বাংলাদেশের সংবিধানের "অর্থ-বিল" শিরোনামের ৮১ নং অনুচ্ছেদ নাকি বুঝতে একটু কঠিন, তাই আমি চেষ্টা করলাম আমার মতো করে কেটে কুটে সহজ করে নিয়ে বোঝার, কারো উপকার হবে কিনা জানি না।
Introduction to the english legal systemNathan Loynes
The document provides an introduction to key concepts of the English legal system, including the separation of powers, parliamentary sovereignty, and the distinction between criminal and civil law. It explains that the UK has an uncodified constitution comprised of statutes, common law, and other sources. Parliament is sovereign and can make or repeal any law, but its power is constrained by constitutional conventions and laws cannot bind future parliaments. In criminal cases, guilt must be proven beyond reasonable doubt, while civil cases employ the balance of probabilities standard.
Equity developed alongside the common law system to provide remedies in situations where the common law was inadequate or unfair. The Court of Chancery, overseen by the Lord Chancellor, would hear cases and provide equitable relief directed at the parties. Over time, equitable principles and remedies became established through precedent. Today in common law countries, equity has merged with the legal system but still provides judges with additional remedies beyond damages when needed, drawing from long-established equitable doctrines and maxims.
The document discusses dower, or mahr, which is money or property a wife is entitled to receive from her husband at marriage under Islamic law. It notes that dower is a debt the husband owes the wife, and she can refuse relations with him or sue for payment if he does not pay. Dower is the only right of a woman that cannot be taken away. A dower can have prompt and deferred portions. The document provides examples and quotes passages from the Quran related to dower.
This document summarizes key details about the 1773 Regulating Act and some famous case laws from this period in India. It discusses reasons for the Act, its main features, and the establishment of the Supreme Court of Judicature. It then summarizes three important cases - the Nand Kumar case (a judicial murder), the Patna case of 1777-1779, and the Cossijurah case - that challenged the jurisdiction and authority of the newly formed Supreme Court.
Presidential system and parliamentary system
Introduction of parliamentary system
Origin of parliamentary system
Characteristics of parliamentary systems
Introduction of presidential system
Characteristics of presidential system
Responsibilities of president
Comparisons between presidential and parliamentary system
Advantages and disadvantages of presidential and parliamentary system
Conclusion
The document discusses the rule of law in Bangladesh, defining it as a system where people are governed by and obey the law. It also discusses why the rule of law is important for society. While the Bangladeshi constitution ensures the rule of law, in reality unequal access to justice and suppression of political opponents by security forces undermine the rule of law. The document calls for reforms to strengthen the independence of law enforcement and judiciary.
The document discusses the establishment of High Courts in India through the Indian High Courts Act of 1861. Previously, two separate court systems - British Crown Courts and East India Company Courts - existed in India, creating confusion due to differing jurisdictions and applied laws between the two. The Act merged these two systems into three High Courts of Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras in order to reduce conflicts and standardize the administration of justice. The High Courts were courts of record with original and appellate jurisdiction over civil, criminal, and other cases. Appeals against High Court decisions could be made to the Privy Council in certain cases.
Introduction to the english legal systemNathan Loynes
The document provides an introduction to key concepts of the English legal system, including the separation of powers, parliamentary sovereignty, and the distinction between criminal and civil law. It explains that the UK has an uncodified constitution comprised of statutes, common law, and other sources. Parliament is sovereign and can make or repeal any law, but its power is constrained by constitutional conventions and laws cannot bind future parliaments. In criminal cases, guilt must be proven beyond reasonable doubt, while civil cases employ the balance of probabilities standard.
Equity developed alongside the common law system to provide remedies in situations where the common law was inadequate or unfair. The Court of Chancery, overseen by the Lord Chancellor, would hear cases and provide equitable relief directed at the parties. Over time, equitable principles and remedies became established through precedent. Today in common law countries, equity has merged with the legal system but still provides judges with additional remedies beyond damages when needed, drawing from long-established equitable doctrines and maxims.
The document discusses dower, or mahr, which is money or property a wife is entitled to receive from her husband at marriage under Islamic law. It notes that dower is a debt the husband owes the wife, and she can refuse relations with him or sue for payment if he does not pay. Dower is the only right of a woman that cannot be taken away. A dower can have prompt and deferred portions. The document provides examples and quotes passages from the Quran related to dower.
This document summarizes key details about the 1773 Regulating Act and some famous case laws from this period in India. It discusses reasons for the Act, its main features, and the establishment of the Supreme Court of Judicature. It then summarizes three important cases - the Nand Kumar case (a judicial murder), the Patna case of 1777-1779, and the Cossijurah case - that challenged the jurisdiction and authority of the newly formed Supreme Court.
Presidential system and parliamentary system
Introduction of parliamentary system
Origin of parliamentary system
Characteristics of parliamentary systems
Introduction of presidential system
Characteristics of presidential system
Responsibilities of president
Comparisons between presidential and parliamentary system
Advantages and disadvantages of presidential and parliamentary system
Conclusion
The document discusses the rule of law in Bangladesh, defining it as a system where people are governed by and obey the law. It also discusses why the rule of law is important for society. While the Bangladeshi constitution ensures the rule of law, in reality unequal access to justice and suppression of political opponents by security forces undermine the rule of law. The document calls for reforms to strengthen the independence of law enforcement and judiciary.
The document discusses the establishment of High Courts in India through the Indian High Courts Act of 1861. Previously, two separate court systems - British Crown Courts and East India Company Courts - existed in India, creating confusion due to differing jurisdictions and applied laws between the two. The Act merged these two systems into three High Courts of Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras in order to reduce conflicts and standardize the administration of justice. The High Courts were courts of record with original and appellate jurisdiction over civil, criminal, and other cases. Appeals against High Court decisions could be made to the Privy Council in certain cases.
The document defines key terms related to letters of credit (L/C), including the applicant, beneficiary, issuing bank, advising bank, nominated bank, and complying presentation. It also outlines the step-by-step process of an L/C transaction, from the buyer applying for an L/C to the seller presenting documents for payment. Specifically, the buyer's bank issues the L/C, which is sent to the seller's bank; the seller then ships goods and submits complying documents for payment; if documents are in order, the seller is paid and documents are forwarded to the buyer. L/Cs guarantee payment from the buyer's bank in exchange for specified documents from the seller.
জলবায়ু ও পরিবেশ সংক্রান্ত আন্তর্জাতিক পদক্ষেপZahidul Islam
মাতৃভাষা বাংলাতে জলবায়ু ও পরিবেশ সংক্রান্ত আন্তর্জাতিক পদক্ষেপ সমূহের সংক্ষিপ্ত বর্ণনা। যে সকল পাঠকদের পূর্ব ধারণা আছে, তাঁদের কাছে প্রাঞ্জল মনে হবে, ধন্যবাদ।
This document discusses tourism in Bangladesh, comparing it to global tourism trends and neighboring countries. It outlines that while Bangladesh has natural beauty and historical sites, its tourism sector has not developed to contribute significantly to the economy. Neighboring countries like India, Sri Lanka, and Maldives have flourished their tourism industries more. The document identifies challenges for Bangladesh including lack of prioritization, funding, marketing, and proper planning of infrastructure. It argues Bangladesh needs to develop its brand, promote attractions internationally, and make sites into sustainable tourism products to grow the sector.
ICT has become essential to banking and has brought significant changes to how banks operate and serve customers. Banks have invested heavily in ICT to improve customer service and reduce costs. ICT allows banks to offer various electronic services like online banking, ATMs, and remote account access. These electronic services allow customers to bank anytime anywhere with convenience. Major applications of ICT for customers include remote access to their accounts and transactions, cash withdrawals at ATMs, and electronic funds transfers. For banks, ICT provides efficient access to customer information and streamlines operations like report generation and daily transactions.
The document lists the top 10 longest rivers in the world by length and outflow countries. It then provides additional details on some other globally significant rivers not within the top 10, including the Volga, Danube, Ural, Rhine, Ganges River, Amu Darya, Indus, Shatt al-Arab, Mekong, and Brahmaputra rivers. The rivers discussed flow through multiple countries and regions around the world and discharge into various oceans and seas.
The document provides an overview of United Nations peacekeeping operations and Bangladesh's involvement. It begins by outlining the purpose of UN peacekeeping as maintaining international peace and security. It then discusses how Bangladesh first deployed peacekeepers in 1988 and has since contributed troops to over 30 operations in 25 countries. As of 2014, Bangladesh contributed the highest number of total peacekeeping personnel with over 8,700 deployed worldwide, though 88 Bangladeshi peacekeepers have been killed. Bangladesh's peacekeeping forces have been praised for their performance and professionalism.
Major economic indicators of Banladesh in mid 2015Zahidul Islam
- Average general inflation in Bangladesh decreased to 6.41% in June 2015, while export receipts increased by 3.35% to USD 31.20 billion and import payments increased by 12.21% to USD 41.35 billion in FY15 compared to FY14.
- Remittances increased by 7.65% to USD 15.32 billion in FY15, and foreign exchange reserves increased to USD 25.02 billion in June 2015 compared to USD 23.71 billion in May 2015.
- Tax revenue collection during the first eleven months of FY15 was 14.20% higher at Tk. 118042.32 crore compared to the same period of the previous fiscal year.
যে যায় বলুক না কেন, এই স্লাইড এর জন্য আমাকে থাঙ্কস দিতেই হবে। বেশ খেটেছি, নিজের জন্য তৈরি করে বার ভূতের পাতে তুলে দিলাম, কারণ বার ভূত-ই আমার অতি আপন। ভাল থাকবেন।
Foreign direct investment to bangladeshZahidul Islam
This document discusses Bangladesh's growing economy and investment opportunities. It notes that Bangladesh has been recognized by Goldman Sachs and the IMF as an emerging economy with strong growth potential. The government is working to promote private investment by offering competitive tax incentives and an improved investment climate. Statistics are provided on GDP, exports, imports, foreign reserves and other economic indicators that demonstrate Bangladesh's economic growth and resilience.
The document defines key terms related to letters of credit (L/C), including the applicant, beneficiary, issuing bank, advising bank, nominated bank, and complying presentation. It also outlines the step-by-step process of an L/C transaction, from the buyer applying for an L/C to the seller presenting documents for payment. Specifically, the buyer's bank issues the L/C, which is sent to the seller's bank; the seller then ships goods and submits complying documents for payment; if documents are in order, the seller is paid and documents are forwarded to the buyer. L/Cs guarantee payment from the buyer's bank in exchange for specified documents from the seller.
জলবায়ু ও পরিবেশ সংক্রান্ত আন্তর্জাতিক পদক্ষেপZahidul Islam
মাতৃভাষা বাংলাতে জলবায়ু ও পরিবেশ সংক্রান্ত আন্তর্জাতিক পদক্ষেপ সমূহের সংক্ষিপ্ত বর্ণনা। যে সকল পাঠকদের পূর্ব ধারণা আছে, তাঁদের কাছে প্রাঞ্জল মনে হবে, ধন্যবাদ।
This document discusses tourism in Bangladesh, comparing it to global tourism trends and neighboring countries. It outlines that while Bangladesh has natural beauty and historical sites, its tourism sector has not developed to contribute significantly to the economy. Neighboring countries like India, Sri Lanka, and Maldives have flourished their tourism industries more. The document identifies challenges for Bangladesh including lack of prioritization, funding, marketing, and proper planning of infrastructure. It argues Bangladesh needs to develop its brand, promote attractions internationally, and make sites into sustainable tourism products to grow the sector.
ICT has become essential to banking and has brought significant changes to how banks operate and serve customers. Banks have invested heavily in ICT to improve customer service and reduce costs. ICT allows banks to offer various electronic services like online banking, ATMs, and remote account access. These electronic services allow customers to bank anytime anywhere with convenience. Major applications of ICT for customers include remote access to their accounts and transactions, cash withdrawals at ATMs, and electronic funds transfers. For banks, ICT provides efficient access to customer information and streamlines operations like report generation and daily transactions.
The document lists the top 10 longest rivers in the world by length and outflow countries. It then provides additional details on some other globally significant rivers not within the top 10, including the Volga, Danube, Ural, Rhine, Ganges River, Amu Darya, Indus, Shatt al-Arab, Mekong, and Brahmaputra rivers. The rivers discussed flow through multiple countries and regions around the world and discharge into various oceans and seas.
The document provides an overview of United Nations peacekeeping operations and Bangladesh's involvement. It begins by outlining the purpose of UN peacekeeping as maintaining international peace and security. It then discusses how Bangladesh first deployed peacekeepers in 1988 and has since contributed troops to over 30 operations in 25 countries. As of 2014, Bangladesh contributed the highest number of total peacekeeping personnel with over 8,700 deployed worldwide, though 88 Bangladeshi peacekeepers have been killed. Bangladesh's peacekeeping forces have been praised for their performance and professionalism.
Major economic indicators of Banladesh in mid 2015Zahidul Islam
- Average general inflation in Bangladesh decreased to 6.41% in June 2015, while export receipts increased by 3.35% to USD 31.20 billion and import payments increased by 12.21% to USD 41.35 billion in FY15 compared to FY14.
- Remittances increased by 7.65% to USD 15.32 billion in FY15, and foreign exchange reserves increased to USD 25.02 billion in June 2015 compared to USD 23.71 billion in May 2015.
- Tax revenue collection during the first eleven months of FY15 was 14.20% higher at Tk. 118042.32 crore compared to the same period of the previous fiscal year.
যে যায় বলুক না কেন, এই স্লাইড এর জন্য আমাকে থাঙ্কস দিতেই হবে। বেশ খেটেছি, নিজের জন্য তৈরি করে বার ভূতের পাতে তুলে দিলাম, কারণ বার ভূত-ই আমার অতি আপন। ভাল থাকবেন।
Foreign direct investment to bangladeshZahidul Islam
This document discusses Bangladesh's growing economy and investment opportunities. It notes that Bangladesh has been recognized by Goldman Sachs and the IMF as an emerging economy with strong growth potential. The government is working to promote private investment by offering competitive tax incentives and an improved investment climate. Statistics are provided on GDP, exports, imports, foreign reserves and other economic indicators that demonstrate Bangladesh's economic growth and resilience.
2. অর্থ বিল িলতে বিম্নলবিে সকল িা যে যকাি বিষয়
সংক্রান্ত বিবি,
• কর আররাপ
• কর হিয়ন্ত্রি
• কর রদ বদল
• কর মমৌকুফ বা রহিতকরণ।
3. অর্থ বিল িলতে বিম্নলবিে সকল িা যে যকাি বিষয়
সংক্রান্ত বিবি,
• সরকার কততৃ ক ঋণ গ্রিণ বা মকাি গ্যারাহিদাি।
• সরকাররর আহথৃক দায়-দাহয়ত্ব সঙক্রান্ত আইি সংর াধি।
• সংযুক্ত তিহবরলর রক্ষণারবক্ষণ।
• অিুরুপ তিহবল মথরক অথৃদাি বা অথৃ হিহদৃষ্ট-করণ।
• সংযুক্ত তিহবরলর উপর দায় আররাপ বা রহিত-করণ।
4. অর্থ বিল িলতে বিম্নলবিে সকল িা যে যকাি বিষয়
সংক্রান্ত বিবি
• সরকারী তিহবরল অথৃ প্রাহি, অথৃ রক্ষণারবক্ষণ বা দাি।
• সরকাররর হিসাব-িীহরক্ষা।
5. অর্থ বিল িতল গিয হতি িা যকিল,
• মকাি জহরমািা বা অিয মকাি অথৃদণ্ড আররাপ বা রদবদল।
• লাইরসন্স হফ বা অিয মকাি কারজর জিয হফ।
• স্থািীয় প্র াসি বা প্রহতষ্ঠাি কততৃ ক ধাযৃ-কত ত কর আররাপ, রদ, রহিতকরণ