This document discusses stakeholders, viewpoints, and concerns in requirements engineering. Stakeholders are sources of requirements and include people affected by a system. A medical information system example identifies doctors, nurses, patients, and others as stakeholders. Viewpoints organize requirements from stakeholders into related groups. Concerns are cross-cutting organizational issues that generate systemic requirements and affect stakeholders, such as security, availability, and safety.

1. Stakeholders, viewpoints and
concerns
Ian Sommerville
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P5X-ridjaOY
Stakeholders, viewpoints and concerns, 2013
Slide 1

2. Stakeholders
• Sources of requirements
Stakeholders, viewpoints and concerns, 2013
Slide 2

3. Stakeholders
• People or roles who are affected, in
some way, by a system and so who can
contribute requirements or knowledge to
help you understand the requirements
Stakeholders, viewpoints and concerns, 2013
Slide 3

4. Medical information system
Stakeholders, viewpoints and concerns, 2013
Slide 4

5. Medical system stakeholders
• Doctors
• Nurses
• Patients
Stakeholders, viewpoints and concerns, 2013
Slide 5

6. Medical system stakeholders
• Hospital managers
• Administrators
• Owners of other connected systems
Stakeholders, viewpoints and concerns, 2013
Slide 6

7. Stakeholders, viewpoints and concerns, 2013
Slide 7

8. Stakeholder groups
•
Clinical stakeholders
–
–
Nurses
–
•
Doctors
Other healthcase professionals
Management stakeholders
–
Hospital managers
–
Administrators
Stakeholders, viewpoints and concerns, 2013
Slide 8

9. Viewpoints
• Viewpoints are a way of organising and
grouping requirements that have been
elicited from stakeholders
Stakeholders, viewpoints and concerns, 2013
Slide 9

10. Examples of viewpoints
• End-user viewpoint
• Managerial viewpoint
• System administration viewpoint
• Engineering viewpoint
Stakeholders, viewpoints and concerns, 2013
Slide 10

11. Engineering viewpoint
• Engineers who are developing the
system create requirements depending
on the techniques and technology used
to develop the system
Stakeholders, viewpoints and concerns, 2013
Slide 11

12. Stakeholders and viewpoints
Stakeholde
rs
Provide information about
requirements
VP2
VP1
VP3
VP4
Requirements are grouped into viewpoints
Stakeholders, viewpoints and concerns, 2013
Slide 12

13. Concerns
• Concerns are issues that an
organisation must pay attention to and
that are systemic i.e. they apply to the
system as a whole
• Not concerned with individual
functions, features of a system or
individual stakeholder requirements
Stakeholders, viewpoints and concerns, 2013
Slide 13

14. • Concerns are cross-cutting issues that
may affect all system stakeholders and
the requirements from these
stakeholders
Stakeholders, viewpoints and concerns, 2013
Slide 14

15. Concerns
Software and
hardware
Operators and
managers
The organisation
Society
Security Availability
Stakeholders, viewpoints and concerns, 2013
Safety
Slide 15

16. The socio-technical triangle
Stakeholders are
at different levels
in the triangle
Software and
hardware
Operators and
managers
The organisation
Society
Stakeholders, viewpoints and concerns, 2013
Slide 16

17. • Concerns help bridge the gap between
organisational goals (what the
organisation has to achieve) and system
requirements (how a system
contributes to these goals)
Stakeholders, viewpoints and concerns, 2013
Slide 17

18. Summary
• Stakeholders
– People who have an ‘interest’ or a ‘stake’ in the
system
• Viewpoints
– Groups of related requirements from stakeholders
• Concerns
– Cross-cutting systemic organizational issues that
Stakeholders, viewpoints and concerns, 2013
Slide 18
generate requirements