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"Start-up dynamics of TCP's Congestion Control and Avoidance Schemes"
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- 17. t r ™ ¦¨ ¤ ” ™” ¤ “ “ “– ¤ ” ™ ˜• ¢ r ™ 7›“y˜ ¦ ¤7w˜…h ¤y‚q‡’ ˜ Y Ÿšyw˜š˜š›˜—V‡yy‘ §› B¤¢8$‘˜‰’ X ¤ ™ yW §›AD§š” h )—¥ ¨ ˜“ ¤ ” ™ ™ “ ’ ™ ™ – • ¦ – • • ¦Ÿ • ’ “ % ¢ 0 ” ¢ ‡i7§’ W §š@›§‘§ $'—‡‘AS¤¤§§—§›B›™ §¥CÌU¥Ÿ # 0 @Uc8¤— # r $ ©“ • U! ˜ • ˜ ˜ h™ W ¤ ˜ ¨ ˜ • • ™ ¨Ÿ h ˜ ¤Ÿ ’ ˜ • ™ ¡ ˜ ™ Ÿ ™ “ “ ˜ ˜ ™ ˜ ¨ ¤›™ yBpš˜ iX ’ ¤f—›™ ¦ ‘ ¡ ›C4…§¨ ‡’ W ¥¤ W ’ x‡’ Y ̤›5§ƒ‘‡’ ¦ š˜ ’ š—wŸ ¦ ‘¤¨ ‡’ “ ™ ¦ ˜ “ q ” v ™ q ” h™ “ ˜ 0 ˜ – 6Ÿ • ” ˜ ™ ¦ ˜ ™ ’ Ÿ ’ av ™ ˜ q ” ’ a ’ • “ ˜ ›y˜ ¦ y›u‚§’ W ‘¸v ‚‡’ W ¢phC¨ š“ ) —©4¤¤‘y›—xŸ W ›BT‘‰8‡£pš§‚§£f“ • Y —yk$ # r ™• Ÿ v˜ X h Ÿ h “˜¦ ” ˜ ™ “ “’ ”˜ ˜ “ ˜ “ œ r ¤˜¨ – '•D§¥¦A˜¤§ DW )¤¨ x…@‡¥ ›Ÿ“™ym¤§y‚—•y˜§–›˜©š¤¨ ˜ ¦ ¤‘•›”‚—›•™ % › sž¡B©“ X ¥’š¤t8›ŸA™ ¨ ¤‡‘ h ˜ ’¡ ˜ ˜“ ¢ ¢ Ÿ‰ Ÿ ˜ •™ ¡ ˜ ¦’ ’ ˜ •™ ’ •™ ˜™’˜ Bp™ X ˜ Y †¹F“ y†“ • …£6 ¦ – ¦ yx’ ¦ ¨ ‡’ ¦ – ¦ CwŸ ¦ —›c‡km§‰˜ Y k—‡—†©›‡–›$¦ “ ¢ ¢ 6 ™ ˜ – ” ˜ • ™ ¡Ÿ ˜ ˜ ™ “ q ” ˜ • • ™Ÿ ¦¤ ’ ¡ ” h ! ¦ wŸ …hy‘Bšƒ—¦wƒy“ ‘‚y‚y—‘” 0 ¦ ›x›$mw‡Q0 ’ “ • ™ §›©B)‘…`¨ ‡’ —’ s # r ¢ ¢ 6 ˜ X ¨˜ Ÿ¨ ™˜ ˜ Ÿ ¦ Ÿ ™– “ X ¡ W – ˜ X e…£¤›•™ DW 7¤4¨Ÿ Y CtAq¢ph—k—›•™ wƒ—xC¨ ‡‘’™›“¤§Uy‘˜™ DW ‡˜ u¦ D‚¤›•™ DW ¨˜3˜¨ Ÿ ˜ “ Ÿ ™ Ÿ ™–•¦– • ¢ r™ ¦ “ ˜ X ¨ “’ ”˜¨ Ÿ “ ™ 7¤¤©¤‡w“U˜ ¦ ¤‘•›”¦¥“C›•ƒw8¤CB§—§› B¢8hD˜ ¦ š›˜…—‡ DW 7˜§–›˜©š¤‡¥“Ÿ h C¨ w…h % w™Ÿ¤‡‰’ƒwŸ ’ h ™ ¦ ˜ “ ˜ ¤ ˜ • ¨ ˜Ÿ • ” ’ ™ – • ¦ – • ˜ • ™ ¡¤ ’ •v ˜ ’ • ™ “ “ ˜¤ “Ÿ ˜ ” ˜ ˜ ˆŸ “§¢eDš˜ ¦ š›u¤§ X ¤§ —…h 7˜ Y ¥C‘§k¤CB§—§›B›™ —›hx‡—¸—§r‡—›U›š¥wuy¤š‘98C¨ ˜ • ™ ¡œ r ˜¤¤ “ ™ ¦ ˜ “ ˜ “ ’ Ÿ h ˜ • ™ ˜ • h ™ – • ¦ – • ™ ˜ • ™ ¨ ˜ ’ ” “ ¤›Sžrh¥x‡’ ¦ ÌDš˜ ¦ y—§ƒ§¢h h C¨ w…u¤›š—…€¤¤B§¤§‘B—›r›™ 7›— ¦ yu¥Ÿ – • ¦ – • ¨ ˜Ÿ • ” ’ ˜ • ™ ¨ ™ ¦ ˜ “ ˜ X ¨ ˜ “ ’ ˜ ” Ÿ “Ÿ ˜ Ÿ h Ÿ h ˜ • ¢ ¢ ™C¤B§—‡‘B™ ©˜ Y ¥¤‘§r—›2B‡’ % Dš˜ ¦ yr—§ DW 7§–›©—xˆwiyG “ )¤¨ x…—›™ % …h6 Ÿ ™ “ ˜ ¦ ¦ Ÿ • ” ’ ’ “Ÿ q h™ ˜ ˜ • ™ ™ ’ • Ÿ ™ ’ ”Ÿ “ ˜ ™ ’ ¦ Ÿ ˜ X ©˜ Y r §¥y§—§y” ¤w¤‘§m‘BBx¥2A$Bpš— —›—›™ §¥‡–wC¨ wŸ ’ §’ ›‡‰ —xC¨ ›“ ˜ • ™ ¡ ¦ Ÿ ˜ ™ ™ ’ ˜ • ¦ Ÿ “ ¨ ˜ “ “ ˜ • ” vŸ ¢ ¡ ” h ¤›…§ —w¤‘‡—¥ ¤›™ ¤w¤– § ©›§’ W ¥Ÿ X ˜ ¦ ¤‘›“ ¥ 8ƒ“ • ™ ‡‘©B)‘…! ¨ ‡’ —’ s # % ¦ r™ Ÿ ¤ ™ – ’ “ ™ Ÿ “ ’ ™ “ ¨ 7Dw§' ’ ¦ ›Ÿ¤$…›“w™Ÿ ¨ ¤§› …š‘˜‡¥’w¤w¤›”m ¨ ‡Dš˜ ¦ “™—%–$’ X ©˜ Y ˜ ¦ Ÿ – ¨ “ ˜ ¦ ’ • ” Ÿ h ˜ • ˜ ¡ ˜ ˜ • r ˜ Ÿ“ ™ ¦ ˜ ¤w›§C€šm—‡—‘gh C¨ w…f—›™ % ‘¼š‘—¢¢ yG “uD˜ ¦ š›“ ¦ – ¦ yx’ ¦ —§ DW 7§–›©—xk¥Ÿ Ÿ‰ ˜ X ¨ ˜ “ ’ ˜ ” Ÿ “ ˜ Ÿ h Ÿ h ˜ • ˜ “Ÿ h ˜ • r • ™ • ¦Ÿ ˜ X ¨ ˜ “ ’ ˜ ” ˜ ¨ “ ˜ Ÿ h ¨ Ÿ h ˜ • Ÿ ™Ÿ “ šG ““ )¤¨ w…t—™ % ¥…©—™ X '›D§wš˜ —§ DW ©›§y‘©š¤f¥Ÿ yG “ )¤Bw…t—›™ % ˜ Y ›xm' “Ÿ e ¢ ¢ ¨¤ w‚W…h6 i‡ v …h6 y‘Bš¹©)šG ““ h C¨ w…i§v šG ““ h C¨ w…„D‘A§štyš—@›B —†žœ ¢ ¢ ™ ˜ – ”b e ˜ Ÿ Ÿ h ¨¤ ˜ Ÿ Ÿ h ™ ˜ – ”b ™ ” – ¨ ˜ • ™ ¡ re ¢ ¢ ¤˜ ¨ v – ˜ ˜” ¨ “ ¨’ Ÿ ˜ h Ÿ h ˜ • ¢ r ™˜ †W…h6 b “ X ’ šC8›ŸA¸™¨ ¤‡‘ Bph™ X ©˜ Y Ïy—‡r7›˜™—%–w“ÏšG “Ÿ“ )¤¨ w…—¢S–Aq$Bphš¤‚w”›Ÿ“™¥“Ÿ v ™˜ ’ ¡ ˜ h Ÿ ™ ¤ Ÿ” “ ’ ¡ ™ ˜¨ ¤’ ¤’ ’ ’ ¨ “ §wŸ ¦ ‘˜šC¨ $¼ ‚yG “Ÿ“ )¤¨ x…h ¦ – ¦ ›Ÿ¤$ X x¤‡’ @ fh§ §¥ Ÿ‡’ Y ›Ÿ¤‡y¥”›Ÿ™ X ‡—‡r‡r‡r7˜§’ W “ •”’ ’¤ Ÿ ™v – ¦ Ÿ “ ˜ ” ’ ¨Ÿ Ÿ ™ “ ˜ ¦ b Ÿ ’ wŸ ‘‡©‘B§’ X e X ¥š˜ 8›A¸¨ ¤‡U6 —w“—– y—‡¤i§ Y 4§¥šm—§¢! F 6 ¡! “ • w‡© #
- 18. p ˜ –¤” “ ˜ – ™ ’ ˜ ¦ ¡Ÿ ™ ˜ ¨ “ ™ r ˜ ™Ÿ –“ e aœb ¤ ” ™ ™ ˜ ˜ ™ ˜ • ¤ ” ™ ™ ¤¨ w—wŸ š‘B‡–¼¡ ¤wŸ X wy¤iŸ ›žœ $›w¤“Éfgtf§š@›§‘§@—›‘Džœ —™ wŸ §š@›§‘§y›$' “ ’ ¨ ™ v ™”˜ ” ¤ ’ Ÿ e a ! b ¤ ” ™ ¤ ™ ! “ gv—‡‘’A™ ¦ –‘˜™“ ©‘˜Dšw˜›Ÿ$ž §§¥ Ÿšš—¤§š¥˜¤ W ’ xŸš‘˜€†¥“BfdW¸¢R‡yy‘ §› ‡a §‘ D§¢‘§¥ “Ÿ›“w“Ÿ ¦ —‡‰’'¢ 8 7 5 ! 2 %% # ! 9643 10)('$ ©©¨¦ § § r §yy‘ §› B ¤ ” ™ ˜ • ™ ¡ “Ÿ ’ • ” ¤›£‡…“ ¦ ¥¤‡—‘y˜ ¦ ™ ’ ™ Ÿ ™ – “ ™ Ÿ D‡‰$9 ¦ S¤‡…‘Dw§'t¨ ‡’ a ! ¢ ¡ h ’ “ Ÿ¦ ™” “ Ÿ• % dW£§ ¥˜Ÿ Y ˜ Y iš˜ Y §i‡¥ ›Ÿy˜Uw“¤¢¢ ¨ 7@!f¤ ¤ U ¤ I Q ¥ ¥I ¤ `¥ ¥ £ ¦¤ ¢ ¤ ¢ ¤ ¡Q # U VS £ § ¨ a ! ™˜ — Ÿ ¨ ™ ¤ ’ ™’ ™ “ ™’ ˜q ˜ ™ ™– ™ Ÿ r dW¢ d™šUx7›˜y˜ ¦ ¥˜¤ ¦ Ÿ ›˜‡—•Sš‘˜B–‡–¼˜¡ X m5—•UC§…Dw§'t¨ ‡’ “ ˜ “ ’ ˜¤ ˜ ˜ ¨ ” ¦ Ÿ q h™ ˜ ¡ ™“Ÿ • ˜ • ¤¤ ’ ”Ÿ ¦ ¤ • ” ˜ “ ’ ˜¤ ˜ ™ ™ ˜ — ˜ • ™ ’ š›§y¥š›fCš—xy$Bpš— ¥ ” § X $‘“¥¤8—™ xŸ X w‡y¥§§¥§—‡‘B‘5›§y¥‘ †šUT¤›¦˜ ¦ ‰ ¡ ¥ ˜Ÿ ™™˜ a ! ¡ Ÿ ™ ’ ™ ˜¤ Ÿ ¤ – ”Ÿ ™ ’ ’ “ “ – ” “Ÿ ¨ ˜ ™ ‰ ˜ X ¡w› W ˜ s r dš— ¥ ” % dW¢ § §¥‡‰Dš˜ ¦ w¤ ¦ ux’ ¤¥›— ˆ›—›¥@‘Bh % @†— ¤ ™ ˜” ’ Ÿ “˜¦ r ‡‘ AD§š” ¨ ‡’ y—‡¤i¨§ Y ’ §w ›Ÿ“™ym—‡y” Ÿ ˜¤ ¤ Ÿ ™ ˜ “ “ ˜ ’ “ ’ • “ – • ’ “ Ÿ ™ ” ˜ a ! ¢ ¦ Ÿ h ’ ™ ’ ¨ “ ˜ ˜ “Ÿ ’ • ” xk¥§› ’ ›D››ši‡—U¤y™ ¨ ¤§¥šy¤¤§y” dWi§ˆ—w…)—¥ ‰—e—ymq ¦ ¥C‡—‘y˜ ¦ “Ÿ • ¢ “Ÿ ’ • ” e $ ¦ Ÿ“ –b ¦ Ÿ q ” ¤ ”v¡¤ ˜ “ ˜ • a ! ¢ ¡ “Ÿ ’ • ” ¦ ˜ q ’ ™ ™ Ÿ w¤¢5r ¦ ¥¤—‘y˜ ¦ ‚“ • U! 2—w“—¹t¤wD‚@wšžiwš‚—›™ % dW£§ ¦ ¥¤‡—‘y˜ @X m„f‘…Dw§' ˜ • ™ s a ! ¢ ¡ h ˜ ¡ ˜Ÿ ’ Ÿ ¦ ˜ ™ “ Ÿ a ! ¢ ¡ Ÿ ™ ’ ™ ˜¤ š¤›˜ §r dW…‡ ¥Ÿ Y ˜ Y …š¥ W k˜ Y §kBh % ›4s3 r dW…§f§¥‡‰D˜ ¦ ¥¤ ¦ Ÿ †šU— ¥ ” ™™˜ ¤– ’ ˜ ™ ¡ ’ ¤ ” ™ a ! ¢ ˜ ™ ¡ ™”˜ “’ ™ ¤ ˜ ™ “ “˜¨ ™’ ” Ÿ• ’ Cš¥”Ÿ›™——•£§ ¨ ‡…‡yy‘ §› B dWu—•£§U‘“y'§Dšw˜wŸ‡›’“ ¤›•Sy˜ W ›Ÿ›”š¤¤‘˜¤x—‘•w“¤¢¢ ¤ ¨¦ © §¥¢ ¤ £¡ §¥¢ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¢ ¡ © ¦¤ ¢ ©¤ © §¤ ¢¡ ¦ ¡
- 19. ( ) Ç·° ¶ ¾ ½ Ä (  ° ¶Ã ¬ ¿ Æ µ ¿ Ä ± ( ² ® · ¬Ã ¿ Æ ¿ · ¯ · ¾ ¬Ã· µ ¿ ¯ ¯ ¢ ¬ ty¢pyw±2™cš›%›¹² tÁ°c†™À¶yA(š¦£¹šc™A¸w°ct· Á¶›¹pc›¢™A¸…™Á¶p™–£™c« ¤ r ™” “ ¦ Ÿ h ¤ ¡ ˜ Ÿ’ ” '§w ›Ÿy›˜“ W –F¤w…)¥ x¤§¼ k—›•™ wŸ ¦ ¥“C‡—‘•y˜ ¦ ™ ’ ™ Ÿ “Ÿ • • ” – ™ s “Ÿ ’ • ” ¦ Ÿ q ” ¤ ”v¡¤ ˜ “ ˜ • ™ ˜ ¤ ’ ™ ’ ¨ D‡‰$9 ¦ Ï¥¤™ §‘—‡‘f˜ tr ¦ ¥¤‡—‘y˜ ¦ —xy‚y¥Aixš›f—›™ % X ›9$›Bf‡‰Dš˜ ¦ —B¤– ¡ ’ ¤ ” ™ ˜ • ™ ™ Ÿ “ ¨¤Ÿ Ÿ¤ ˜ ’ ™ ’ ¨ ˜ Ÿ¤ ˜ ™ ˜¤ Ÿ ™ $ ¡ ˜ “ a ! §yy‘§›B9—›ˆ‘DwS¤ix¤– W X ©˜ Y w¤¨ ‘‡—9¥¤ W ’ w‘cDš˜ ¦ w¤ ¦ f›“ • U! T§u—– “ • dW¢ “ ™ ™ ¤ Ÿ ˜ ™ Ÿ “˜¦ ” ¡ ™’ Ÿ Ÿ ’ “ ¨ “ – r©—§¥ Ÿ‡‰’D˜ ¦ ¥˜¤ ¦ ¤›•x§¥ Ÿ™šm—§ša§É‡¥ ›Ÿ–¥”@¨ w†§’ 7˜—˜ W ‡y¢›“§¥ …š§‚q§— †—D›•™ ’” “ ¤ ™˜ ”’ ’ “ – Ÿ ”˜ ™ ™’ ¨˜ ¨ ˜ “’ ™˜ ”’ ’ ™’ ™ “ ™˜ ”’ ¨ ’ % ‘•›”w™…h“ ‚qš—šw˜›¤›™‡ W ’ ‡i7'B$› §šš˜ W §—• m‚q§— ‡—›•S›“§¥ ¤ m‚q§—f’ ¦ ‘ U©¼˜CwŸ ¡ ¡ ’ ˜ “ ˜ “ “ ¤ ™ ˜ q ” ’ ˜ • ™ ¤¤ ’ ¡ ’ • ™ “ “ ˜¤ • ” b ˜ ’ “ ˜ –¤Ÿ ’¡ ™ “ ˜ – “ q ” ˜ • ‡y” Bh % e # $ y›m¥¢šm‚‡— ——w‡c§ ¡ ‡—›Byw‘—– ¦ €›‰R¥Ÿ % ‘Bxw‡¹By›™ ¦ “@‚š—‘” Ÿ “ ™¤ – “ ˜ • ”Ÿ • ™Ÿ “ ’ ™ ¦ Ÿ – ¨ Ÿ ™ – ” ’ ™ ’ X ¨ ˜ “ – ’ ” “ “ ¤ ™ ˜ q ” ’ ™ ’ • ™ Ÿ ™ – “ “ x£‘x¤š‘„‘w¤…h % w“—‡‰—x›B@V§¥¤BA$š‰—¨ DW 7—‡ysm¥¦m‚§— ‡—u§w›¤ ¦ §’ ˜ • ™ ¨ ˜ “ ’ ” ¨ ˜ ¨ ˜ ’ “ ™ ˜ q ” ’ “ ˜ • ” ™Ÿ h“ ˜ • ™ Ÿ ˜ ˆ “ ˜ “ – ’ ” “ Ÿ ™ ” ˜ ¤›ˆ§Ì7›‡†Rr 7'B$›§c‘x¢›šm‚‡— % y—‘›w…wU¤›ƒw2h ¤¥ ©˜ Y 8©'B– W y›¤‡–8—§w›y—¤‡y” ˜¤ Ÿ ™¤ ¡ “ ™ ˜ q ” ’ ¡ ¦ Ÿ – ˜ – 6 ˜ ™ ’ ¦ ˜ ¦ ¦ ˜ • ™ ˜ s “ ˜ • ” “ ¦ Ÿ – ˜ – 6 ™ – v ™ “ v ¥¤8›x¤– ¦ ¦ ‘ ›š§‚§— §É—x¤š¤D5›‡©š‘$m‡’ ¤›i—• ‡r 7 y˜ ¦ ¤‘›ˆ—w¤—©W¤§ž›B3 wŸ wv™›“Bf˜—– X w¤‡‘’©—mF‘•w”¤…h % š—‘•‘”x™…higaœ DW 7‘˜™$'—‡‘’Ac¥“…‰’k‡–Aq$Bphš—8—•U› uš¤›•‚¨ ‡’ 3 “ ¤ ˜ ˜¦ Ÿ• “˜ Ÿ “ X ¨ “ ™ Ÿ ™’ r ™˜ ˜ ™ ™ ˜ ™ a ! ¢ ¨ “’ Ÿ “ ˜ ˜ “ ™’ ¤ ¡ ™’ ™” Ÿ ’ œ ˜ dWf› ™ ©›˜›“‡—d¥“…‘““™m—• ¨ šk¤›•™ §¢—‡¥ ›Ÿ–¥”xŸ¤B’ ¦ ‘ F‘’‡—¨ % ›˜B›–y›˜w™¤‘•›”2ga‚—•™ žœ rr ™ “e$›”š˜ ™”˜ h ¨ “ ¤ ™’ “ ™ ™’ h˜ ¨ “ r r b “ ™” ¦ Ÿ “ % §¥ Ÿšš—¤§š” …)¤€›˜mw š” % ‘’‡—¨ w™Ÿ ¦ —‰’A‘˜ % ‰’‡—¨ ©¤ Bš›˜‚B¦ $¹˜„—‡¥ ›Ÿ§’ —xC¨ §'š‘˜Ay” ’ ™ a ! ¢ ™‰˜ ˜ ™ ˜ ™˜¨ ¨ “ – ¤’ ¨ ƒ‘˜‡‘’™“ dW‚y—Ï—›•Ï—wŸ ¦ ‘˜¤u› ™ ©›˜—ˆ› w“‡F›˜’ ¨ ‡’ X x™wŸx¤Ÿ W ‰’C©yš§4š¤›•™ X w¡Ÿ©˜ Y ‘ ™™˜””’ Ÿ˜ ¨ “– ’ ™ ¦ “ ˜ Ÿ “¦’ ™ ¡ Ÿ ˜ ™ ’ W – ™ ¦¨ ¤ ” 7˜—u›˜Ï‘“Dš˜ ¦ y˜F—•™ wm‡—¥ ‡¥ ›Ÿ’ ¦ $¼ ¤w©—•§ ¨ ‡Ï‘“˜ u¦ Dky˜ ¦ ¤7w˜…h ¤y‚q‡’ ¨ ‡’ ˜” ˜ – 6˜“ ˜ • ¨ Ÿ˜”˜ ˜’ “™ ¦˜“ ˜ r ™ – Ÿ ’ ˜ ¡ ’ “ ™ “ ’ ™ ˜ a ! Ÿ¤ ˜ y——©7…—›™ % 7˜ Y yy›T‘xB›Dš˜ ¦ yÉ—• s 7¤§š˜ ¦ ›™ 8©›™ ‡8‘xŸ ¦ —‡‘Aš›`dW¢ % X ©˜ Y w¤¨ ˜ Ÿ¤ ˜ ˜ – “ ˜ ™ “ ¤ “ ™ ¦ ˜ “ ˜ • ™ ˜ “ – ’ ” ˜ ” r Ÿ““ ˜ ˜ •™ ¦ Ÿ ˜ ” ˜ ¥¤ W ’ w‘u›B¤ši›™ % mwf˜ W X ’ ¦ ›y˜ ¦ y›f—›f›—‡yy¢@'‡¥¥Ÿ ¦ 9 ©—›B– ¡ —wŸ Y yš‘ ˜ ¡ ™ “ ’ ’ ” ˜ ¨ ˜ ˜ • ™ ™ ’ • ™ “ ™ ˜ ™ ” ¡ W – ¨ ˜ h ¤¤ ’ ˜ • ™ “ ˜ ™ ’ ”Ÿ ™œ ˜ ›$¼š˜ W wŸ ¦ —‡‘A™ ‡y‚©¤Bš›“ —›‡—›U‘‘šy8§k˜ u¦ Di7B)¥wƒ—›Sy›‡–wC¨ xŸ žkr ¨ ›“ ’ ˜ ˜ “ ’ ’ ™ ’ ¨ ¡ ™ – ’ ˜ • ™ “ ˜ ™ ’ ™ ”Ÿ h ¨ Ÿ h ˜ • ¢ r “ ™ ¦ ˜ “ ¡ ˜ ¦ ’ • ” ‰ ˜ ˜ • X ‡y” ¤¨ šˆÌ‘‡—‡SyC§ ¦ u—…y‘‰šwC¨ )¤Bw…9—¢†©‘Dš˜ ¦ yh§ m—‡—‘C†‚—›™ DW ¨ ™’ Ÿ Ÿ ™’ “ • ˜˜ ™ ¨˜ “˜ ™”˜ ” ˜ ˜” ©‘˜‡y¥”¤C– ¦ ¦ y” w“f‰’‡¤¨ % ‘““™m—r¨ ˜ yBphš˜ W 7—“•¥“xŸ¤ W ‰’“™y¥“Ÿ §¥ Ÿšš—¤§šF—›•™ y— X 7S)¤¨ r“ h v Ÿ h $ b ™ ¦¨ ¤ ” W – ˜”˜–6 §w…C¨ ’ % de“ • U! f›“y˜ ¦ ¤7w˜…h ¤y‚q‡’ % ˜ F¦ yÌy¤š—©7˜“ % “ ¦ –y‚qy¤‘•—w“Ÿ—– DW §‘ y‡y” “ ”˜ ” ¦ “ X ¤ ™ h v v Ÿ ’ “ X ¤ ’ “˜ a! ¤ ™˜ ”’ ¤˜ )—¥ ¨ A˜› ž™¨ ˜ •w™…h ¦ –›˜A™É‘˜™ DW w˜¤ W ¥’wŸš›˜‘ƒš¤i¨Ÿ Y ‘ B dW¢ r X ¤ W ¥’wŸš›˜„‘“m‚q§— ©˜ Y wŸ¤¨ ™ ˜˜™ ’’ – “˜q ¡¤ ˜ “ ™Ÿ a r ˜ – ™ ” ˜ ™Ÿ • ” a œ ˜ • ™ ¡ “ ˜ ™ ’ ˜ a ! ›iy›y‰—‡¦ —Éšm’ ¦ w››w#gœ $‘§›šš‘x¤‘‘’ gr—k§ $›™ §š‘‡‘©'$ dW¢ Ÿ ™’” Ÿ”˜ “ ¤ ” ™ ˜ ™ ¡ Ÿ ™ r ™’ ™˜ r # t xk‘˜’ §w ›Ÿ‡y—43y'c§š@› §‘ §9¤›•…§†¥“x¤‡‰’˜ R§‰’—¨ ym¦ – ¡ ™’ Ÿ¨ Ÿ ¡ ™– ¤ ™ “˜¦ ™’ ¨ ¡ ¤˜¨ ¨ ™’ ¤– wvB8§ §w ›Ÿ‡y¥”CBwr¨ ‡’ W iv§ž v¤§ ¨ ’ % §› AD§y” ‡¥ ›Ÿ“™ym¤§y” % ‘’‡—…§ X ©˜ Y wŸ¤7›˜‡–w”wŸ¤B@¨ ¤– ˜ v ¤ ™’ ™ Ÿ ™”˜ ¨˜¦¨ ¤ ” Ÿ ¤ ‰ % ¤‚¨$ž §wŸ % w˜¤ W ¥’wŸš›˜ % §¥ Ÿ‡—xŸ ¦ ©‘˜™ ¨ ‡’ §w ›Ÿ‡¥’›Ÿw™CwŸ §w ›Ÿy—¤‡y” 7§¤7w˜…h ¤y‚q‡’ ¨ ‡’ w™¥”xŸ¤ ˜
- 20. q ' ˜ • ™ ˜ ” Ÿ “ ™¤ – “ ˜ ™ ¤ Ÿ “ “ “ – ” “Ÿ ¨ ˜ h ˜ • h ˜ ™ ’¤ ˜ ” ’¡ – “ ˜ ¤¤Ÿ h “ ’ ˜ ¨Ÿ ˜ “ ˜ • ¢ r q X —Fy—x“ % ›w¤“y› $›‡’ C– ¦ “Ï—š¥CVBHš—…e‘‡¥Fy§¹Bš‘ wx…e§–¤4ƒ›y¤¢F–A$Bh ™˜ ˜ ™ ™– ’ Ÿ ™ ¡ Ÿ Ÿ ¦ ™ ™– Ÿ ¤ Ÿ– wvš—¤›•F¤‡ W f¥˜¤ W ’ x¤‡’ Y ’ §w ›Ÿ‡’ ¦ $¼ CwÌ¥˜›¤™w™xŸ¤ X ˜ Y ›•x™…h % —x›Ÿ§y—•›“©˜ Y F¤§—•w™…h X D‚q¥”¤©6 Ÿ–6 ˜ ”’ ™ a ! ¡ ˜¦ ¤’ ˜ ” “ ˜ ¦ – ¦ x–›Ÿ W wŸx¤¤©7˜ —•™ ‘•‡–‘˜ › É¥“Ÿ dW¢ $¼ im¤š¥˜x¤‡—‘•” —•™ % ‘•y'©˜ Bž–wv›™‘’™r¤›•™ —x›ŸB r “˜¦ ” ¡ ˜” ¡ ˜ Ÿ “ ¤– h ™”˜ ” @ ™ “ '§w ›Ÿ™šm—§š£‡Ïš§¹’k—›•™ xS™—– W ‘ 5˜ W i¨C§¢@§w ›Ÿšš—¤§šf2˜ Y ›Ÿ‡’ Y ›˜—‡y”8 ’ •” ¨ ˜ ™ ” ˜ Ÿ ’ ” ™ ˜ q ” ’ h ˜ ™ ’ • ™ ¤ ’ ¦Ÿ ¦ ’ “ Ÿ ¦ ™ q h™ ˜ ˜ • ™ ¡ ˜¤ “ ’ ‘—– ¥ r ©‘šš“PwϘ W ‡–km‚§— —ˆ’ ‡—…—§¥““ ¨ ymfkš˜ Y §UwŸ % A¢p— —™ ¥U§—• ¨ Ÿ˜” ˜ “’ ™˜ ”’ ™’ ™ “ ™’ Ÿ $ ’ ˜” 7˜ Y ššy‘˜ y˜ W §—• š§‚q§— ’ ‡—›•Sy›˜‡–w”C¨ xŸ U! ¥Fy¤wŸ“ % ¦ ¥“C‡—‘•y˜ ¦ —wD‚qy¥ šž”ivw¡›˜“ Ÿ’ ” ¦ Ÿ ” ¤ ¤ ˜ • ™ ™ ˜ ™ ’¤ ˜ ¢ r “ ’ ˜¤ ™ ˜ q ” ’ ¨¤ ’ ¤Ÿ ™ – q h™ ˜ ˜ • ™ ™ ™ – “Ÿ ™ ˜ q ” ’ h ˜ ¤›‘Ï‘‡¥š›y…Ï7š˜ Y –wkš§‚§—4§ ‡£w›D¤iA$Bpš— —›É›DwŸ ¤C¤™ • wÏm‚§— —f’ ¡Ÿ @ Ÿ ™ ˜ “ ” “ –Ÿ Ÿ¤Ÿ – 6 ˜ Ÿ Ÿ ™ ” ˜ ” xÉ3˜ Y ›’ Y ©—§y“8 wŸ ¦ x› W wwCD©ixr§w›šš—¤§šf’ % ¥ 7w“—‡‰™ xˆ‘‡—‡§R)¤Bw…'wC– ˆ’ r ™Ÿ “ ’ Ÿ ’ ™ ’ ¨ ¡ h ¨ Ÿ h ¤¤ ¡ • ™Ÿ ’ ™ “ ¦ Ÿ – “Ÿ ™Ÿ ¡ –Ÿ Ÿ¤Ÿ – 6 Ÿ ™ ¨Ÿ ’ “ “Ÿ Ÿ ™ ” ˜ # “ ™ ˜ q ” ’ ¡ w…h X ¤ W ‰u—w¤C¤›f¥¢xVwŸ ¦ w› W wx¤©7˜ x˜ W ‘É4‡‘B¥‡¥›y—C§y” Rr $ @ ›šm‚‡—'§ Ÿ ™ ˜ “ ” ¡ ’ ˜ ¨ ” ’ ¡ ˜ ™ ˜ ” ˜ • ™ “ “Ÿ ’ • ” §w›‡’ Y ©›¤§y8 ‡–¤4Ÿ “ • ‡›“ W š§© §Ï©›Dšyu—›™ ’ ¥Ÿ ¦ w¤‡—‘š˜ ¦ —wD‚y¥šžiw›ƒ—¢¢ ¦ Ÿ q ” ¤ ”v¡¤ ˜ “ ˜ • r“ “– Ÿ ©—§w Ÿ›“¤š›”w“C¨ ¨ Ÿ ™˜¨ ˜ ¡ ˜ ˆ ™ Ÿ ˜ h ™ “˜ ™ ¤ ” ¡ ˜ Ÿ Ÿ ™ Ÿ s r “˜ ™ Ÿ ©¥˜x¤‡‰’¤T—›•™B– 5©'$¢‡——w¤x¤…h B…¤– W % “y—‘˜¥˜¤ ¦ y5$¼ U—–“¥“8¥“¤•…›˜¥“‰’ ˜ P©¥“Ÿš—›•8¥“C›•™ ¡ ˜ ” “ ˜ • Ÿ • ™Ÿ ™ ” ’¡ ™ ’ ” 3Ÿ ¦Ÿ “ ’ ™ “Ÿ Ÿ“ “ ˜ ”v $ §B9$š›B—›™ w¤w…h $‘§¹£D‡y—4¤‡¥U¦§¤…wF§¥“›š‘B ¦ yž¤U! % §–” X ‡Ìž£7Dš¥“—‡‘A™ ˜“ ’ ’ œ r ™ ˜Ÿ“ ’ “ Ÿ™ ™“Ÿ ¨ ˜ • ˜¤ ’ ” “ Ÿ ™ ˜ ¦ ¤ ’ wŸ §¥›$›¥@€—™ % ¥‡y›k˜ ¦ ›km›’ Ì‚©˜ Y % $' ‡¥y›B ¦ yA¤U! 8$ɤwš‡—Ϙ ¦ ‘u¤›™ # p Ÿ “ “ ˜ ”v $ ¦ Ÿ ” ’ “ ’ “ ˜ • • ™Ÿ h Ÿ ’ ™ ¨ ™ ’ • ™ $ X Ÿ ™ ™ “Ÿ ¨ ¨ ˜ ™ ” ˜ – “ “ “Ÿ ’ • ” ˜ • ™ • ¦ – • ™¤ w…W˜ Y A†§—uCT‡—›¢“ • U! DW §¥›$›¥@€‘™ ©‘šš“ W “¢¥Ÿ ¦ ¥¤‡—‘y˜ ¦ —ɧ—‡—›x q ¤ ”˜ ™ ˜ ™ ¦ Ÿ¨’ Ÿ ’” ˜¨ “ ˜ ™ ™ “ ˜ ™ ™’ ™˜ ”’ ™’ r–BwxŸi‚qy¤š¥˜¤›™§ W —•É—xC$©w ›¤©˜ Y i¨§ Y ’ ‡y‚©¤Bš›˜ƒ¤›•u›˜‡‰’€˜ ¦ ›’F—›•‡Ï‘“š§‚q§—u‘’‡—¨ h˜ ¦ Ÿ X ˜ ¦ Ÿ”’ “ “ ˜ Ÿ h ˜¨ “ ˜ ™ ’ $ Ÿ˜” ©—r¤wC¨ ›˜“ DW —›•™ % —w§—w˜ ¦ ‘’—•™ ›•x™…V©¤Bš›˜É—›•™ ‡’ ˜ Y ›ŸÌ“ • U! “ • ˜ Y yš‘˜ ˜ • ™ ¡œ r • ™ ¨Ÿ h q Ÿ¤ q ” ˜ ˜¤ ™ ™ ˜ • ™ ¡ ˜ ™ ’ ˜ • ™ ’ • ™ ˜ ™ “ ’¡ Ÿ ˜ ” ˜ ˜ • ™ ™ ’ Ÿ ¤›až¦'›@i…§¨ ’ W Bwxf‚š—šw››‡ W ¤›a§›‡‰e¤›‡—›†‘‡¹F—…©˜ Y ššy›¤—›B‡k˜ Y ›’ “ ™ ˜ q ” ’ ’ ™ ’ r ˜ ” ’ ¨Ÿ ’ Ÿ ™ “ ˜ ¦ ” ¨ ˜ ™Ÿ ¤ ‰ ‘m‚§— ‰k¤y—‡¤i§ Y r§¥šm—§š$¼¡ 7‘x§¥C†˜ ˜ W ‡y” ¦ ¥C‡—‘y˜ ¦ ¥¤™ % X w–¤pœ ’ “Ÿ ’ • ” “Ÿ • ¤¤ ’ ˜ ¨ # Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ “ – Ÿ¨ ¨ Ÿ ™˜¨ r x†¥“†¥“C›•™ §i‡¥ Ÿ“—š”¥“C2©¥˜x¤‡‰’¤5‘˜$ ¦ r q h™ ˜ ˜ • • ¦ – •™ ™ ˜ ’ ” “™ ˜ q” ’ ’™ ’ ¨ ’ •™ ˜™“ ’¡ ¨ ˜™ ’ ˜ ˜ ’ ” $ –A$Bpš¤—™ §—§›B›Bšm¦ ‡y…‘m‚§—‰‡—y‡—›¢©‘“§¹u—©‘‡‘©—m¦ ˜ W ‡y…“ • U! ˜ • ™ ˜ ” Ÿ ¦ Ÿ q ” ¤ ”v¡¤ ˜ “ “Ÿ ¤ ” ™ ˜ • “ – • ¢ r q h™ ˜ ˜ • ™ ™ Ÿ “ ™ ˜ q ” ’ h ˜ ™ ¤›‚y—x“ % @ —wD‚y¥šžiw›8 ¥c‡yy‘§›B¤›™ % —D¢S–A$Bpš—‚—ˆ›yx‘m‚§— ©—‚˜ W ‘“ ™ ¤ ’ ¦Ÿ q ” ¤ ” ’ “ ’ ¨ ˜ h ˜ ’” $ ›i@ ‡—§¥““ ‚y¥8 ̧2©¢¥Ÿ Y ˜ W –Ì“ • U! —™ % ¤y¢¢ 9)¤¨ w…2—y—’ Y $’ X ¤›™ ˜ • “ – • r h Ÿ h ˜ • ™ ˜ ” ¨ ˜ • ˜“ –’” ˜ ˜ “ ˜ • – ™ ˜ ˜ • ˜ • h “ ™ ¦ ˜ “ ’ ™ ’ h ˜ ¡ ¦ Ÿ ¨ ˜ “ ˜ • ™ ˜ ¦ ¦Ÿ —‡–š˜ W % ©¤¨ ›f—›™ ‘™ ›§›š› X —›™ š—…€›Dš˜ ¦ yi‰‡¤¨ —†§i—wCBš›f—›Ï©§m¥A™ $ ˜ “ ˜ • ™ ¨ Ÿ ˜ ” ˜ “ ™ ¦ ˜ “ ’ ™ ’ ¨ “ ˜ ¦ ¨ ˜¤ h q ” ’ Ÿ ˜ ” ˜ ˜ • a ! ¢ œ r Ÿ ™ ” ˜ “ • U! 7›š—›Ì¨ ‡’ % ©˜ Y yš‘R‘Dš˜ ¦ yÏ‘‡—…ym¤©¥…)—D‚§¢©˜ Y ššy› —™ % dWÉžh'§w›šš— v ” ¦ Ÿ ™’ ¨ ˜ ™ ¦ Ÿ˜˜q ™ ¤ ™ ’ ¡ Ÿ’ ” ¦ Ÿ ” ¤ ¤ “ a ! §yƒ’ §Ì—x…h ¤¥ ‘’‡—5—•ˆ¤w¤ym„› V‡‘’y˜ ¦ —¨ ¤– †w“Ÿ ¦ w“¤‡—‘•š˜ ¦ —wD‚qy¥ šž”ivw¡›˜U“ • dW¢ ¤ ' %$ # © ! © §¥£ ¨ 3 7 ! ¨ ¦ ¤ ¢ 8 7 95 ¡§ § ©¨¦
- 21. Ç E ¶ ¿°®° ¶ ¾ Ä ½ ¿ ¬°B · ¶ ¿°®° ¶ ¾ Ä ½ ¿ ° ¨ ¬° ±° ² Ų Æ ¶ ± ° ¿ ± ½ ¿ ¬° ¾ ± ¦ p#yw±t•¸š›¢Á™†Á¾h™¸¹® yw±t•ty›B›wp¢À¾B“…©pt†¹V›%th9p¥ ycyÁ¶šcÀ·™tQšt² §¥ r“ ™ ’ “ ™’ ¤’ ˜ ™ ¡ 7š¥˜Ÿw™wŸx¤›Ÿ¤– ¨ ‡¢—§w ›Ÿ‡y¥”wŸCBÏ—›•…§ X ‡’ ¦ ¨ ’ % š§¹’›¡‘˜DwÌ—wDq$¢ph—†$¼ †š—wŸ¤§› 'š—©me¤›•™ % ¥“§š@› §‘ Be¤›•hPCšf—xDAq$Bphš— ¤›•™ ˜” ™ Ÿ ¦ Ÿ ™˜ ¡ “˜ ™– ¤˜ ˜q ˜ ¤ ” ™ ˜ ™ 9˜¨ ” ¦ Ÿ ™˜ ˜ ¡ ¤¤ ’ Ÿ ’ ™ • ”Ÿ • “ ˜ “ ’ ˜¤ ˜ ˜ ” ˜ ” – “ ˜ ’¤Ÿ ¤ ”Ÿ – ˜ ˜ – ¦ 3 ˜ • Ÿ ˜ ¨Ÿ “ ¡ ˜ §9w‡iw‡‘D§y” ‘¥¤…h % y›‡–¥‘5¤¨ yÏy›B§›¥¤ W ¥w‡’ Y ’ X šww¤ W ¤5‘’ ‘B‡—5—›™ wk¤4S™ ¥¤ ˜ • ™ h • “ “ ˜ “ ’ ˜¤ ˜ ˜ • ¢ r ˜ Ÿ ™ ’ ™ ˜¤ ¤›i‡ …)—y›‡–¥‘—¢…B—U6 % §w›‡‘y˜ ¦ ¥¤ ¦ Ÿ dW¢ …)—Dq ©››š˜ W —›s§—›S§’ a ! h ˜™™ ˜ •™ ¡ ™’ •™ “ ’ “ ˜ • ¤¤ ’ Ÿ ™ ” ¡ “Ÿ ˜ “ ’ ˜¤ ˜ ™ ™ ˜ — ˜ • Ÿ ˜ a ! ¢ ˜ • ˜ – ¦Ÿ 3 ˜ • ˜ ˜ “ ˜ ¦ ›f—™ X w‡—‡¥›—¤– ‚¥Ì›§y¥‘ †šUy—™ xf¤¨ y” dWf—›™ % ›B§ws—™ xŸ šš›“ “’ ¤ ”’˜ Ÿ h “ ™’ ¡ ¡ “ Ÿ¨¨’ ™ ¦ ™’ Ÿ “ “’ ¤ r$›˜‡–¥˜‘˜ ‘•§y›•w™…„š‘˜B–‡–¼˜S§ —§w ›Ÿw™@B$uy‰’›™9 ¦ Ÿ —wŸ‡–w”C¨ wŸ % y›˜‡–¥˜‘˜ ¥ €—§w ›Ÿ’ Y ” “– ˜ • ™ ¡ ¦ ¤ • ” ’ Ÿ ˜ “ ’ ˜¤ ˜ ™ ™ ˜ — ˜ • “ ’ ¡ # # ¤›S§ X m¥‡—§‘§‘iQwɧ–wš› †t—™ y˜ ¦ ‘ Ïe $ ¦ › ¡ 7‘C—$tb r i ‘B‡¥s3 ¨˜™ ’ ¨’ ˜ – ¦Ÿ r ¤ “ ˜ ™¡ “– Ÿ¨ ˜ ¨ “– Ÿ ™ “ ˜ ™ ™ ¤ 9‘“x™¤–š‘˜5—•s§ §w Ÿ›“¤š›”w“C9—›•™ xŸ ©›˜—k˜ W w¤x¤…h ›˜‚—•™ ¨ ’ % §¥ Ÿ‡‰’Dš˜ ¦ w˜¤ ¦ Ÿ ˜ • ™ ¨ ˜ ™ ¤ ˜ ¦ ¤ ˜ ™ ¡ ™ ˜ “ ’ ¡ ¦ Ÿ ’ ™ “ ˜ ¨ ¨¤Ÿ ¤›ƒ‘™ 7›‡’ ‘ X mw§—xŸ ¦ ©‘a§U›ƒh‡ˆ¤wC¨ ‰›©¤B¤– ‡’ ix¤– W ˜ s 7—‡¥›’ ¤– ¦ SB‡ wŸ r “ Ÿ ™ ¤ Ÿ“ – ¨ Ÿ “ £ ™ ™ ¤ Ÿ a ! ™™˜ — ˜ Ÿ “ ™’ ˜q “ “ “˜ ¨ ™” “ Ÿ • ©¥˜C¨ –™¢¤§¥ Ÿ‡‰’Dš˜ ¦ w˜¤ ¦ 2dW¢ †—•™ w…y›˜B›–‡y¼˜¡ X §9˜ ¦ Uš˜ W ›Ÿ›”yC‘‡¥ ›Ÿy˜Uw“¤¢¢ ¥ £ ¦¤ ¤ ¢ ¤ ISI¢ €RuW ¨ ¢ I ¡e © £ ¨¡ r˜” ˜ a ! y—‡’ ¦ ¼ ›¡©'W“ • dW¢ ™ ¦ Ÿ ¦ ’ ¨ ˜ “¤¤ ˜ ¨ • ” – ˜ h ¨ ˜ ™“ ˜ ’ “Ÿ ’ • ” ¦ Ÿ q ” ¤ ”v¡¤ ˜ ›f—x§§’ ¦ —V‘x’ ¥xš'“ X §`‘—“ % ˜ Y ¢)'r 7›$‘“y‘„˜ W ‡y” ¦ w¤‡—‘š˜ ¦ —wD‚y¥šžiw›“ ˜ • ¨ ˜ ™ ” ˜ ™ ˜ “Ÿ “Ÿ • ˜ ” r – ¨ ˜Ÿ ¨ ¤Ÿ ’ ˜ ™ “ Ÿ ™ ” ˜ ˜ • “ – • r ™ – ¤›™ % 7‘y›š¤¨ ¥fw¤›™ y— X B@ §27w›§8 X w‰9 ¦ ›f¥Ÿ ‡¥›y—C§y” —›™ % —D¢¢ 7¤§ ¨˜ ” ¤” ’” ™˜ ”’ h˜ ” ¦ ” “ $ ¤ “ ’ “ r “˜¦ 7§‚q@w šU˜ W ‡–¢‘“š§‚q§— — —ˆ¨ ‡’ % ‚q‡’ W —wŸ ¦ yÉ$‘ “™¢“ • U! % w™¤“–y‘˜5†T'§w ›Ÿ“™ym—‡y” ˜ ¡ Ÿ ™ ¦ ¦ ’ ¦ “ ¡ ˜ “ ˜ —›•™B– ri¨‡ Y ’ ‘ ™ ›“y˜ ¦ y›˜“ ‘˜$ X ‡f—x›Ÿ›™x™Ÿ ¦ —‡‘’A™ ¦ ‘ k¤¨ š˜F—•™ ‘ ™“ X w¤Ÿ‰’D˜ ¦ ¦ ™ ’ ˜ • ” “ ¤ ™ ” Ÿ ™“ ˜ ¦ ” ˜ • Ÿ ™ “ ˜ ¦ ” • ™Ÿ h ¨ ˜ ” ’¡ ˜ • ˜¤ ’ ‰ ˜ r “ Ÿ ™ ’ ‡y” ˜ ¦ —‘'‡‘AD§š§w›“ym—‡y¤›™ % §w›šm—§šw…u©y§¹—…h % w¤ ¦ ¤†¢—3 7—‡¥›‰™ ¤ a ! ¢ ˜ ™ ¡ “ ™’ ¡ ˜ ™ X ¨ ™ Ÿ v§˜ ¦ ¥˜¤ ¦ Ÿ dWF—›•¦§kš‘˜B–‡–¼˜©—•§ DW 7›˜¤B›–w¥“C¨ ¥“Ÿ ¦ w“¤‡—‘•š˜ ¦ —•™ š—…e—9§—• Ÿ’ ” ˜ ˜ • h “ ˜ ’ ™ ’ • ˜ ™ ’ ”Ÿ Ÿ “ ™¤ – “ ˜ ˜ • Ÿ ™ ” ™ “ ’ ™ œ q h ™ “Ÿ ’ • ” “Ÿ • • —…h ›‡–wC¨ x¢‘x¤š‘¤—™ % r ri 0 ‡¥›y˜ ¥ wŸ % §‘AD§š” ž8r $B…‡’ ¦ w¤‡—‘š˜ ¦ ¥¤™ h ¤“ “ ™¤ –“ ˜ Ÿ ™ ’¤ Ÿ ˜ • Ÿ™ ” œ a ! ¡ ˜ ” ¡ ˜ ¨ Ÿ™ ’ ˜ ”Ÿ“ ›w¤“y› §w›‡¥¤– ¦ ““ —›™ % r ri 0 §¥šš˜ ¥ ž…r dW¢ § y¤‡’ ¦ $¼›9 B‡’ §¥‡‰9r¥“§’ W ˜ • ™ ™ ¤ ’Ÿ ™ ˜ “ “ ˜ “ “Ÿ ’ • ” “Ÿ • ™ ™ ’ • ™ ˜ ™ ’ ™ “ ˜ ¨ ¤¤Ÿ h “ ™¤ – “ ˜ Ÿ ™ ’¤ Ÿ “ ¤›i›¢‡¥›Dš›yÏ¥Ÿ ¦ w¤‡—‘š˜ ¦ ¥C›u—›ˆ‘‡‘A¤§ ¦ ¤Rwx…€‘x¤š‘§w›‡¥¤– ¦ “FB– X r ™ ¤ “ ˜ ¨ “– ˜ ™ ™ ¤ 7$‘ ‡¥’¤– ¦ Ÿ‚—›•™ xŸ 7˜—‚¢h §¥ Ÿ‡‰’Dš˜ ¦ w˜¤ ¦ Ÿ a ! ¤– ’ ˜ ™ Ÿ ˜ “ ˜”’ Ÿ ¨’ ¤ ™ “˜¦ ” ˜ ™ ¡ “ ˜ dW¢ ¥’¤šw”›Ÿ™—€—•ixF˜ ¦ —‘•›”Fš—‡—4¨§ Y ’ B‡¦§› AD§š” §¥ Ÿ™šm—§šF—›•¦‡¥““Ÿ§’ W ¤›•™ ›˜’
- 22. 4.1cBSD(1982) first release 4.2BSD(1983) first widely available release of TCP/IP 4.3BSD Tahoe(1988) slow start, congestion avoidance, fast retransmit BSD Networking Software Release 1.0(1989): Net/1 4.3BSD Reno(1990) fast recovery, TCP header prediction, SLIP header compression, routing table changes BSD Networking Software Release 2.0(1991): Net/2 4.4BSD(1993) multicasting long fat pipe modifications 4.4BSD-Lite(1994) dWUy‰’›™9 ¦ Ÿ ¨ ‡y›˜‡–¥˜‘˜ ¥ R§ X $› ™¥“C• 9 r i ‘˜B§w¦s3 a ! ¢ ™ ’ “ “’ ¤ ”¡ Ÿ – Ÿ ‘§yiw…©¤B$y›B›‡y¼¡ • ” ’ ˜ • ™Ÿ h ¨ ˜ ¨ ¨ ’ “ ˜ – ™ ’ ˜ r $$ ¦ ‘ ¡ 7‘˜C—$Sw“Ÿ ¦ ‘’$§’ @¤¢B›˜§y¥˜‘˜ ## ¨ ™’¨’ ¦ Ÿ¨ ˜• ¢ r “’ ¤
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- 40. ¦ Y¢ ’aR™•fIQGHYTcRYSdRtH {l}rSWQxHUT”wvXqcFGS}bQI|g|i‡afYBR B Ds T D o g` i` S T S` Rqs H f S aPYBdT´RdIWtGq}It€asXDYSdD”rq€rSCaPYBaRC‘}XSIasdBdX’GDWtXq™EfdBfER‰dfI‰xHYTURGStpqaRQAdRI‘€cTWIcsdShCY@R ³Vsg T Ssq B D i i ig f F D Rg S R B Ds T T o BH ‚ Dg f SV D S U’8 dG trqdBcRcFdA EseXSYSWEiai€„uXucDYSdD”rqcRtG…tseIlY@†IQH w‚IcT”wvcTzC}YqeWtHES‰QrqdBCQsP u s S B D B ‚ S ‚ D t D i S FHP Dg R Vs q S q S¢g` R DV i s DsH ³ S FgA D qV B ‚ s Srs F S R DVsHP S S FHP S S r Br i qs FH Dg S lE4–G@Cˆ9uUTGSdRQ oH w‚CCEs|tEqYB•RXD”IQXq™Id@fCIQIdE4ecRtG…ts|dgcT”Uv‘IastCXVESw‚IlG…tjYSI‰HXFz` ’CCWtItYqCY@—cTItErCuYqˆas„YSQpH•iIQxHdTuagEiQXHrFYB‰|tYqCQeQIs XDˆCdDXDIUs”Ev•BYDcDGSt”QrDCd@µ’cTtcv„w‚i RgP@rg T R S@ B@ R B R Ds R i RH f RgH Rq SqV S S TrrH B R S S q ¡ u”EglG…EFCµ(YSt™cVrSaiC€zjGq} zEPCP Id@ew‚rqEi‰cRtG…tsYgUT”UvkIastCcVrSw‚IlG…td”EgdilcsCEVˆv i Bg¨ Tq f iy S` R S B S R D iH S FHP S S r Br i qs FH’ R S B XuYDcRtG…tsAƒ‚€XD”CcVrSw‚IlG…t‡EgaiQsYgURtH S FHP q R Sr i qs FH iH F ' ' ¤ t gTSvS ’ ¤ t VS g iS V @ B ‚ ’ s BRHR sS f i P B B @R B ’RS…FH P gTS vS DS r V i ‚q s …F (€YctcIcD f (¹X”rHcC¹YaRµwtrqdQxlU‡UrSC‰EfAEDCY€asCctGts{dc”Uic”CcrSwIlGtH UT”EvUBXScFGShId@EokIYgdTirD€rDCd@™tHYScTI@ ™XucTtEvcBcSXFYShIY@¹l¶XV”avcBcSXFGS¶UsXSzuts}UR”G…tI™}QIY@R S T S R B S R B B R D S v S T S R g` S T S` DH@ S FHP H RH ' XDGS‰HrFdIEsB (ndgcTtcv™‰sY@erDhcSIcsYScTz¢ WkIY@€tpqmQYqtXHGShIAuyXVtgpHciWkYSQ}D f (‚UsI‚ R BV ¤ t S S RH R B F S BV S R T o s D T S@ 9 u S SV TH ¤ t S@ ' UTAw‚rq•i™rDB w‚CIas’QrqYB•RXD”CtXq†Id@et’trq•BIQsˆ54QpHdBˆUsItzˆ54IY@zwCQGHt¥QGqYRQb†Id@|GqR S D qV B ‚ s Srs F S R oq s DsHP S i R SsqP S S R’@P Tr f Rq` S R •RtxHdTˆQXqF EsB CQGHt0QGq{IY@R Es·cscSYS‰u0XulcsYS€z’Yq‰YDlcs™tXrdS–cSGSCd@YDcT”trrYBdT·cV”EvUBXScFGST D Rs @P Tr P R S B D D t R D S` R R S f D T R Sr R S ' YDˆUs‡QrXYSkAƒ‚Qpqo (™dgcTtcvhYqlU’8 u º WtrqdBcRXFˆA as‰cVIEs‰pHCˆ54etH ¥GDaTQsEs‡cV”CcVrSw‚IlG…tH R S f D q R T ¤ t S S D u s S B S B iP S D 6 BHP B Sr i qs F ' YSTQ}YDˆUsS‡QXrYSD„† (¶XVtwgrHciCnY@aRy’cTtcv„w‚i XulcsYSkb™GquYDˆUs‡QXrYSyQstEqYBERdCt€„ƒ‚iGDUT”r H R f ’ ¤ t S SV B ‚ S S q R D S` R R S f DiHs BVVH q R S ³ VsH f D Sr i qs F S ' ' QrrdBYTR‚IQhRlcsS™trXdS™¤ XD”CcVrSw‚IlG…tH cV”avcBXScFGST (’dgcT”UvS c’D f (xcV”gpHUiChCtId@ERB v ¤ t S ¤ t S SV Rgq time (secs) u uG Tg Bƒ B @P Tr P R S oq Pg i t uG Tg B ”¥¤ˆPGSCtEr—–Es€CQGHt¹tGq}Id@R t¹Cw‚EqC` º ˆ¡GSCQrr—ƒ 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 cwnd (bytes)
- 41. ¤¢ u Sr i qs FH S FHP S S B ‚ T ycV”CXVESw‚IlG…t™UR”G…tI{YgcTtcv–Y@aRYRQGHdRD w‚EqdiD QrHYBlcsIQbˆ54QrHEBai™QH ™YSt™jCY@R i R SsqP S T B f o Tq f S D q D @P T f Rq` S R VsH R S fr i qs FH S SV B ‚ T D D D q D @P T ew‚Id@¹C‰xHtr tGqdRtb}Id@¹CQ„X’GDlUs‡tWXVrSw‚IlG…tnXVtwgrHciC¹d@EReYRQGHdR'w‚rqdiiew‚Id@¹CQGHtr P R S R SVq f T ³ D S R r TgV R S fr i qs FH S SV oq S uG Tg B tYqhCY@eRCˆ‡edRQxH•RƒDfw‚rq•ikId@‰CEsYBWWuYDˆUs‡QCXVESq‚CˆG…QmXVtgpHciWtiGDcRcFb¢ C dHGSCtEr—ƒ time (secs) 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 20 40 60 80 time (secs) segment number 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 20 40 60 80 segment number
- 42. º¢ ' s B Ds T D o H ¤ t R iPgV T R sqP ¤ ¤ t R iPgV r B T T ' QrqdBdDrD‰dfI‰xHYTURGS„dRtH hIc’D f (iGSQXHrFEBWCW™cSGSCd@|tz€¥XuD f (uGS‰HrFaBCCWhIEslEvUBXScFGSAYDYRQGHdRD s Sss F S R’ D uG T S` R@ T S R R t D i DH R S f S B Ds T D tEqYBURXFICQXqhIY@ItcFYSY@¢dHGStpqUobltErYB™™EfYBefu•R”rqetA‚ Q I G lUs‡tcrdA uaR™•fIQxHdTcRYS€•Rt oH r Dg D i S FHP ir D H f o r S T i F D s Sss F S R D q D uG Tg B IasdBI…YD”EqcRtG…ts„EStIasdBu©tGqpT™CEsYBUT”wvXqcFGSkEgEiWpgdoYDcDXScFIdgtEqYBURXFICQXqfId@ew‚Id@iG d§GSCtEr—ƒ ¡ ¢ Ÿ£¨ §° ¯ ˜ ˜ C‡£—A„1¶2 •}Y©i% Gš€ e¡ us B T RsH T F oq Pg i` S R S B fH S S ‚’ i o RH R Ds D B wtrqQXrGSlQQUvrSciYSnG@tXHS QnCw‚EqC}IY@™Ias™‰CE4jAˆjq‚EqEitpqeQIY@ItEqdBYDCcgYFEDWV S R Tqƒ R S S RsH T S R S` i VsH Ds R R S S R D q D u Tg B ƒ o CY@htI¶XuYDˆUs”UvhlQQcvESciYS™Id@jEDcizQpH’IQ‘cTpSdoCQxHdT™GSaTYBlcs™IY@keq‚Cd@n@¢dG GSWtrr—¹u tq Ds BVs F S R RH f R Tq S iH B Tq S R sq DH` B S FHP S S Sr i qs FH ItrqdBERWCtXq†Id@‚G@GFQ‡{Gq}YRQb5¢—‰sEstErYBtId@¶t’XVYSQs™rDjcRtG…ts¶dgcT”Uv”CXVESw‚IlG…t¹GqR cSrFtCG@uIAuUR”G…tI™dgcT”Uvu”WXVrSw‚IlG…thGqeCˆXq€IY@‡cV”IQIG@‡IQu¥¤ˆG tEqYBcRcFdA Es™cVba`YBUTYFD Bq F S@ 9 S FHP S S Sr i qs FH R SV F S R SrsH F VsH u s S B S ³ CtYqcRtH ™CY@eGSQsas™afEBUi}AWytrqdBcRXFdSrDCd@R tedRcDGS™Id@{Es{XVESWIYg•R„CtrqdBQpHChEfdB}CY@ftIƒ SV T F o S R RH B S S ‚’s D B oq T S R B BV D Ds R ig D S R Tq u S…qv B i o B B Ds T D o H B@ ‚ B D F RH …q i iH S u ³Vsg T Ss yXVtt”las™agciYSEDQH frDaR™•fIQGHYTcRYSdRtH †nG@rFC€EseXDdStHe‰|tˆrq†dqrDQh˜v wEPdBYTR dICtYq}Itq rCEsYBWWXDdSYD”EqcR”G…QsrSCaPYBERW‘e8 º 6 IQdD”rqUR”G…tIirSQIEs•B8 $¤¥!XDcSIQGHdR™CcgYFETcB„ƒ‚fcTWICg TgV D i S FHP i ig f VsH D i S FHP ir D 6 Fs D f F q R SVs XVtt”las|IEsUBb` dfrDWQsG@XF™†IY@™dDIcgdFrDW„ywtEqYBcRcFYS}EDCY@‚´s€ C¢ u º W tEqYBURXFdA as’cVYSYDCcgYFEDWV S…qv B r S BsH S f S R D BV S ‚’s D B R u u s S B D B g T` B BsH S f S@ 9 u BsH S f B Ds T D o S R D BV S ‚’s D B R C£ESYBCerD¤•frDC‰sG@XF™hIA–dfEDCQsG@cF‡eaR™•fIQxHdTcRYSi•RtH kId@uYDCcgYFEDWh„swtrqdBcRcFYSerDCd@m´s€ ¥ ¨¦ U”Ž „e™Œ “–” £ ” ¶ “ ¡ ¢‡ { u Tq ‚ T R ooq THP H DH S B B R S i S ‚ R B Ds F S „Y…t„}GSCdgCpg…teYRQI†€thI•gYDEDfrDCd@htwvXHrS}„C’lEsQGHYT•RItXqu‡afYBR oq Dg S u Dq F D S¢g` S R R S D D S` H f i T B R RH R Rqs S t™YSIQXHXFA@ wcsdS”IG@‰XSE¸dB‘UTbCC™Id@–Yq™”avYBaRdBIUsYS‰b¶g‡kaRCdgcDGSjrDCd@kQIY@™YStI‰xv cuYDXDCcs”avdBdDXDGSQ”thIY@—teERWdgXDYS‘iQ™GDUR”G…tI™GSt™fXDdS”rq†YqEDQH S S TrrH S R oq i T H DH S FHP Tq f D i i cTWIcsdS™Id@—X’cTGS•RtH ’Y…t„ƒ‚cRI‰IY@€GqlaskGDlUs‡tcrYSx™CW–GqkIlY@˜CQ‘UTGS•Rt oH w‚CIEs’tEqYBR SV D S R D o Tq Ss S R R B R S f D P fgP R Dg R VsH D qV B ‚ s ³ XD”CtXq™CY@{C|UsbQ‘GqfUTCIUsYS™Id@ew‚EqEiQ€UR”G…ts™YgUT”cvhIEstWXVrSw‚IlG…t{tItId@ER€tGSUTI@ Srs F S R Pg SPq R SV D S R D iH S FHP S S r Br i qs FH @rgq i t u S ¢qS VHTR S @R SRq s S v uDSDD i RS…FH P ¦ V sH DR gqS BR B fD sHTRST fq o VSTS ¢ gD B SF B RXCQxYIY„GtIx—XXdY”EqctGtsiv¢ IQ—GCQX™EfY…ER‰dCQxdcGeG QGpT‘XYczd—ER„XIasdD ’QXFdSD » u º ¤ tˆGq}cTpS•oIQGHYT‘™QGH†Id@—X’cT”UvAw‚€ udRQxH•R©w‚rq•iAQeQpHdBˆUsItzˆ54†Id@¶Es©w‚CCEs‚ …q R Ds R S f D S R S S q T D D oq i R SsqP S S R B qV B s Srs F S R oq s DsHP g S D Tq f D iH S FHP S S r Br i qs FH ’VsH tEqYB•RXD”IQXq|Id@et§trq•BIQsˆE4S WXVcSb•P‡YSt‡hew‚rqEi‰‡UR”G…tI~YgUT”cv¶CEstCcVrSw‚IlG…teyCQs@ S Rq S R # TUIY@Q™Id@˜s cuXDdSYD”EqhcRtG…tsP Q eCQjGDCQXq™EfYB}aR™•fIQGHYTcRYS€ XVXSCcsrSdBcTzˆ54xCQ‘CCtXqcFYSD D i S FH ¤ VsH Rg S R B Ds T F SP S VsH DVs ' º tˆGqUTpSdoI‰xHYT}YSˆl– ¤ IY@Cc’D f (€XVtwgrHciC†CEsdBCdtcSIQ‡YftpqdocTz™IY@€GSQI™tcq…9 ¤ …q R D s R Rg` S R ¤ t S SV r Dg’ FsH T SP S R THP f F q
- 43. Y¢ ! GDlcstcvelQQcvESciYSfGDER€IQf8 tGqURt oH R S S RsH T B VsH T F S R r RH B S VsH S FHP S S r Br i qs F Ds R Rg` s t uG Tg B CY@hIasYBQIEs‰EfEBUinI‰}cRtG…ts¹YgUT”cv™IEsQCXVESq‚CˆG…QH 6 UTpSdoI‰xHYThGSll–(U³¤ i„@¢dHGSCtEr—ƒ time (secs) 6 4 2 retransmit to a timeout 200 False fast losses leading Multiple packet 400 600 retransmit by fast 800 loss recovered Single packet 1000 segment number
- 44. ¢ v¢ u•R”rqfED¹CQicTzC` D i B VsH S¢g S R D q S q Fq S RH R r TgV R D S FHP S Rq S S¢g` S R B TV R i`H CY@}ew‚I UT”wv¶G@ˆbUP™Qsd@™IasYBCdjˆUsYS}UR”G…tI™cTId@t–YgcTtv uUTbWkId@nEs‰xHW|YqhESCQurDB G@GFaRd‚Id@™G@EFCQ‡XVXSzdPCY@XSEFƒ‚Q‰Y…t„ƒ‚cRCeCY@™GqlasYDcR”G…QsIY@I‰CCecTWIcsdS€CY@R B D S R B@ ‚ RH S D S R B R RH Tq Ss S R R B S FHP S R DP fgP SV D S cSIEs•BCX’ew‚IcTtqv„cTzCeId@ˆwG@YFER•‚G…XFIUsrSYidRtz€Id@„fe„Y…QAƒ‚URI€CY@jGqlEsGDcRtG…ts‡cVXStIdPD F D D q S q S¢g` S R’ B D S Rq` S R R t u Tq Ss S R R B S FHP FH EgUiYS”EqciwtfdRGDWCk„eq‚EqEiQ™XFYShI W¦ GStpqUobltrrdB€™EfdBAQH w‚CCEs|tEqYB•RXD”IQXq€”GrQrHuId@dtYSCg D Foq Tg` H D iH D u T S` R@ T S R R qV B ‚ s Srs F S T i S R’ T ³QIfId@‘Es‰cscSYSit dI d©YSCtEr—‰EsfdStH—QpHWcgrFdBYRQIAIt0q‚Cd@f˜…XuCtcq‡afYB‘tEqdBdDrD‰dfIQGHYTURGST ry S R B D D u uG Tg B ƒ B D F T i THP Ssq q D S v Rg S R s B Ds H T o BH ‚ Dg f s Sss F S R Dg R VsH’ BsH S f B Ds T D o S R g` i` S AtpqERQAA•RI‘|tEqYBURXFICQXquCY@AIld@‡IQˆ–dfrDWQsG@XF™ER‰dfIQGHYTURGSA•RtH iCY@lurSC‰xHcTtwvXqF ³ GSbktI¶g‡xEPdBYTR dICtYq‰CtnIasYBCdhXDdSYD”Eq‘rSCaPYBaRC‘hQsY@1w‚I•@|A…wtEqYBcRcFYShrDCd@~´s€ T S` Rqs H f ³Vsg T Ssq r TgV D i i ig f RH R q D S ‚’s D B R ¡ Ÿ£ ¨ § ¯ § WW‡¢ …Az ¶2 djd®I•Ÿj¦ ¤ ˜ ˜ € e¡ u BsH S f r B F D H DH R S fr i qs F n•frDC‰sG@XF™‘IEslG…ˆrqUiƒFr³EoUiYS†€tiGDlcs™tCcVrSw‚IlG…tH S R r D ¦ ¤ 9 oq s R Dsq SV Vqqr H B S S B@ 9 u Dgqg Rs F B r B f F T CY@nIasdBIg §¥et˜tEqYBQGHYTdRCt‡UfCxˆˆ”–krD‘URXFz£¢krDCA¹”agdiIQIlEsYBltcq~as¹Ias™QXq‡YSQH ' D f (uId@‡IQ‡XVrSaiCkCEscBzerDIEsaBcizEPC€IY@etIQXFdSD º WcUTGSpRQ„ItEqˆlt„YDcDrSAcD‡tcqXFzAURXFz£¢S ¤ t S R VsH iy r S` B S S BP S R DH’ ua oH Dg Bv`q i S f S` S r BPg T B@ 9 usq D VsH’ RHP T B D H B Rgq R D S` R S FH oq Pg Tr R S IEsWCtGqQdr rDCAewQ‰dq€IQswdscTGSdRQseQrHEi‰EfdB†¹asCt€lcsYSjz‘Gq€cRtG…tsP t¹CtYqt€dE4Is S R r Sr ’ RHPT B D H B FH S f F ¤ t S R Sr R D uG VsH u ' CY@AIasYBUT””rrdBYTqRwYsUTGSdRQssQpHai™afdBhEsuG…ts` ™tXqeYqR D f (IY@zGDcTt”rrdBYTXFdSea dHIQcFYSD º G dG cscSAƒ‚URb™lUsYSuYDlcs™tXrdSt¶CQGqtkIY@€Qsd@ntEqYBQQYvUTYSIQhId@htQ|kAIWa dG GSCtEr—‚´s€ S S` R D R S f D oq Pg Tr S R RH R s RH D`q S R S…H f S ‚’ u Tg B ƒ u BsH S f S –dfrDWQsG@XF™€YgUT”wvXqcFGST •RtH ™Id@…QeERC•gXDGSheQ}Cˆ‡™cSIQIEVt”vH dtrqdBdRXDtItXq}CY@GDUTGSlcs€cTWIcsdS}IY@{IQ„w•@XDYSCY@•RYDD D o S Roq i T H DH SVq f FsH Bq ³s Srs F S R R S SV D S R VsH’ T Yq'XVYScRtGHYTURGS‚b` Gq|8 CEVdBmUT”avcBXScFGS‚IY@€QnGDlcs™tcrYSD cVIG@tH–tpq¹lCtXqcFtH YqR 6 w‚CCEs‚ R F T S R S D S T S R RH R S f S F F T o Rsg F qV B s Srs F RH B S R Dg F ¤ t B@ u S ' tEqYB•RXD”IQXqhXVGS‰sEsId@—cDYSIQXH0 (…rDCA9 yXVtEvcBcSXFYST EDwB’ Q I lcs™tXrdSIEsWCEgciCEsQc’GDlcs™tcrYSD G R S f D r BV F B R S f ' ot€cTz‘Cl™”YrQpH†itpq© (–QbQXFdS‰a dHGStpqUobeltErYB™™EfYBeffcuGDlcs™tcrYSD U‚InIUsYS¹IQH q S` fgs S T i H T o ¤ t sH’ D uG T S` R@ T S R R t R S f Ss V D Vs r BVs Rgq R S f D Tq f S H@ R i`H B s Sss F S R’ SPq R Sg Rs qV B IasWIQGHdRYDCtAYDlcs™tXrdSiYSt‡i”vshYq€ESCQ„rD|tEqYBURXFICQXquCY@dycszthYqAXDIlasYBltXqF w‚CCEs‚ s Srs F S R D t u 7 # tEqYB•RXD”IQXq‘Id@uuu„ £¥CEgQQhId@‡GqmcVIcsztirD5w‚CIEs¶QrqYB•RXD”CtXq‘CY@u‰sY@‘cSYSD ¢ S iHv S R R S SPq B qV B ‚ s Srs F S R RH R S ‚ ’ u S R R S FHP Ssq g` S SPq B qV B s Srs F S R B Ds „ftcFYSD º G dG ™EfYB™ft XucR”G…Qs–IQ·l0cVIcszt‰rD¤w‚CIas‚ tEqYBdRcD”ItcqnId@„X’ER‰dfIQGHYTURGST ' R•tH }IY@UTGSpRQ¹as™‡QXqGqXDCˆasYBltcqeQsY@R (™GSQXHrFaBCCW–G@tH¹d@ERQsd@hcSYSj„WwCQGHtr D o S R oH B S f F R Sg Rs F RH ¤ t R iPgV F S B ‚ RH R D S ‚’@P T f Rq` S ur BVs Rgq TH R S f # $V ¢ ’ T S VsH ’ tGqdRtzmIY@R ´s€ CIasWIQGHdRYDCt¶GS‰nYDˆUs‡QXrYSD £¤tYStpqcoYScTId@R CQ™s £¡gGHD # $V ¢ cSr¸•Bht¥w‚CIEs‚ tEqYB•RXD”IQXqF ¹ts@ trqdBcRcFICtcq’CY@uycVGSdTCcgcFdq tEqdBdDrD‰dfIQGHYTURGS{dRQH ‚CY@R D oq qV B s Srs H DH s Sss F S R ’ T F s B Ds T D o S YStpqcozultErB ycVXSIWcVGS€rDhcSr¸dBD w‚CIas¶trqdBdRcD”Itcq‘IY@mCQH yXVtt”lasirDB Q I Hlcs™tXrdSetq T S` R@ u Fg T B qV B ‚ s Srs F S R Vs ’ S…qv B G R S f D o
- 45. G¢ uaR™•fIQxHdTcRYSdRtH h€UTGSpRQedD”rqecRtG…tsuEStIasdB†¬QGqpTeGDcTtwvXqXFYS–QrqYBURXFIWtXq}IAe GdG GSCtEr—ƒ B Ds T D o H oH D i S FHP ir D H f o S T s Sss F S@ 9 u Tg B time (secs) 5.6 5.5 5.4 5.3 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 time (secs) cwnd (bytes) 5.6 5.5 5.4 5.3 560 580 after three duplicate ACK’s Fast retransmit 600 620 640 660 segment number
- 46. a Y¢ dD”rq€cRtG…tsuEStIEs•B‰{ˆ{cVGScTt”rrdBYTR D i S FHP ir D H g` Sr ER‰dfIQGHYTURGS}dRQH {}cTGSpR‰™dStsC‚dgcT”wvcqXFGS‘CY@{IEsdBCWjURXFz£¢{ IasCCtYqtdr IA} adG GSCtEr—ƒ B Ds T D o H oH DH@P S T S R r TgV S S r BPg T S@ 9 u Tg B time (secs) 6.5 6 5.5 600 700 800 segment number
- 47. I¢ u qV B ‚ s Srs F r BVsq T QXSr¸•BD w‚CIas–QrqYB•RXD”CtXqIasWItzdPcDGSYTQXqF S R D q @P T f Rq` S@ 9 Rg S R B Ds H T o BH ‚ R DH@ SV D S@ CY@new‚I•@D C‰xHtr tYqYRtz‚IA¬XuCtXq™EfdB€ER‰dfIQGHYTURGST nQpq–aRQf§Gq€ts–cTCCcsYS˜IA9 u S@ Tq ‚ Rqs BV B Ds T D o D i S FHP i ig f oq i T H D t uG Tg B QGSUTInd…tAutImrVd™ER‰dfCQxHdTcRGSudRtH yc’XDYSdD”rqjUR”G…tsjrSWEPYBaRC‘tjaRCdgcDGS‡}iu I dGSCtEr—ƒ time (secs) 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 time (secs) cwnd (bytes) 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 40 after three duplicate ACK’s 60 Fast retransmit 80 100 segment number
- 48. »¢ g|—ER‘tCtIY@‰cstcvfYSQxH™CEsWIUsYS—GDERcDYStXHGSUTIEshEgUi”Ev•BYDcDGSt”QcTCIUsYSfCY@”yEVtId@cDGSCd@htErCuH H f B @rgq R S S R T r BV D B D F B S TrrH SV D S R’ iq T R @ B@ a a G@Idg‡Y@aRB v wtErCkˆGqrDµdG ©RG a z ¨§¦¥ t€IEgQQIQrHYBaRCEs†dgQxHdTERCd`Q™Id@™YSI‰HXFzdc’GDaRCdgcDGST F D u@ B@ q R B’ G ’§ © oq S iHvi B B T B TH S R Dg S` i S B Ty S@ 9 u FsH T SP S R Fg T i D TV B@ Rg S R s B Ds I•gYDED‘dRYDC|IA‚tcSIQ‡YftpqdocTz|IY@†cDXSIWcVGS¶agEiQXHrFYB•RtxHd§G@rFC‚ X’Ctcq‡afYB~tEqdBdDrD‰dfIQGHYTURGST S R T o BH ‚ Dg f SV D S R RH R B i T S@ 9 S FHP D i S R S T R S CY@€tpquaRQf€dRC‘™cTWIcsdShId@iQIY@iEDiaRCdgcDGShCA™XuYDcRtG…ts€dR”EqkId@™cTtqvcqXFYS™Gq–YgUT”wvXqcFGST VsH B Ds T D o oq T B o S R VsH D i S FHP i ig f R r BV i SVq I‰{ER‰dfCQxHdTcRGS‡dRtH jt–GSCagEiQH nCY@‰8 º 6 IQ€cDYSYDtrq€cRtG…ts€rSCaPYBERW‘~Gq’IEsWQHrS–Cd™f dRQxH•RƒDfw‚rq•iu‰pHYBlUsItzdE4S as|GDcRtG…ts™Qm”GrWdg€”Gr‰pH˜‡Ctq G…ˆrqcixGq|UTCIcsdSnId@·cVAw‚rqaiQH T ³ D i R SsqP B S FHP oq S T D S T i H Rg F F R SV D S R S i a ai G@rFWzz ¨§¦¥ thCEgQQyQrHYBaRCEshCY@f8 D¤6 GSQ†WddqrDCUPiEDCY@tuXDI•gYDrD™IEslEgdicTCCChIA9 B@ ‚’§ © oq S iHvi B B S R TH SV B S B R oq S B r B SVsg S@ u D u S R RH T Fq iHsy B@ ‚ Rg S tcFYS†G ”¤ ‡afYBQ€GDWcgXFˆ|agEiQIC–G@EFCdX’Ctcq‡afYBR s B Ds T S R T o BH ‚ R B T Fq R s B Ds T T o H ‚ S Rq isq S@ 9 u QrqdBdDrD‰dfI‰xHYTURGShIY@etpq€ERQA™YqrDuWcgXFˆ‰Gq¹trq•BYDrD‰dfCQxHdTcRGS€tpq€gficTId@t{agCthCAeW©G R S f D B Ds T R Dg S` Rqss F s B Ds T D o Dg R VsH’ Sr R S` s lcs™tcrYSaR™•fIQxHdTcRYS‘Gq–cVYSI™ztIWQH€tEqdBdDrD‰dfIQGHYTURGSdRQH €Ild@€CQCycVGSUT””rrdBYT}z¹‰HF ' D f (ecTId@YRCpg†IlwtEqdBYDED™•fIQGHYTcTCY@YRWpg‡lQeCQIY@aRB v wEsfcD‡QXqeD f (iGSQXHrFEBWCWƒVdtIs ¤ t S T o qs’s B Ds R S T o gsH Rgq ' u B S f F ¤ t R iPg ³sq EiYBlCiGDlcs™tXrdSkYSt™¹lQ‚CcsYSutIC‰H€ERsCIasWIQGHdRGDWt™GHQIetkXSr¸•B5w‚CIEs‚ C‘Efˆ4 ‡f Rsg R S f D Tq f gsH V D Rqss F B’r BVs Rgq RHV oq D qV B fg B H sH R Tq f S H@ R S iH Rqs B SV D S R F D S S q u u Tg B ƒ D D QIY@GSt™‡”vs¹Gq’XV„q‚EqEiQhtIjrDhcTCIUsYS™IY@‰XSIasdB’UT”UvAw‚i dI dG GSCQrr—xEsB UsXSYSktH ’Ssq g qV B ‚ s Srs F S R SPq R i`H B B S T SV D S R ¤ t R iPg tIt€l` w‚CCEs€trqdBdRcD”ItcqkId@–UsbQ‰Yq}rSCQeEDERsX’cD”EvUBXScFGS€cTCIUsYSjId@© (}GSQXHrFEBWCWV ' FS v u u s S f o i G@tXH§Y@ERB 58 C@¢u º W trqdBcRcFdA tYqpTAaiQHcFS 6 u Eo‰s‚EgciYSQ‡Efˆ4 GqCC‰˜YqR cVXSIdXVGS‘EDB w‚CCEs‚ iH@ RH B TPPH Fg T qV B s Srs F S R T Fq s B Ds T D o S R S v u D VsH D u¦ S R S S tEqYB•RXD”IQXqeIY@lX’YDCcgcFd‰tEqdBdDrD‰dfIQGHYTURGSedRtH Id@‡UsI@ tcFYSe¤ CQucFYSj » Wc™EfYB‡csXS„ƒ‚cRz` ' cscSYSkD f (GSQXHrFaBCCW‰IY@}YDcT””ErYBdT™XFdS¹ » W¦ YStpqcoz}GDER‰dfCQxHdThcTWIcsdS™Id@kYDˆUs‡QXrYSAtq D ¤ t R iPgV S R Sr R D u T S` B Ds R SV D S R R S f D o S T D S@ 9 u D qV B ‚ fg B H f S R B B@ ‚ Rg` ¦ ¤ B s B Ds T D ”YrCdg‡IAmQXSr¸•Bq‚WIEs2ChEfˆ4 ‡™Id@krDxG@rFCX’cDGSll¹v¦ º G EDxtEqdBdDrD‰dfIQGHYTURGSh•Rt oH dRtrHeCY@fGSQpqcozltrrdB·w‚CIastrqdBdRXDtItXqCY@„tfIagQQeCY@fGSQi—uCtcq‡afYB†tEqdBdDrD‰dfIQGHYTURGST D i S R T S` R@ T qV B ‚ s Srs F S Roq S iHv S R Rq “ Rg S R s B Ds H VsH s B Ds T D o H 6 T Fq R s B Ds T H Dg F s F D BsH S f8 º 6 CQ–trq•BYDrD‰dfCQxHdTcRGSe•RtH ‘e8 D¤( CUgXFˆ™Yq€trq•BYDrD‰dfCQxHdTcRGS‘kYSI‰H–QHe™dfrDWQsG@XF™f # q i u B Ds T S` R D Ss VsH S ‚ DH D i B R S f D ’q u¤ S „ƒ‚R EgCs bXVGSdRER‰dfI‰xHYTURGS¹b’Gq|CcVXSI0CQ™aici„‡t‡dR”Eq‰ED˜©G ˆUs‡QXrYSeCˆA ”tG cTz` ³ fgs R S f B ‚ r T D D i B R S f D S R S S ’ T S Ss R S f D ‰Cl€lcs™tXrdSD Y@aR~IEsdBYRQGHdR€dRtrq‡ED{ˆUs‡QXrYS€UTIY@Qq YgcTtcvitGSQpqcoz` XVItEqYBlcs™{ut u D T S` R@ T S R RH Sr i qs FH B R S f D B R Vs tcFYSj¤ GStpqUobAˆQrrYBi‡afYBeQmcV”CcVrSw‚IlG…terDelcs™tcrYSrDWY@€IQH ' # ’yXVYSYRER‰dfCQxHdTcRGSj•RtH hED‰tlcs™tXrdS—† (GS‰HrFaBCCW’GVaTCY@Id@xs yXVtEvcBcSXFYShEDB X’cTESEBYi‰HS B Ds T D o B ¤G R S f D’ ¤ t R iPgV B R S R u S T T ' RlcsdSGDlcs™tcrYS„tf”YrCdg„”Gr‰pHAId@hlhcVGScTt”rrdBYT”X’D f (AYSQHEFEBCCd™cVXSts•PhEgcidS”rqUistCtYqtr D R S f Doq S T D S T i S R g` Sr R ¤ t R iPgV FH D D Foq Pg T H D F TP S R D t ur BVs Rgq B R S f Do qV B ‚ i o H F D S T o gsH V Ic’CXVcSXSˆGqC€‡afYBAiCIasWIQGHdRGDWtAEDfGDlcs™tXrdS…tq q‚WIEs„EiCpgh™XSIasdBUTIY@dRCpg‡lQ¹IUsYSD Yq|rSCQ‰QI‘rD™cTCIUsYS€Id@eX’lEstz‘rDCd@ft tG cTz‘ClˆUs‡QXrYS’IastCXVESw‚IlG…t7 (t R i`H Rqs B SV D S R R BqP B R R u¤ S` fgs R S f D r Br i qs FH ¤ ' SGQXHrFEBWCW‡}cD”avcBXScFGS™UTCIUsYShCY@IU’8 QrqtcrGS–cVrSUiGFETUBhId@nasB 6 cFYS™ » W¦ GStpqUob€ltrrdB}‡afYBkCY@R R iPgV H S T SV D S R s B T F S R D u T S` R@ T S R S Vsg TH RH R @P Tr S R B D S ‚ VsH D i R S f D Ty S R B ¤G S` fgs R S f S IWtGqQfQsd@|CQGHtuId@‡asuXSdS™A™IQd’dRtrqAlUs‡tcrYS•RGDC€IY@rD€¥UTb‘WˆAˆUs‡QXrdA
- 49. Q¢ u uG i`H9 B S S SP SV t¥¤dHESCQ…¹Esj”EvdBcRcFb•PGDcTziD §fUTCIUsYSD S R f o F TP S T S Roq r Bs B S` S R R ig` R S ‚ u Tg Bƒ B iP S q CY@1tGqpT„YDXDcSdYqC|dgcT”wvcqXFGS€IY@bthIasCCastXrziId@€YSQpHWCQxHiAˆ’ » ˆG YSCtrr…{Es‰pHCˆ54h…9 XuGDWcgXFˆeCtcq‡afYB{tEqdBdDrD‰dfIQGHYTURGS‘sdI d¡GSWtrr—–asnw‚Id@W”G T Fq Rg S R s B Ds T H’ uG Tg Bƒ B s q D’¤ UTbhClhlcs™tXrdSD X’ˆUs‡QXrYSEStIEs•B–UT”wvXqcFGS€GqrSC‰‚EgCQkEDhaR™•fIQGHYTcRYSjdRtH ‰IY@XSIasˆA S` fgs R S f R S f D ir D H S T R i`H isq B B Ds T D o S R F B uwEs‘™tcqkYDcR”G…Qs|IEs•BYDED™‘Id@EidBlC‰CcgIµ¨ agC‘cfdSYDtXHGS‘Id@¶Es7UfIY@}cDGStYqdR}aRB ’ 8 QGFURwW©G B S f F S FHP r B f S R Rsg S Sg i` D T S R B S R T D u S’a ’ G R S f R S f D S Tq oq Rgq S T S T S S D i TH C¢ ¥’ º G GDlcs™tcrYSD 6 GDlcs™tXrdS|UTCGVtjQ‡CQ{XD”avcBcSXFGS‡cT”avcBcSXFGS¹IY@R UsI@ v udRtrq–YSQ8 Q Q cRtG…ts{Gq’ChcRtG…tsjcTId@t’YgUT”cvS 6 t–dq˜CQH ’ Q G dI G ˆG G W©G ”G XVYScTz‘Cl…c’GDlcs™tcrYSD S FHP R Pg S FHP S Rq S sq D Vs ’ ’ ’ ’¤ S` fgs R S f ’”agEiQXHIEyUBXFzdP‚GSt– jw‚I UT”wv{tH G@GFER•‚‚IY@{Q'XVzCtYqW€rD€GDUR”G…tsht’”GrWdg€Qsd@R EsB i F S D Tq u q S q D B D S R RH SPP TV B S FHP oq S T D RH cRtG…tsecTCY@t™YgUT”cvlX’ERC•gXDGSjAiwG@GFaRd‚€IY@asAcTzCeId@kIasq‚C cTtwvW„Y…t„ƒ‚cRC€Id@hYqlEsB S FHP S Rq S S i T H D t u B D S R B S¢g` S R r B q S q’ Tq Ss S R R GDUR”G…tIyt€”GrC•gAIQIlEsYBltcqhAI‰CCAUTCIUsYS€IY@ˆtGSWtIeIY@‰Es|w‚I•@{G@ˆbUPiId@€YStpqcoz` S FHPoq S T D Dgqg Rs F H DP fgP SV D S R’ Tgry S R B s q D Fq S S R T S RˆQrrYB—’ º ddG trqdBcRXFˆA IY@˜Es~cVIEsQrHCˆ54ku¶XucDYSdD”rq†UR”G…ts‘ESCEPdBERCht|CˆYqEDCcPS ‰H QGqpTo @ T u u s S S R B S B iP S D t D i S FHP i ig f oq SV B s f TctwvXqXFYS{GquWtXq™EfdB¶trq•BYDrD‰dfCQxHdTcRGS|hUTGSpRQ¹agciGS‰pHWcV‡‰EfyQCd™™dRQxH•RƒDfw‚rq•ieQpHdBˆUsItzˆ54S S T R Rg S R s B Ds T H oH R B S f B’SVq f T ³ D i R SsqP S B B SV D S R ’ Tgry B CY@R as™rD‡cTCIUsYSmCY@tYSCtI‰rDCd@R ´s€ u » dG GSCtEr—ƒ as†8 trqtcrGS0cVrSUiGFETUBmId@0EspB3XFdS˜G Q ”¤ u Tg B B s B T F S R 6 D u S R RH D F T i THP H S D`q S v T Fq s F B Ds T D o i o D F S f D ‡afYBQhYSQHf‰pHCUgrFYBdRQs‘‘tYvUTYSIt}˜uCUgXFˆn‰HfYDER‰dfIQGHYTURGSedRtH iYSrD‰H sc’XDdStH}™tYq–´s€ ¯ ± ©¨¢Ÿ ¢ Ÿ¨ § ¨ I•Ÿ¤Wh„sI—'£d„j¡WdAj ˜ ˜ #€ e¡ uCtcq‡afYB{tEqdBdDrD‰dfIQGHYTURGShIas™WdgItcqƒF³ ‡afYB}IY@s”dgcTtqvcqXFYSYq{gfecTCY@t‡EgCtjId@tpqo Rg S R s B Ds T r B f Ds S R S R’ S T R H ‚ S Rq isq S R T r BH ‚ i B D SV D S R VsH ’s qV D… T` BsH S f r B F D S CEsYBaRQAESWrVjGDaRdB†UTCIUsYS‡CY@˜CQeww‚ChˆQXHGSC$•frDCQIG@XF™¹IaslG…dEqciƒFr³aocidS‡Id@R U’8 D f (t ¤ ' GSQXHrFEBWCWƒVdtIeIY@pR6 QstErdB}G…ˆrqUid‰xHlcs™QIIWpgyGDERdtˆEiUib•PjYgWV rDWY@IEsdBCuB ycV”CcVrSw‚IlG…tH R iPg ³sqs S iHs D F Fi R S fHVs o Boq S D T B R r Tg u Sr i qs F S s F RH Ss qs VsH ’ RHV Ss r BV D DP D SV D S R S@ ‚ T Fq i` T z` QXHnxHQCV U‚InIxCQeWxH‰Ic‚ImIasWIUsYS‘IQGqdRUTCIUsYS|Id@§csIhYDCcgcFdªUfrSCtYqCP ' S@ 9 ¤ t R iPg ³sqs T o r BH ‚ iH@ H R S f F B’ RHVo qV B ‚ i o S R Rg IAcuD f (eGSQXHrFaBCCW´VWtI„tpqhCEsYBaRQA„aRQshhGqXD™tXq„ERlWxH‰Iwtq w‚CIassEiCpg€IY@„Ctq R D DH@ SV D S R Fsq ’q ' lcsdS‘tsUTCIcsdS|Id@‡XSIQCdA XuD f (™GSQXHrFaBCCWkGDcTt”rrdBYT‚EgCQˆUsYS‰cRtG…ts1c‚Cs G@QHS ¤ t R iPgV Sr R isq R D S FHP S F ’ycVGSUT”wvXqcFGSkYSQ™cDYSdD”rq™UR”G…tI™rSCaPYBERW‘kId@R EiYBlCyX’cTtcv„q‚€(wtrqdBdRcD”Itcqnd…tAƒ‚URIuUTIY@dRCpgo S T TH D i S FHP i ig f S Rsg S S q us Srs F Tq Ss S T EVt”v†YqR w‚CCEs|tEqYB•RXD”IQXq™Id@™IEsdBER‰EfaByt{tEqYBURICpgAaTcBId@‡XV™YfQpqYocTz„™dfEDCQsG@cF‡‘„ƒ‚R Bq H qV B ‚ s Srs F S R r B ioq s Fs o S R S T SP D BsH S f q S R’s Srs F i DqPoq F o S R € u u s S B D BV DH SP TP r B F C@YlwtrqdBdRcD”ItcqrSCa`dBYDtbzticStH eIY@‰´s6u º ”¤ W QrqYBURXFdA Es™XVYSdDIcgdFrDWet™ƒgdRcTztGqC}IaslG…dEqciF r³EociSd‘D g§¥xY@aR†GScTpSdocTYSˆash™dfEDCQsG@cF‡¹Aƒ‚Id@—tdStHjEDCY@˜´s€ XucDYSYDtrqhUR”G…tIhrSCaPYBaRC‘f D f ¦ ¤ 9 B ‚ R B D BsH S f q R S R ’ D F B R D i S FHP i ig cTtwvXqFXYST€qY…™dfEDCQsG@cF‡hYgUT”wvXqcFGShIQ—ER‰dfI‰xHYTURGST dRQH CtGSWEgEi‰H Id@wrD„CdgYDED—UTIY@QAIA9 S RD BsH S f S T VsH B Ds D ooq T B o S R B S B S Rq S@ cuXDdSYD”EqirSWEPYBaRC‘}Id@Yq‘IEsdtHESiXDCcgIµ¨ G…cFIcsESYiYRQb}Id@¹cVGSQGHCYgQYH|WQHGSaTQk”vs@ D i i ig f S R R r BV i S Sg S Rq` S R R T R D gV iH S H
- 50. ¦ ©G ER‰dfI‰xHYTURGSedRQH uYSEDQs„R¥¤dPESCQ…9 B Ds T D o iHƒ uG i`H ua R S f oq ¨ ¦ W©G lcs™tXrdSD tª©§¥¤ ¥ £¢¢ ¡ V H YqR CtXHrSi XFdSD ¤ a ”¤ ™EfdBR QH DV u S R ¢I ¤ u ” a G lc™tXd†t'tr•YE™•IQxdcY˜IA9 R s S f r S D o q s q B D D B f D s QHu ITS cgR ISS Tµ¨ S Eg@ C` g i ³ D T S R B S F F gV iH B a cfdSYDtXHGShCY@mas‘IG@tH¹WQHGSaTQ™ED™©G R S f D F D’a VsH G R S f lUs‡tcrYSXSCEsdBbW©G IQ|G HGDlUs‡tcrYSD ©I ¤ u ” £Glc™tcY¶„ƒftq (t Q¶YkCtXrSi ' DR sS f rSD q ‚R o ¤ s H qR D V H G R sS f rSD o q s BD B fD sHTRST S @ RG lc™tXd†t'trq•YED™•IQxdcY˜IA9 XVYSYRER‰dfCQxHdTcRGS}YSQH B Ds T T a V sH G DRsS frS ©G IQ·RG Glc™tcdA ¤a ¤ u ” uS Sg QIcgIµ¨ EgChcfYSdDtHYS}IY@{as¹cVIG@tH‡WtXHGSET‰rDB i` D T S R B S F F gV iH ¢ R s f r S D S F sB D ’ii S ‚ D H ¢ R s S G lcS™tcY€XIad´ac„Q˜G lU‡f ³ D S i qs FH S T S@ 9 u ‰XrYSuXD”rCcVrSw‚IlG…t™cT”avcBcSXFGSkIAeC¢ G ¤a ¤ u ” VI‰m©DYˆUs‡QXrSY™!YDˆUs‡QXrYS¶„ƒ‚tq sH G R S f D R S f D q R o ' ¤ t s R D V i FSD u ¤ S BR R (5QH qYnCtHXrS~Xd·G ”e™EfdnQH G Rlc™tXd†ot'str•DYE™•IQxdcY˜IA9 s S f r S D q q B D B f D s H T R S T S @ XVGSdRER‰dfI‰xHYTURGSrD‘©G lcs™tcrdA B Ds T B R S f S G ”¤ u S ' XVtEvUBXSXFS D f (t ¤ R S R Sf ˆUsdA GDlcs™tXrdSD 8 XdD ™EfA9 FS 6 S B time (secs) ER‰dfIQGHYTURGSdRQH ™YSrD‰„e » dG GSCtEr—ƒ B Ds T D o iHƒ u Tg B 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 60 80 100 120 segment number
- 51. ¤ G S R € Rg S R s B Ds T H oH SVq f T ³ D SP fHV S R D q D @P T f CY@{´s6XuCtXq™EfdB‡tEqdBdDrD‰dfIQGHYTURGSkfcTGSpR‰™Cˆ‡„YRQGHdR´Dfq‚Eqdi|cVb‰QIuIY@few‚I•@€CQxHQr QGqR d³tzhCA„ytrqdBcRXFCCtXqjId@—Q‰CEsCCastXrz}IY@‰jCd™YR‰xHdR´Dfw‚rqdi…QrHYBlcsCtbˆE4hCY@eeq‚Cd@D Rq` S@ 9 us Sss F S R oq r Bs B S` S R RH SVq f T ³ D i R SsqP S S R D q @P T P R S@ Ds R oq u Rgq`H q D D@P T Rq u Tg B s q C‰xHtr tYq|IA9 uUTpSdoI‰xHYTet€cFYSD » d¦ CtzQ¤w‚I•@†ICQGHtr Y@t„@ u Q dG YSCtrr…ƒ EsB q‚Cd@D s THP f F S R g D S s F S S B R oq SV BsrH f S@ 9 u SP fH B SVq QYqrDdBQs‰tXq–IY@§l` cscSYS–b` ‰H{URXFz£¢‰rDCd@™t€CIdgERCtQ|nCA'W XVz™‰IdV rD€Cd™f dRQxH•RƒDfw‚rq•iQpHdBlcsItzˆ54S Id@kX’CtXq™EfdB5trq•BYDrD‰dfCQxHdTcRGST ’UTGSpRQ'EgUiGSQrHWXV™‰Ef†X’IlA9 T ³ D i R SsqP S R Rg S R s B Ds H oH R B S f B Dg@ ' u ¤ tiHg B BV B sH FgV TP Rqs Sq † (yQsdrVlEvWCEs€QkXSIWˆGqWtIXDˆCV cVGSdRER‰dfIQGHYTURGS†lcs™tXrdSD G@tHe’UT”avcBXScFGS‡CY@‘Q€CcgIµ¨ agC‘UfYSYDQHGS™IY@~asB cVIG@tXH‘GDlcs™f B Ds T R S f F S S T S R RH S Sg i` D T S R S F F R S ³ D S oq Dg S` ¢q S T R Dq TgP BsH S f R S fr i qs FH S SV S ‰XrYSkIY@R t‘YSCQHcFbs’ 7¶XVIdsCYg€EgUiYS”zYPWC€EDB dfrDWQsG@XF™ulUs‡tWXVrSw‚IlG…t‚cV”gpHUiChCY@R @rgq R S S RH R u uG s SA VsH Rg S R s B Ds T H oH SVq f T ³ tCtIY@‚Us”cv™QsY@‰W dFQrqYBURXFdFCQ€8 Ctcq‡afYBmtEqdBdDrD‰dfIQGHYTURGS™jUTGSpRQhCˆ‡iYRQGHdRƒDfw‚EqdiD S R T RP F B@ uG Tg B ƒ B S D`q S ‚ S S q u iHg B BV B Sr i qs FH S CY@„cDGSCdgCQXH‡G@EFC‚ 6 » ˆ¥GSCQrr—‡Ese”dvcTYSCti„WX’cT”UvAw‚€ ”EgaiQsWEVlEvWIas‡XVtCXVESq‚CˆG…Qiz` EVCtI•@‘XVYSYRER‰dfCQxHdTlcs™tXrdSG@tHµjw‚CIas‘tEqYBdRcD”ItcqfId@Ittrq•BIQsˆE4CQrHYBlcsIQbˆ54S tpqo igq D B Ds R R S f D F S’ qV B ‚ s Srs F S Roq s DsHP Si R SsqP T ’ º ˆG tEqYBcRcFdA Esmw‚I•@ii”ƒgERUBtsQXHnd…t„ƒ‚cRIjIY@eXDztYqC–I‰‡ baPC•P CY@wEiW™Gq{aglG…rFCµ¨ u s S B s q D D t u FHP F Tq Ss S R S` TP VsH S B S R iy R i Bg Pg D SPq qV B ‚ S R RH R D Ss SV B T CIUsbt¬q‚WIEs{Id@‰‰sY@‚Yq·XVItErdBcDC†rDYR‰xHdRD w‚rqdi¹Id@ut¹YStICQpHdBlcsItzˆ54¹IA9 D S R oq DH@P i R SsqP S S@ ”–“” e†e¹ £ •‘ ¤Xm £ Œ ‹” • Œ “ ‹ ‘ Ž” Œ • ¡ Œ ¢ ¶„‚ ¥ ¶¤ ‰X“„‡ ‚ · ¢ · ‰“ ¥ ¥ © ¤ ‡ © ¢ x†{ ‡ u u s S B S T o B R D BV S v R S f D r BVs Rgq S W¢ dG tEqYBcRcFdA EseUTIY@dRCpgrDCd@edDIcgdFrDWj˜cuGDlcs™tcrYSIEsdIQxH•RGDCQhCY@R oq Dq f Sr i qs FH B@ ‚’ S TH RH ¤ t S T i S R R SgV B S B D B@ 9 B' t}•R”™˜XVtCXVESq‚CˆG…Q~G@EFCwyXVtEvYBdTQhQsd@R (‘”YrQpH†Id@{Gq†IW}EDtE…C•PjrDCAhuER‰f ³ IQGHYTcRYSfYSEDQH IY@fYStpqcozltrrdBetE…C•Pf”YrQpH™€GStC™YqrD‰u„twtEqtXrYS†XVrSUiGFaTcB™QGHeId@™´s€ Ds T i o S R T S` R@ T S B D S T i H Rqs iH S ‚’s B T F S f D S R u FsH T SP S R SV T SV B Ds T D o i o FgA us Srs F qs i tcSIQ‡YftpqdocTz}IY@XDWtxHtcrCeER‰dfCQxHdTcRGS•RtH ™YSEDQH nG@Cˆ9wtEqYBdRcD”Itcq™C™agEiQXHGST ED™YScTId@R UsI—QCˆ‡‰XSIQCrVttwvƒHWtEqYBdRcD”Itcq|”avdBdDXDGSQ”t†dDXDrS‰IY@¹GqlEs–”mGqhcTCIUsYS|CY@R B S S@ ‚ ’SVq f FsH Bq ³s Srs F S TrrH i S R R B qr R SV D S cDXSGFQpquEgWcs”‰xHdRED™waR™•fIQGHYTcRYSYSrD‰H eCY@QQYStXHF rDCd@k´s€ n•frDC‰sG@XF™yER‰dfCQxHdTcRGST •RtH CY@jIQH T o i S… B f B Ds T i o S R’ D B R u BsH S f B Ds D o S R Vs UT”EvUBXScFGSjIY@€Q‘CcgIµ¨ EgW‘cfdSYDtXHGSjIY@—tnQrqYBURtxHUTGSlEsjId@¤tGqpTeERWdgXDYSGDER‰dfCQxHdTcRGS}dSrDQsƒ S T S R RH S Sg i` D T S R oq s F R B S R f o i T B Ds T iH uXYDtrqhˆUs‡QXrYS–I}rD‰GScTCY@’tItId@R cstcv’XVGS‰tavYBURthrD2dfEDCQsG@cF‡‰IY@XSCEsdBD X’ER‰dfIQGHYTURGST D i R S f D qs B S R @rgq S S RH FH B BsH S f S R F B Ds •RtH †YSEDQH ¹hrDWY@Ei‰H‰x‰Uu8 tEqtXrYS˜cVrSciYFETUB™Id@˜asf6 aR™•fIQGHYTcRYSk•RtH {‘IlY@’IQhD f (t D o i o H B R i F S v s B T F S R B B Ds T D o H Dg R VsH ¤ ' GSQXHrFEBWCWt}XDESYBUTYS|€Gq™WtHES}cT”avcBcSXFGS‘CY@™Q˜XVCG@tH‘YSQjQIY@}GDlcs™tcrYSt‚CtYqt|„tq R iPgV oq D H R DV i S T S R RH S F F TH RH R R S f D oq Pg Tr H o s B Ds T S R ’ D u S R Vsg TH RH R D S v u ¤ t R iPgV H R S S ' QrqdBdDrD‰dfI‰xHYTURGS€IY@tcFYS¶I Q t¤ ‡afYB§ICtYqQ‰Qsd@–XSdS€x† ({GSQXHrFaBCCW‚‡cDGSQGHcTIUs”r ’XcTtEvcBcSXFYS€Id@Q{cVIG@tHhWtXHGSET‰„EDER…tS ´uµ’•R”rqtCtAeQsd@„lcs™tcrYSjyt‰tEqdBdDrD‰dfIQGHYTURGST S T S R RH S F F gV iH B B u B D i Rqs DH ‚ RH R R S f D Hoq s B Ds S R RH R D S ‚ ’ RHP S R r B iqƒ u T B D Sg Rs CY@‰QsY@€XSdSn„AwdscTGSdRQs€IY@–IEsw‚rqaitI§”agYiQrHEi‰EfdB‰XDCˆasYBltcqF YsUTGSdRQs€”wvb‰mIA9 RHP S q`H S@
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