The fast presentation of Information Systems (IS) in all parts of society has left little time to consider the effects or create arrangements to exploit these frameworks.
The fast presentation of Information Systems (IS) in all parts of society has left little time to consider the effects or create arrangements to exploit these frameworks.
A 45Gb/s PAM-4 Transmitter Delivering 1.3Vppd Output Swing with 1V supply in ...aiclab
Pushed by the ever-increasing demand of high-speed connectivity, next generation 400Gb/s electrical links are targeting PAM-4 modulation to limit channel loss and preserve link budget. Compared to NRZ, a higher amplitude is desirable to counteract the 1/3 reduction of PAM-4 vertical eye opening. However, linearity is also key, and PAM-4 levels must be precisely spaced to preserve the horizontal eye opening advantage it has over NRZ. This paper presents a 45Gb/s PAM-4 transmitter able to deliver a very large output swing with enhanced linearity and state-of-the-art efficiency. Built around a hybrid combination of current-mode and voltage-mode topologies, the driver is embedded into a 4-taps 5-bits FFE, and allows tuning the output impedance to ensure good source termination. Implemented in 28nm CMOS FDSOI process, the full transmitter includes a half-rate serializer, duty-cycle correction circuit, >>2kV HBM ESD diodes, and delivers a full swing of 1.3Vppd at 45Gb/s, while drawing 120mA only from 1V supply. The power efficiency is ~2 times better than previously reported PAM-4 transmitters.
A 45Gb/s PAM-4 Transmitter Delivering 1.3Vppd Output Swing with 1V supply in ...aiclab
Pushed by the ever-increasing demand of high-speed connectivity, next generation 400Gb/s electrical links are targeting PAM-4 modulation to limit channel loss and preserve link budget. Compared to NRZ, a higher amplitude is desirable to counteract the 1/3 reduction of PAM-4 vertical eye opening. However, linearity is also key, and PAM-4 levels must be precisely spaced to preserve the horizontal eye opening advantage it has over NRZ. This paper presents a 45Gb/s PAM-4 transmitter able to deliver a very large output swing with enhanced linearity and state-of-the-art efficiency. Built around a hybrid combination of current-mode and voltage-mode topologies, the driver is embedded into a 4-taps 5-bits FFE, and allows tuning the output impedance to ensure good source termination. Implemented in 28nm CMOS FDSOI process, the full transmitter includes a half-rate serializer, duty-cycle correction circuit, >>2kV HBM ESD diodes, and delivers a full swing of 1.3Vppd at 45Gb/s, while drawing 120mA only from 1V supply. The power efficiency is ~2 times better than previously reported PAM-4 transmitters.