need to
conduct the exam on regular basis and no degree/diploma is
awarded at the end of the training session.
• Basic reading and writing skills are crucial to learn.
• No professional and trained teachers.
• Students may not enjoy full confidence as the regular
students enjoy.
• Some institutes provide fake certification through online
courses just for the sake of earning.
Disadvantages of Non-formal
Education
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Criteria of
Analysis
Formal Education Informal Education Non-Formal Education
Definition Formal education is a
methodical and
composed training
model that organized
and controlled by a
given arrangement of
laws and standards,
exhibiting a somewhat
inflexible educational
programs as respects
goals, content and
procedure.
Casual or informal education
is different from formal
training and especially from
non-formal training, despite
the fact that in specific cases
it is equipped for keeping up
a cozy association with both.
Informal instruction does not
really incorporate the
destinations and subjects for
the most part included by the
customary educational
program.
Non-formal education
qualities are discovered
when the received
methodology does not
require learner
participation, diminishing
the contacts among
instructor and learner and
most exercises happen
outside the school, for
example, home reading
and desk work.
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Instances Acquiring proper
knowledge from
educational institutions
like school, college &
university.
Students discussion, learning
outside the classroom, use of
DVD having educational
lectures & TV shows.
Non-credit adult
educational programs,
sports programs
planned by community
association, online
courses.
Course
contents
Properly organize
information based on
facts.
Multidisciplinary field
information.
Particular knowledge
of specific domain.
Type of
activities
Formal activities Routine training
Calming activities
Non-formal activities
(outside the school,
classroom and after
getting jobs)
Criteria of
Analysis
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Criteria of
Analysis
Outcome Positive and projected Positive or negative and
non-projected
Positive and projected
Source of
acquiring
knowledge
Schools, colleges,
universities and other
educational institutions
Internet, Social Media,
electronic/print media,
group discussion amongst
friends/family members
Outside the educational
institution
Way of
acquiring
knowledge
Direct Individual, implicit Direct
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Criteria of
Analysis
Advantages Organized, structured and
systemic learning process
end with recognized
certificate which leads to
access a reasonable job.
Naturally learning process as
you learn from daily
experience, less costly and
time proficient, no need to
hire experts, learn from
social media, electronic &
print media, internet and
other sources.
Practiced and
vocational trainings,
Literacy with
skillfulness growth,
flexibility in age,
curriculum and time,
no regular exams.
Disadvantages Costly and rigid
education, long academic
session, adoption of bad
habits during study hours,
unprofessional trainers
may cause the wastage of
time and money as well.
Unreliable sources of
information, no proper time
schedule, inappropriate
techniques, unpredictable
results, absence of
confidence and discipline in
learner.
Non-regular turnout of
learners, no regular
exam so no
degree/certificate is
awarded at the end of a
training session which
is just undue
consumption of
precious time.
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LEVELS OF EDUCATION
• Education in India follows a uniform structure of
school education which is known as the 10+2system.
• This system is being followed by all Indian States
and Union Territories.
• But not all of them follow a distinct pattern as per
the system.
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Pre Primary Stage
• Pre primary education in India is provided to children
between 3–6 years
• by Kindergarten, Play way or Play Schools. These
schools have varying terminology for
• different levels of classes, beginning from – Pre-
Nursery, Nursery, KG, LKG (Lower Kindergarten)
and UKG (Upper Kindergarten). Most of the pre-
primary education in India is
• provided by private schools.
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The Primary Stage
• Primary education in India offered by both private
and government schools usually consist of students
aged between 5 to 12 years
• The duration of study in this stage is 4-5 years.
• Common subjects include English, Hindi,
Mathematics, Environmental Science and General
Knowledge.
• The Government has made elementary education
compulsory for children between the age group of
years 6 and 14.
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The Middle Stage
• Middle stage of education covering 3-4 years of
academic study is formed by 5th-8thclass
consisting of students aged between 12 to 14
years.
• The schools which impart education up till 8th class
are known with various names like – High School,
Senior School.
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The Secondary Stage
• Secondary Stage of education covering 2-3 years of
academic study starts with classes 8th-10th.
consisting of students aged between 14-16
years.
• The schools which impart education up till 10th class
are known as Secondary Schools, High Schools,
Senior Schools
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Senior Secondary Stage
• Senior Secondary Education in India is of only 2
years. There is uniformity on this level of education
in terms of duration and classes i.e. all the
States/UTs follow
• this 10+2 pattern. Senior Secondary Schools in India
include classes 11th to 12th. Consisting students
aged between 16-18 years.
• At this level of education students have the freedom
to choose their preferred stream and subjects
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Senior Secondary Stage
• They can pursue Arts, Commerce, Science (medical
& non medical).
• The schools which provide education up till 12th
class are commonly known as Senior Secondary
Schools or Higher Secondary Schools. Some
universities and colleges also offer the education of
these classes
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Undergraduate Stage
• Undergraduate education in India is of 3-4 years.
Undergraduate stage of education is also known as
higher education in India.
• Students studying in this level, generally begin their
education from 18 onwards. As per one estimate
88% of undergraduate education is provided by
Colleges in India.
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Undergraduate Stage
• Majority of the undergraduate courses of 3 years
duration belong to field of arts, humanities, science
etc. and majority of 4 years of duration belong to the
field of
• agriculture, engineering, pharmaceutical sciences
technology. However, there are courses belonging to
fields of architecture, law and medicine whose
duration is 5 years
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Postgraduate Stage
• Postgraduate education in India is of 2-3 years.
Postgraduate stages of courses are known as
Masters courses or Doctorate courses.
• Masters course are usually of 2 years duration and
doctorate (research) courses are of 3 years duration.
Also referred as higher education, 56% of post-
graduate education is imparted through colleges
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Postgraduate Stage
• PG education in India is largely provided by
universities in India. PG education provide largely to
a specific field or sub field of any preferred discipline.
Thus, one can specialize in any of preferred subjects
at this level.
• Those who are interested in conducting large
amount of research work pursue these courses.
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School Education: Primary,
Secondary and Higher
Secondary education:
• In the Indian system, higher education includes the
education imparted after the 10+2 stage - ten years
of primary and secondary education followed by two
years of higher secondary education.
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Higher Secondary Education:
Under-Graduate/ Bachelor’s
level education
• The undergraduate course i.e. the Bachelor's degree
is obtained after three years of study in the case of
arts, science and commerce.
• However, undergraduate courses leading to a first
degree (bachelor’s degree) in professional subjects
like Engineering, Medicine and Pharmacy are of a
longer duration ranging from four to five and a half
years. Most of the engineering courses are for a
duration of four years, while the medical courses are
for a duration of about five and a half years.
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Post-Graduate/Master’s level
education
• Post-graduate courses in Arts, Science, Commerce,
Engineering and Medicine are usually of two years
duration, leading to award of Master’s degrees.
• Master’s program can be pursued only after
completion of a bachelor’s degree e.g. M.Tech, MD,
MS and MDS programs take 2 years to complete
after B.Tech and MBBS/BDS respectively.
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Doctoral studies/ Ph.D level
education:
• M.Phil. Program is of one and-half year duration. It is a
preparatory program for doctoral level studies. Ph.D
program is for 2 years and can take several years while
D.Sc. and D.Litt. are awarded by some universities after
Ph.D for original contributions.
• Doctoral courses like M Phil and Ph.D are available only
at the university colleges.
• These courses involve research work under a
chosen/allotted guide, leading to thesis submission and
viva-voce. Successful completion of Ph.D. course
designates the title of 'Doctor' to the individual.
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**Article 45** – **குழந்தைகள் கற்கக்கூடிய வயது வதை கல்வி**
- மாநிலம், குழந்தைகள் 6 முைல் 14 வயது வதை கட்டாயமான
இலவச கல்விதய வழங்க வவண்டும்.

Protection of RTE Act
• Act assigns NCPCR/SCPCR additional
functions. Examine and review safeguards for
rights under this Act, recommend measures for
effective implementation. Inquire into
complaints relating to child’s right to free and
compulsory education. NCPCR/SCPCR have
powers assigned under Section14 and 24 of the
Commissions for Protection of Child Rights Act.
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• NCPCR -National Commission for Protection of
Child Rights
• SCPCR -State Commission for the Protection of
Child Rights
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Definitions
• Section 2
• i) Govt. Schools
• ii) Aided schools
• iii) School belonging to specified categories:
(Kendriya Vidyalaya, Navodaya Vidyalaya,
Sainik School etc.)
• iv) Unaided schools
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• Sec. 2
• (d) “Child belonging to disadvantaged group”
• 2(e) “Child belonging to weaker section”
• 2 (f) “Elementary Education”
• 2 (h) “Local Authority”
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Sec. 3
• Right of child to free and compulsory education in
a neighborhood school till completion of elementary
education. “Compulsory education means
obligation of the state to provide free elementary
education to every child of the age 6-14 years”
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Sec. 4
• Special provisions for children not admitted to, or who
have not completed, elementary education. Such
children are to be directly admitted in a class
appropriate to his or her age and in order to be at par
with others, have a right to receive special training and
shall be entitled to free education till completion of
elementary education even after 14 years.
CCE -RM 113

CONCURRENT STATUS
OF EDUCATION

CONCURRENT STATUS OF
EDUCATION
• The Constitution of India offers educational
functions at three stages
• Central or union list
• State list
• Concurrent list
CCE -RM 135

EDUCATION
• Until 1976, education was a state subject with
some provisions at the central level. The 42nd
amendment, 1976, was a about major and
important changes to the Indian constitution. It
also affected the status of education by putting
it on the concurrent list.
• Making education a concurrent subject ensures
that both the centre and state can legislate on
any aspect of education from primary to the
university level.
CCE -RM 136

EDUCATION
• In case of any dispute, legislation formed by the
central government will have principal authority.
By having education in the concurrent list,
centre can implement directly any policy
decisions in the states.
• So, concurrent status of education means that
there is a partnership between State
government and central government when it
comes to Education policy making and
implementation. This is a meaningful and yet a
challenging task to accomplish.
CCE -RM 137

Status of Education Under three
lists
• Central/Union List
• This list comprises of objects of great national
interest. The Center has exclusive authority to
legislate for the items of this list.
• Entry 65
• Research centers for special studies
• Scientific or technical assistance in the investigation
of detection of crime.
• Training of police officers, professionals, vocational
or technical training
CCE -RM 138

• Entry 66
• Coordination and determination of standards in
institutions for higher education or research and
scientific and technical institutions.
• Establishment of university grant commission
(UGC).
• .
CCE -RM 139

State List or Directive
Principles of State Policy
• The state list contains items relate to local
interests, aims and objectives. The States have
the right to legislate items on this List according
to local preferences and objectives
CCE -RM 140

State List or Directive Principles
of State Policy
• The Directive Principles of State Policy can be
defined as guidelines to be followed in the
governance of the country by the government.
These values assist in providing policymakers and
government officials with guidance and instructions
to bear in mind when implementing policies. Some
of the principles are in the form of social and
economic rights
CCE -RM 141

Education on the Concurrent
list
• Concurrent list encompasses items of concerns of both
the centre and the states. Both will legislate for items in
the concurrent List. Education is part of the concurrent
List. This means policies related to education are
legislated by central and state governments in the form
of a meaningful partnership.
CCE -RM 142

A Uniformity in Education
Policy:
• Education System and its pattern should be the
same across all of India. This could only be
possible when education is made a concurrent
subject. This ensures that the structure of
education does not vary from state to state.
CCE -RM 144

Improvement in Standards
• As a result of education is a concurrent subject,
research will advance throughout the nation.
Due to this research studies are going to be
utilized better at both state and national level.
CCE -RM 145

Education for emotional
Integration:
• Education is the key force for the production of emotional
integration between all of the country. Educational
curriculum, strategies, goals, and priorities, etc. can include
guidelines to both teachers and learners so that they can use
them towards the purpose of emotional integration of the
nation as a whole
CCE -RM 146

For better Discipline:
• Central government has the power to overrule the
decisions of state governments in case of
disagreements. This power is given to central for
maintaining better discipline when it comes to
maintaining standards of education and better
emotional integration throughout the country.
CCE -RM 147

Proper and better utilization of
funds:
• The state receives funding from the center for
education but sometimes they spend it elsewhere,
as has been noted. The center must have a say in
its use when the funds are distributed by the central
government for the betterment of schools and the
education infrastructure of states
CCE -RM 148

Quality Leadership from Central
Government:
• Sometimes central government is able to
provide quality leadership in the form of
direction and supervision when it comes to the
matters of education
CCE -RM 149

Better implementation of
education policies:
• Better implementation of policies related to
education means the better implementation of
education policies in a systematic way for better
results. If education is on the concurrent list, the
center will ensure that state governments are
correctly implementing it.
CCE -RM 150

For creating equalitarian policies
• : Our constitution provides equal rights to each
and every citizen in the society. For achieving
equity and equality in society education must be
provided to all, as the constitution gives the
right to education to all.
CCE -RM 151

TNTEU B.Ed., Contemporary India and Education BD1CE- Unit 1.-EDUCATION IN CONTEMPORARY INDIA, CONSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT

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TNTEU B.Ed., Contemporary India and Education BD1CE- Unit 1.-EDUCATION IN CONTEMPORARY INDIA, CONSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT