This document discusses supercomputers, including their history, manufacturers, uses, and challenges. It notes that supercomputers can perform billions of calculations per second and are used for complex tasks in fields like weather prediction, research, and military simulations. The document outlines some of the first supercomputers developed in the 1960s and discusses how the current fastest supercomputer is the Tianhe-1A in China. It also briefly summarizes some of the operating systems and cooling challenges of supercomputers.

1. Super Computers

2. Abdul Rehman
BS(CS)
1st Semester

3.  Introduction
 History
 CARY-1
 Manufacturers
 Uses
 Supercomputer challenges
 Operating system of supercomputers
 Current fastest supercomputer system
 Conclusion

4.  A supercomputer is an extremely fast data-processing oriented
computer.
 Supercomputers are also called "high-performance computers"
because of their capability to execute the problem is in the
billions of floating point operations.
 Supercomputers are used to solve the complex computational
problems, and then process hundreds of billions of
calculations per second.
 Solve the complex commercial research laboratories and
military sciences experiments.

5.  Supercomputers were introduced in the 1960s and were
designed by Seymour Cray at Control Data Corporation
(CDC), which led the market into the 1970s until Cray left to
form his own company, Cray Research.
 He then took the supercomputer market with his new designs,
holding the top spot in supercomputing for five years (1985–
1990).
 Today, supercomputers are typically designs and produced by
traditional companies such as Cray, IBM.
 Since October 2010, the Tianhe-1A supercomputer has been
the fastest in the world and it is located in China.

7.  Aspen Systems
 SGI
 IBM
 Cray Research
 Compaq
 Hewlett-Packard
 Thinking Machines
 Cray Computer Corporation
 Control Data Corporation

9. • Supercomputers are used for large calculation-intensive tasks
such as problems involving quantum mechanical physics,
weather forecasting, climate research, molecular modeling,
physical simulations, Major universities, military agencies and
scientific research laboratories. It depend on and making the
use of supercomputers very heavily. Some Common Uses
more of Supercomputers in industry are as follow:
1)Predicting climate change
2)Testing nuclear weapons
3)Recreating the Big Bang
4) Forecasting hurricanes

10.  Predicting climate change:
The challenge of predicting global climate
is large. There are hundreds of variables, from the
reflectivity of the earth's surface(high for icy spots,
low for dark forests) to the change of weather ocean currents.
Dealing with these variables requires supercomputing
capabilities.
One model, created in 2008 at Brookhaven National Laboratory
in New York, mapped the aerosol particles and turbulence of
clouds to a resolution of 30 square feet.

11.  Testing nuclear weapons:
The Stockpile Stewardship program uses non-nuclear
lab tests and, yes, computer simulations to ensure that
the country's cache of nuclear weapons are functional
and safe. In 2012, IBM plans to unveil a new supercomputer,
Sequoia, at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in
California.
According to IBM, Sequoia will be a 20 petaflop machine,
meaning it will be capable of performing twenty thousand
trillion calculations each second.

12.  A supercomputer generates large amounts of heat and
therefore must be cooled with complex cooling systems.
 Another issue is the speed at which information can be
transferred or written to a storage device, as the speed of
data transfer will limit the supercomputer's performance.
 Supercomputers consume and produce massive amounts
of data in a very short period of time. Much work on
external storage bandwidth is needed to ensure that this
information can be transferred quickly and
stored/retrieved correctly.

13.  Most supercomputers run on a Linux or
Unix operating system, as these operating
systems are extremely flexible, stable, and
efficient. Supercomputers typically have
multiple processors and a variety of other
technological tricks to ensure that they run
smoothly.

14.  Tianhe-1A is ranked on the TOP500 list as the fastest
supercomputer. It consists of 14,336 Intel Xeon CPUs
and 7,168 Nvidia Tesla M2050 GPUs with a new
interconnect fabric of Chinese origin, reportedly
twice the speed of InfiniBand.Tianhe-1A spans 103
cabinets, weighs 155 tons, and consumes 4.04
megawatts of electricity.

15.  Tech giants IBM
 Hewlett-Packard (HP)
The top two vendors manufacturing a variety of supercomputer
systems to suit the requirements of sectors and businesses.
IBM's Blue Gene Supercomputer series has facilitated
breakthroughs in science, analytics and energy efficiency.
IBM's Roadrunner supercomputer is configured to function for
the current era of the Internet

16.  The technology represents a great leap forward in the history
of the computing.
 The new computer make addition use of the graphic
processing units
 The Tesla Personal Super computer doesn’t make
supercomputing clusters no longer produced but it’s a major
breakthrough for millions of researchers who can take
advantage computing power of this system.
 These Super computer can improve the time it take to process
information by 1000 times.