LM-84 and TM-28 aim to provide luminaire-level lifetime predictions, but they have flaws that make them unsuitable for high-performance LED roadway luminaires. LM-84's thermal testing method using cameras is impractical and alters the luminaire's thermal performance. TM-28's short testing duration and small sample sizes mean extrapolating lifetime predictions beyond 10,000 hours is not realistic. For roadway luminaires requiring 50,000 hour lifetimes, the standards would require testing 15 luminaires for over a year per product. Thermal testing per LM-80 and lumen maintenance projections using TM-21 remain the best options for comparing and assessing quality of high-powered LED roadway lighting
LM-84 and TM-28 aim to provide luminaire-level lifetime predictions, but they have flaws that make them unsuitable for high-performance LED roadway luminaires. LM-84's thermal testing method using cameras is impractical and alters the luminaire's thermal performance. TM-28's short testing duration and small sample sizes mean extrapolating lifetime predictions beyond 10,000 hours is not realistic. For roadway luminaires requiring 50,000 hour lifetimes, the standards would require testing 15 luminaires for over a year per product. Thermal testing per LM-80 and lumen maintenance projections using TM-21 remain the best options for comparing and assessing quality of high-powered LED roadway lighting
The WHO guideline provides recommendations for six policy interventions that countries can use to manage medicine prices:
1) Regulating mark-ups in the supply chain to incentivize affordable medicines.
2) Exempting essential medicines from taxation to improve access.
3) Replacing cost-plus pricing with alternative strategies like reference pricing.
4) Using external reference pricing as part of a strategy for negotiating prices.
5) Promoting generics through early market entry and multiple strategies to achieve low prices.
6) Using health technology assessment to support pricing decisions and in combination with reference pricing.
Key principles are adopting a combination of policies tailored to the context and making pricing transparent, supported, and regularly reviewed.
The WHO guideline provides recommendations for six policy interventions that countries can use to manage medicine prices:
1) Regulating mark-ups in the supply chain to incentivize affordable medicines.
2) Exempting essential medicines from taxation to improve access.
3) Replacing cost-plus pricing with alternative strategies like reference pricing.
4) Using external reference pricing as part of a strategy for negotiating prices.
5) Promoting generics through early market entry and multiple strategies to achieve low prices.
6) Using health technology assessment to support pricing decisions and in combination with reference pricing.
Key principles are adopting a combination of policies tailored to the context and making pricing transparent, supported, and regularly reviewed.