tHEORETICAL FRAMEWORK.pptx

Theoretica
Th
l Framework
NELIA SANTOS BAÑAGA – PEREZ, RN, PhD,
DNS

By the end of the session the learner should be able
to:
1. Explain the concept of theoretical framework
2. Develop a theoretical framework in research
3. Describe the significance of a theoretical
framework in research.
4. Describe a conceptual framework
5. Distinguish between a theoretical framework and a
conceptual framework.
6. State the features of a conceptual framework.
Session objectives

Theories are formulated to explain, predict, and understand
phenomena and, in many cases,to challenge and extend
existing knowledge, within the limits of the critical bounding
assumptions.

1. A theoretical framework is a summary of the researcher’s
theory regarding a particular problem that is developed
through a review of previously tested knowledge of variables
involved. It identifies a plan for investigation and
interpretation of the findings.
2. It relates to philosophical basis on which the research takes
place and form the link between the theoretical aspects and
practical components of the investigation undertaken.
Therefore it’’ has implications for every decision made in the
research process’’(Mertens,1998,3)
What is a theoretical framework?

• Thetheoretical framework is the structure
that can hold or support atheory of a
research study. Thetheoretical framework
introduces and describes the theorywhich
explains why the research problem under
study exists.

What is a theoretical
framework?
● Theoretical framework can be considered as a
conceptual model that establishes a sense of
structure that guides the research process. It includes
the variables a researcher intends to measure and
relationships he/she seeks to understand.
Essentially, this is where a researcher develops a
“theory” and build his/her case for investigating that
theory.
● The theoretical framework is the researcher’s
presentation of a theory that explains a particular
problem and it is not based on his/her suspicions
alone.

Theoretical framework in a research report
● Theoretical framework is presented in the
second chapter of the research paper. t and
provides the rationale for conducting your
research to investigate a particular research
problem.
● It involves a well-supported rationale and is
organized in a manner that helps the reader
understand and asses the perspective of the
researcher.

Formulatingthe Theoretical Framework
Purpose:
•
•
• It helps the researcher see clearly the
variables of the study;
It can provide him with a general framework
for data analysis;
It is essential in preparing a research proposal
using descriptive and experimental methods.
J199 lecture, R.E.Khan

Thetheory provides apoint of focus
for attacking the unknown in a
specific area.
If arelationship is found betweentwo
or more variables atheory shouldbe
formulated to explain why the
relationship exists.

Importance of Theory
Atheoretical framework consists of
concepts, together with their definitions, and
existing theory/theories that are used foryour
particular study.
Thetheoretical framework must
demonstrate an understanding of theories and
concepts that are relevant to the topic of your
research paper and that will relate it to the
broader fields ofknowledge in the classyou are
taking.
http://libguides.usc.edu/content.php?pid=83009&sid=618409

Importance of Theory
Thetheoretical framework isnot somethingthat isfound
readilyavailable in the literature. Youmust review course
readings and pertinent research literature for theories and
analytic models that are relevant to the research problem you
are investigating. Theselection of atheory should depend onits
appropriateness, easeof application, and explanatorypower.
Thetheoretical framework strengthensthe studyin the
followingways.
An explicit statement of theoretical assumptions permits the
reader to evaluate them critically. to act in more informed and
effective ways.

Thetheoretical framework strengthens
the studyin the following ways.
•
•
• Anexplicit statement of theoretical assumptions permitsthe
reader to evaluate themcritically.
Thetheoretical framework connects the researcher to
existing knowledge. Guided by arelevant theory, youare
given abasisfor your hypotheses and choice of research
methods.
Articulating the theoretical assumptions of aresearch study
forces you to address questions of why and how. It permits
you to move from simply describing aphenomenon
observed.

Thetheoretical framework strengthens the
studyin the following ways.
•
•
Having atheory helps you to identify the limits to those generalizations.
Atheoretical framework specifies which key variables influence a
phenomenon of interest. It alerts you to examine how those key
variables might differ and underwhat circumstances.
Byvirtue of its application nature, good theory in the social sciences is
of value precisely because it fulfills one primary purpose: to explain the
meaning, nature, and challenges of a phenomenon, often experienced
but unexplained in the world in which we live, sothat we may usethat
knowledge and understanding

Significance of a theoretical framework
● It helps the researcher to consider other possible
frameworks and to reduce biases that may sway
the researcher’s interpretation.
● It clarifies researcher’s implicit theory in a manner
that is more clearly defined.

● It demonstrates that the relationships proposed by
the researcher are not based on his/her personal
instincts or guesses, but rather formed from facts
obtained from authors of previous research.
● The theoretical framework allows a researcher to
present the research problem in light of summary of
the literature.

● It shows the reader why the researcher thinks that
the variables involved are related and the inclusion
of previous research and theories that support
researcher’s belief are essential to defending the
rationale.
● It determines how the researcher perceives, make
sense of, and interpret his/her data. Explanation of
theoretical framework helps the reader understand
the researchers' perspective and context.

Placement of atheory inquanti research only
General guide:
• Introduce the theory early in the study:
• In the intro, in the review of lit,
• Immediately after the hypotheses orresearch ?s
(asarationale for the connection among the
variables)
• Or asaseparate section of the study (ideal so
that researcher canclearly identify the theoryvis-
à-vis the study)
Source:LEONARDOR.ESTACIOJR,MPH,PHD

When developing a theoretical framework:
● The researcher start by describing what is
known about the variables involved, what is
known about their relationship, and what can
be explained thus far.
● One need to to investigate other researchers’
theories behind these relationships and
identify a theory (or a combination of theories)
that explain his/her major research problem.

When developing a theoretical framework: (cont’d)
● The researcher need to consider alternative theories that
might challenge his/her perspective.
● One also considers the limitations associated with his/her
theory and quite possibly that problem could be better
understood by other theoretical frameworks.

Quanti Theory Perspectives(Cresswell,
2009:59)
“The theory that I will use is (name of theory). Itwas
developed by (identify the origin, source or
developer of the theory), and itwasused to study
(identify the topics where one finds the theory being
applied). Thistheory indicates that (id the
propositions of hypotheses in the theory). Asapplied
to my study, this theory holds that I would expect my
independent variable/s (state independent
variables) to influence or explain the dependent
variable/s (state dependentvariables) because
(provide arationale based on the logic of thetheory)
Source:EONARDOR.ESTACIOJR,MPH,PHD

ADMINISTRATIVE
CAPABILITY AND
PERFORMANCE OF
LOCAL GOVERNMENT
UNITS IN THE
CORDILLERAS
ROGELIOD. MERCADO,DPA
Thisinvestigation substantially depended on the
capability approach originally developed by Sen(1993).
Thecapability approach, according to Robeyns (2003) is a
broad normative framework for the evaluation of
individual well- being and social arrangements, the design
of policies and proposals about social change in society.
Sheclaimed the capability approach is used in awide
range of fields, most prominently in development
thinking, welfare economics, social policy and political
philosophy. It canbe used to evaluate awide variety of
aspects of people’s well-being, suchasindividual well-
being, inequality and poverty. It can also be used asan
alternative evaluative tool for social cost-benefit analysis,
or to design and evaluate policies, ranging from welfare
state design in affluent societies, to development policies
by governments and non-governmental organisations
(NGOs)in developing countries.

ADMINISTRATIVE
CAPABILITY AND
PERFORMANCE OF
LOCAL GOVERNMENT
UNITS IN THE
CORDILLERAS
ROGELIOD. MERCADO,DPA
This inquiry also relied on the
Theory of Organizational Performance
Management. Davis (2013) held that
performance management is a set of
techniques used to measure success
in meeting goals of an organization.
Performance management can be
used to evaluate specific processes
and systems, the performance of
departments or the performance of
individual employees. The theory of
organizational performance
management, known as OPM, applies
this approach to an organization as a
whole, assessing progress toward
goals and identifying and adjusting
factors which hinder progress.

collective theory was first proposed as
asolution to the problem offree- riding
in collective action byMancur Olson's
seminal work, entitled “The Logicof
Collective Action” in1965.
Heis credited with initiating a paradigm
shift in the study of the challenges
facing collective action. Olson argues
that group benefits that are difficult or
impossible to exclude allow individuals
to access these benefits, even though
they have not contributed their
proportional or appropriate shareof
the resources needed to supply the
benefits
Management Performance of Pangasinan
Credit Cooperatives in the Context of
Collective Action and GoodGovernance
Edwin BR.Gbargaye, DPA

The governancetheory has a bearing to the present
study. Originally, it was in
Britain when corporate governance entered the
mainstream through the publication of the
Watershed Cadbury Committee Report in 1992. .
The term “governance” is used in a variety of ways and a
variety of meanings (Rhode, 1996 and Stoker 1997).
There is however, a baseline agreement that the
development of governance styles in which boundaries
between and within government and public sectors have
become blurred. The essence of “governance” is its
focus on governing mechanisms does not rest on option
to the authority and sanctions of the government. The
“governance” concept points to a creation of a structure
or an order which cannot be externally imposed but as a
result of the interaction of the multiplicity of governing
and each other influencing actors (Kooiman and Van
Vliet, 1993).
Management Performance of Pangasinan
Credit Cooperatives in the Context of
Collective Action and GoodGovernance
Edwin BR.Gbargaye, DPA

The theory that the researcher
will use in this study organizational
theory, performance theory and
Theory of Service Delivery.
Organizational
theory is being used in
this study to relate
performance of PNP
based on their
organizational structure,
financial resources,
human resources,
equipment; and facilities.
Theprovision of services
provided by the membersof
the Women and Children
Protection Deskof the
Philippine National Police
Cordillera Administrative
Region (WCPD,PNP-CAR).
Melyrita A. Davis, DPA

Another theory which has a bearing
to this study is the theory of performance.
(Chandler:
Accordingly,
organization in misfit fail to make
1962; Donaldson: 1987).
it is assumed that an
the
adaptive changes that would move them
into fit if they underwent a crisis of low
performance. This is consistent with Simon
boundedly rational that organizations
not maximize their performance
(1976) that management decisions are
do
but
satisfies. Managerial decision making is
problem solving that is activated when
organizational performance falls below
deemed to be satisfactory (i.e.satisficing).
Thus, low performance of an organization
that whose structure misfits, contingency
variables lead into a change in the
organizational structure to bring it into fit. In
addition high performance feedback can
increase the contingency variables.
Theprovision of services
provided by the members
of the Women andChildren
Protection Deskof the
Philippine National Police
Cordillera Administrative
Region(WCPD,PNP-CAR)
Melyrita A. Davis, DPA

The present study anchored on the
theories of Governance and New Public
Management (NPM). The decentralization
of agricultural extension programs from the
Department of Agriculture to the Local
Government Code revealed several issues
associated to policy, program, thrust,
organizational structure,human resources,
operation /implementation and fiscal
resources as a consequence associated
with the transition from centralized the
decentralized system. Thus, the devolution
of agricultural extension function required
local empowerment for self governance .
Thedelivery of
agricultural
extension services
by the local
Government Units in
Pangasinan
RogelioC.Evangelista,DPA

The management of internal control system of Millionaire
Multi-Purpose Cooperatives operating in
Region I.
Scientific
Management
Theory. Frederick
Winslow Taylor
(1856-1915), the
Father of Scientific
Management,
assumed that labor
is not the cause of
most problems in
business and it is
only the
management which
can provide solutions
to the problems of
the business.
Behavioral
Management
Theory. This theory
as stated by Robert
Owen, is that
management must
have concern on the
worker's condition
which affects the
quality and quantity
of his work. Mary
Parker Follett is the
psychologist who
first applied
psychology to busi
ness.
Contingency
Management
Theory. The
contingency theory
focuses on the
following: 1.) legal
aspects; 2.) cultural
considerations; and
3.) emerging field of
public administration.
This management
theory attempts to
explain the operation of
the system by
assessing the factors in
a given situation
Social
Management
Theory. This theory
considers the
system of
management as a
system of cultural
interrelationship. It is
also a social
interaction dealing
with other people, as
well as, cultural
relationships
Quantitative
Management Theory.
This theory expresses
mathematical models
and measurable data.
This emphasizes the
creation of models,
which state specific
assumptions, purposes
and necessity. The
quantitative
explanations of the
condition of
assumptions, purposes
and problems become
the foundation for
decisionmaking.
Agustin D. Cortez, Ph.D.

1. specifiesthe theory usedasbasisfor thestudy
2. mentions the proponents of thetheory
3. cites the main points emphasizedin thetheory
4. Supportshis exposition of the theory by ideasfrom other
experts;
5. illustrates his theoretical framework by meansof adiagram;
and,
6. reiterates his theoretical proposition in thestudy.
Basedon the foregoingexample

“THEORYOFSOCIALRESPONSIVENESS”
Thisinvestigation also revealed that socialresponsibility hasasignificant
perfect correlation with performance which suggeststhat the sense
of social responsibility of the LGUsis the most significant dimension
of administrative capability that influences their performance while
the lowest in significance is organization structure. Thisfinding not
only affirmed the inclusion of social responsibility asadimension of
administrative capability but also proved that social responsibility is
the most dominant dimension that affects performance. In effect, this
supports another contemplation that a“THEORYOFSOCIAL
RESPONSIVENESS”should be considered. Thistheory posits that as
long asan organization is fully committed to the prosecution of
socially desirable programs and services, no matter how high or flat
its structure is, its performance shall be highly regarded by the
people. For agovernment entity, this is the real essenceof
“Commitment to PublicInterest.”

Related
Literature
& Related
Studies
o Steps in conducting RRL/RRS
o Selecting reliable sources of data.
o Proper citation of literature.

Is composed of discussions of facts
and principles to which the present study
is related. For instance, if the present
study deals with drug addiction, literature
to be reviewed or surveyed should be
composed of materials that deal with
drug addiction.
RELATED
LITERATURE

These materials are usually printed
and found in
professional
books,
journals,
encyclopedias,
magazines,
newspapers, and otherpublications.
RELATED
LITERATURE

These materials are classifiedas
1.Local, if printed in the Philippines;
and
2. Foreign, if printed in other lands.
RELATED
LITERATURE

Studies, inquiries, or investigations
already conducted to which the present
proposed study is relate or has
some bearing or similarity.
They are usually
unpublished materials such as
manuscripts, theses, anddissertations.
RELATED
STUDIES

● They may be classifiedas:
1. Local, if the inquiry was conducted in the Philippines;and
2. Foreign, if conducted in foreign lands
RELATED
STUDIES

Importance, Purposes,
and Functions of
Related Literature
and Studies

A surveyor review of related
literature and studies is very important
because such reviewed
studies serve as a foundation of
literature and
the
proposed study.
Importance, Purposes, andFunctions of
Related Literature and Studies

Reviewed literature and studies
help or guide the researcher in the
following ways:

● 1.They help or guide the researcher in searching for or selecting
a better research problem or topic. By reviewing related
materials, a replication of a similar problem may be found better
than the problem already chosen. Replication is the study of
research problem already conducted but in another place.

2. They help the investigator understand
his topic for research better. Reviewing
related literature and studies may clarify
vague points about his problem.

3. They ensure that there will be no
duplication of other studies. There is
duplication if an investigation already
made is conducted again in the same
locale using practically the same
respondents. This is avoided if a survey of
related literature and studies be made
first.

4. They help and guide the researcher
in locating
information.
more sources of related
This is because the
bibliography of astudy alreadyconducted
indicate references aboutsimilar studies.

5.They help and guide the researcher in
making his research design especially in:
a.the formulation of specific questions to
be researchedon;
b.the formulation of assumptions and
hypotheses if there should be any;

c. the formulation of conceptual
framework;

d.the selection and application of the
methods of research;
e.the selection and application of
sampling techniques;

f.the selection and/or preparation and
validation of research instruments for
gathering data;
g.the selection and application of
statistical procedures;

h. The analysis, organization,
presentation, and interpretation of data;
i. The making of the summary of
implications for the whole study;
j. The formulation of the summary of findings,
conclusions, and
recommendation; and

6. They help and guide the researcher
in making comparison between his
findings of other researchers on similar
studies with the end in view of
formulating generalization or principles
which are the contributions of the study
to fund of knowledge.

Characteristics of
RelatedLiterature
and Studies

There are certain
characteristics of related
materials that make them of
true value. Among these
characteristicsare:

1. The surveyed materials must be as
recent as possible. This is important
because of the rapid social, economic,
scientific, and technological change.
Findings several years ago may be of little
value today because of the fast changing
life style of the people.
Characteristics of
Related Literature
andStudies

There are exception, however. Treatises that deal on
universals or things of more or less permanent nature
maybe
still be good
mathematical laws
today.
and
statistical procedures that had
There are
formulas and
been
formulated a long, long time ago which are being use
today with very, verylittle
improvement. This is
natural and physical
also true with laws.
Books on
these, though written a long time ago, are still being
citedtoday.

Another exception is when a
comparison or contrast is to be made
between the conditions of today and
those of a remote past, say ten or twenty
years ago. Naturally, literature and
studies about that remote past have to be
surveyed and reviewed.

2. Materials reviewed must be objective
and unbiased. Some materials are
extremely or subtly one sided, either
political, or religious, etc. Comparison
with these materials cannot be made
logically and validity. Distorted
generalizations mayresult.
Characteristics of
Related Literature
andStudies

3. Materials surveyed must be relevant
to the study. Only materials that have
some bearing or similarity to the
research problem at hand should be
reviewed.
Characteristics of
Related Literature
andStudies

4. Surveyed materials must have been
based upon genuinely original and true
facts or data to make them valid and
reliable. There are cases where fictitious
data are supplied just to complete a
research report (thesis or dissertation).
Of course, this kind of deception is hard
to detect and to prove. Thus, this is a real
problem tohonest researchers.
Characteristics of
Related Literature
andStudies

5. Reviewed materials must not be few
or too many. They must only be
sufficient enough to give insight into the
research problem or to indicate the
nature of the present investigation. The
may also depend upon the availability of
related materials.
Characteristics of
Related Literature
andStudies

Sometimes there is a paucity of such
materials. Ordinarily, form ten to fifteen
related materials re needed for a master`s
thesis and from fifteen to twenty-five for
a doctoral dissertation depending their
availability, as well as their depth and
length of discussions.

For an undergraduate thesis, from
five to
however,
ten may do. The numbers,
are only suggestive and not
imperative nor mandatory. These are only
the average numbers observed from
theses and dissertation surveyed by this
author.

Sources of
Related
Literature and
Studies

The sources of related literature
and studies may include the
following:

1. Book, encyclopedias, almanacs, and
other similarreferences.
2. Articles
journals,
published in professional
magazines, periodicals,
newspapers, and otherpublications.
Sources of Related
Literature and
Studies

3. Manuscripts, monographs,memoirs, speeches,letters, anddiaries.
4. Unpublished theses and dissertations.
5. The Constitution, and laws and statues of theland.
Sources of Related
Literature and
Studies

6. Bulletins, circulars, and orders
emanating from government offices and
departments, especially from the Office
of the President of the Philippines and the
Department of Education, Culture and
Sports.
Sources of Related
Literature and
Studies

7. Records
from
schools, public and
private,
especi
ally
report
s
of their
activities.
8. Reports from seminars educational
or otherwise.
Sources of Related
Literature and
Studies

9. Official reports of all kinds,
educational, social, economic, scientific,
technological, political, etc. from the
government and otherentities.
Sources of Related
Literature and
Studies

Where to Locate
the Sources of
RelatedLiterature
and Studies

Generally, the sources of related
literature and studies are located in the
following places:
Whereto LocatetheSources of
Related Literature andStudies

1.Libraries, either government,school, or
privatelibraries.
2. Government and privateoffices.
Whereto LocatetheSources of Related
Literature andStudies

3. TheNational Library
4. The Library of the Department of Education, Culture and
Sports.
Whereto LocatetheSources of Related
Literature andStudies

The last
depositories
two are especially rich
of related materials,
particularly unpublished master`s
theses and doctoral
dissertations.

More way to go, god bless to
us!

tHEORETICAL FRAMEWORK.pptx

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