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‫شجرة‬‫النيم‬‫مستقبل‬‫مصر‬
‫فى‬‫تحويل‬‫الصحراء‬‫الى‬‫رقعة‬‫خضراء‬
‫والقضاء‬‫على‬‫التلوث‬‫البيئى‬‫داخل‬‫المدن‬
.‫سماح‬ ‫د‬‫عبد‬‫السلم‬‫مقبل‬
‫باحث‬‫بقسم‬‫بحوث‬‫الفيروس‬‫والفيتوبلزما‬
‫يعود‬‫أصل‬‫شجرة‬‫النيم‬‫الى‬‫القارة‬‫الهندية‬‫ويطلق‬‫عليها‬
‫عدة‬‫اسماء‬‫منها‬"‫صيدلية‬،‫القرية‬‫أو‬"‫الشجرة‬"‫المباركة‬
‫واسمها‬‫العلمي‬)Azadirachta indica(‫تنتمي‬‫هذه‬
‫الشجرة‬‫إلى‬‫الفصيلة‬‫الزنزلختية‬)Meliaceae(‫التي‬‫تتميز‬
‫بقدرتها‬‫على‬‫تنقية‬‫التربة‬‫من‬.‫وهي‬ ‫الملح‬‫شجرة‬‫معمرة‬
‫يصل‬‫عمرها‬‫إلى‬‫مائة‬‫وثمانين‬‫عاما‬،‫تحتاج‬‫أشجار‬‫النيم‬
‫إلى‬‫القليل‬‫من‬‫الماء‬‫وهي‬‫تنمو‬‫بسرعة‬‫وتضرب‬‫بجذورها‬
‫عميقا‬‫في‬.، ‫التربة‬‫فهي‬‫شديدة‬‫المقاومة‬‫للعوامل‬‫المناخية‬
‫المر‬‫الذي‬‫ل‬‫يعود‬‫بالفائدة‬‫على‬‫البيئة‬‫فقط‬،‫لكنه‬‫يحقق‬
‫فوائد‬‫أخرى‬،‫وفي‬‫الفترة‬‫الخيرة‬‫تمت‬‫زراعة‬‫ما‬‫يقرب‬‫من‬
4000‫شجرة‬‫نيم‬‫في‬‫جمهورية‬‫مصر‬‫العربية‬،‫وخاصة‬‫في‬
‫منطقة‬‫الدلتا‬‫وتنمو‬‫بنجاح‬‫في‬‫المناطق‬.‫الحارة‬
‫وتتميز‬‫هذه‬‫الشجار‬‫بقدرتها‬‫على‬‫تنقية‬‫الهواء‬‫الجوى‬
‫حيث‬‫تعتبر‬‫هذه‬‫الشجار‬‫فلتر‬‫طبيعى‬‫او‬‫مرشح‬‫حيوى‬
‫للغازات‬‫الضارة‬‫الملوثة‬‫مثل‬‫غاز‬‫أول‬‫اكسد‬‫الكربون‬
‫وأكاسيد‬‫النيتروجين‬‫وأكاسيد‬‫الرصاص‬‫المنتشرة‬‫بكثافة‬
‫داخل‬‫المدن‬‫والقرى‬‫المزدحمة‬‫بالمواصلت‬،‫التى‬‫تنتج‬
‫من‬‫ماكينات‬‫احتراق‬‫المركبات‬‫والتدفئة‬‫المنزلية‬‫والتدخين‬
‫وهو‬‫بحد‬‫ذاته‬‫خطر‬‫كبير‬‫وتأثير‬‫مدمر‬‫على‬‫صحة‬‫النسان‬
‫والبيئة‬‫ويعمل‬‫على‬‫تأكل‬‫المزروعات‬‫والنباتات‬،‫ولكن‬
‫بوسعنا‬‫تفادى‬‫كل‬‫هذه‬‫التاثيرات‬‫الضارة‬‫والمدمرة‬‫وذلك‬
‫بزراعة‬‫أشجار‬‫النيم‬‫على‬‫جميع‬‫الرصفة‬‫فى‬‫المدن‬
‫بمسافة‬‫تتراوح‬‫من‬3‫الى‬5‫امتار‬‫حيث‬‫اكتشف‬‫العلماء‬
‫ان‬‫وجود‬‫حزام‬‫من‬‫هذه‬‫الشجار‬‫لمسافة‬30‫مترا‬،
‫يستطيع‬‫خفض‬‫تركيز‬‫غاز‬‫أول‬‫أكسيد‬،‫الكربون‬‫بنسبة‬
‫تصل‬‫إلى‬60%،‫كما‬‫يمكن‬‫لكيلو‬‫متر‬‫مربع‬‫من‬‫الشجار‬‫أن‬‫تمتص‬‫يوميا‬‫قدرا‬‫من‬،‫الغازات‬‫يصل‬‫إلى‬
120‫كيلو‬.‫ولجل‬ ‫جراما‬‫أن‬‫تصنع‬‫الشجار‬‫مترا‬‫واحدا‬‫من‬‫مادتها‬‫الخشبية‬،‫الجافة‬‫فإنها‬‫تمتص‬‫من‬
‫الهواء‬1.83،‫طن‬‫من‬‫غاز‬‫ثاني‬‫أكسيد‬‫الكربون‬‫وتطلق‬‫ل‬ً ‫بد‬‫منه‬0.23‫طن‬‫من‬‫غاز‬‫الكسجين‬
‫بالضافة‬‫امكانيات‬‫هذه‬‫الشجار‬‫المذهلة‬‫الى‬‫تلطيف‬‫الجو‬‫وإبطاء‬‫وتيرة‬‫ارتفاع‬‫درجة‬.‫و‬ ‫الحرارة‬
‫يكفى‬‫أن‬‫نعلم‬‫اذا‬‫بدانا‬‫من‬‫الن‬‫فى‬‫خطة‬‫قومية‬‫لتشجير‬20%‫فقط‬‫من‬‫صحارى‬،‫مصر‬‫تكفل‬
‫إعادة‬‫التزان‬‫الحرارى‬‫وكافة‬‫المزايا‬‫البيئية‬،‫بالضافة‬‫الى‬‫انها‬‫تعتبر‬‫مصدر‬‫جيد‬‫لنتاج‬‫الخشاب‬‫حيث‬
‫تعتبر‬‫من‬‫أفضل‬‫أنواع‬‫الخشاب‬‫وذلك‬‫لمتانتها‬‫ولمقاومتها‬،‫للفات‬‫خاصة‬‫حشرة‬‫النمل‬،‫البيض‬‫وكذلك‬
‫ايضا‬‫لنموها‬‫السريع‬‫وبالتالى‬‫فإنها‬‫سوف‬‫تحقق‬‫عائد‬‫اقتصادى‬‫مرتفع‬‫مقارنة‬‫بالشجار‬.‫الخرى‬
‫لذا‬‫فأن‬‫شجرة‬‫النيم‬‫تعتبر‬‫من‬‫أكثر‬‫الشجار‬‫التي‬‫سيكون‬‫لها‬‫مستقبل‬‫واعد‬‫وذلك‬‫لنجاح‬‫زراعتها‬‫في‬
‫البيئات‬،‫الجافة‬‫والراضي‬‫الفقيرة‬‫في‬‫محتواها‬‫من‬‫العناصر‬،‫الغذائية‬‫ولكثرة‬‫فوائدها‬‫من‬‫الناحية‬
‫الطبية‬‫والزراعية‬‫ودورها‬‫فى‬‫تسميد‬‫التربة‬‫ولحتواء‬‫أوراق‬‫هذه‬‫الشجرة‬‫على‬‫مواد‬‫فعالة‬‫هي‬
triterpenoids،‫ذات‬‫تأثير‬‫سام‬‫على‬‫الحشرات‬‫وفي‬‫مكافحة‬‫الفات‬،‫الزراعية‬‫فقد‬‫رشحتها‬‫إحدى‬
‫الدراســات‬‫العلمية‬‫لتصبح‬‫شــجرة‬‫القرن‬‫الحادي‬‫والعشرين‬‫أو‬‫صيدلية‬‫الطبيعة‬‫را‬ً ‫نظ‬‫لستخداماتها‬
‫العديدة‬.
‫ومن‬‫منطلق‬‫هذه‬‫الهمية‬‫يتم‬‫الن‬‫اكثار‬‫هذه‬‫الشجرة‬‫عن‬‫طريق‬‫زراعة‬‫النسجة‬‫النباتية‬‫بمعمل‬
‫زراعة‬‫النسجة‬‫بقسم‬‫بحوث‬‫الفيروس‬‫والفيتوبلزما‬‫بمعهد‬‫بحوث‬‫أمراض‬‫النباتات‬‫بمركز‬‫البحوث‬
‫الزراعية‬‫ودراسة‬‫تأثيرها‬‫كمستخلص‬‫نباتى‬‫للتخلص‬‫من‬‫المراض‬‫الفيروسية‬‫باضافتها‬‫على‬‫البيئات‬
‫المستخدمة‬‫فى‬‫تكنيك‬‫زراعة‬.‫النسجة‬

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المقالة شجرة النيم مستقبل مصر