This document provides a semester review covering topics about Texas history from the Early Statehood Era through Contemporary Texas. It includes summaries of key events, treaties, eras, individuals, industries, laws, and amendments that shaped Texas. Multiple choice questions cover topics like characteristics of regions in Texas, requirements for voting, civic responsibilities, and definitions of economic and government terms.

1. Semester Review

2. What are the defining characteristics
of the Early Statehood Era?
• Texas becomes a state
• Border disputes with Mexico
• Increased population

3. What were the terms of the Treaty of
Guadalupe Hidalgo?
• War with Mexico ended in 1848
• U.S. acquires the Mexican Cession
• Border is settled

4. 3. What are the defining
characteristics of the Civil War Era?
• Southern states secede
• 4 year war between the U.S. and Confederacy

5. 4. List the main causes of the Civil
War
• States’ rights
• Slavery
• Tariffs
• Election of Lincoln

6. 5. What prompted the removal of Sam
Houston as governor?
• He refused to take an oath of allegiance to the
Confederacy

7. 6. What was the purpose of the Union
blockade?
• To stop trade in and out of Texas

8. 7. List the Civil War battles in Texas.
• Galveston
• Sabine Pass
• Palmito Ranch

9. 8. What did the 14th Amendement
guarantee?
• Citizenship and equal rights of African
Americans

10. 9. List the effects of Texas
Reconstruction.
• Texas adopts the Constitution of 1866
• Freedman’s Bureau is created
• Southern states create Black Codes

11. 10. Define sharecropper.
• A tenant farmer who could not afford to own
land and received a share of the crop value
minus rent and other expenses.

12. 11. What are the defining characteristics of the
Cotton, Cattle, and Railroad Era?
• Period of growth and prosperity
• Cotton industry rebounds
• Demand for beef in east leads to cattle drives
• Railroad end cattle drives but lead to
settlement in western Texas.

13. 12. Define Buffalo Soldiers. What was
their purpose?
• African American soldiers on the Texas
frontier.
• Purpose was to protect settlers from Native
Americans.

14. 13. Why was there a need for cattle drives?
What was the final destination?
• Get cattle to eastern cities.
• Final destinations: Kansas, Colorado,
Wyoming

15. 14. Why did cattle trails expand after
the Civil War?
• As settler and railroads moved west, new trails
also expanded west.

16. 15. What impact did windmills have on
settlements and the open range method of
ranching?
• They accessed underground water.
• Led to settlements and farming in West Texas.

17. 16. What brought and end to cattle
drives?
• Barbed wire

18. 17. What are the defining
characteristics of the Age of Oil?
• New industry in Texas
• Increased population
• Growth of urban areas
• Factories in cities
• Progressive Era and labor unions

19. 18. Define fossil fuels and give
examples.
• Non-renewable source of energy.
• Examples: oil and coal

20. 19. Identify Spindletop. Explain its
importance and the year it was drilled.
• First major oil discovery in Texas in 1901.
• Began growth of oil industry in Texas.

21. 20. Define labor unions. Explain why
they were organized.
• Urban worker formed unions to gain better
wages and working conditions during the
Progressive Era.

22. 21. What effect did the oil industry have
on West Texas towns such as Midland?
• Towns grew as the demand for oil increased.

23. 22. Which industry had the greates
economic effec on East Texas in the early
1900s?
• Oil

24. 23. What did the 1900 hurricane in Galveston
cause the city to build to protect itself from
future storms?
• A seawall

25. 24. What was the Progressive
Movement?
• A social movement that wanted to help urban
workers and make government more efficient.

26. 25. List the major reforms of the
Progressive Movement.
• Prohibition of alcohol
• Laws governing elections
• Women’s suffrage

27. 26. What are the defining characteristics of the
Great Depression and WWII?
• American fought in two world wars.
• U.S. experience the Great Depression and
Dust Bowl

28. 27. What was a social effect of WWI
and WWII on the lives of women?
• Women entered the workforce.

29. 28. What was a social effect of the
Dust Bowl?
• Many people left Texas and moved to
California.

30. 29. Who was Sam Rayburn and why
was he important to Texas?
• U.S. Speaker of the House
• Had ability to get legislation approved by
Congress during the Great Depression and
WWII.

31. 30. What was the main purpose of New
Deal programs during the Great
Depression?
• Provide jobs to unemployed Texans.
• Jobs include building roads, bridges, and
improving state and national parks.

32. 31. What were economic effects of
WWII on Texans?
• Food and other items were rationed.
• Women joined the workforce

33. 32. What was a social effect of WWII?
• Minorities began to work for equality/civil
rights.

34. 33. What are the defining characteristics
of Civil Rights & Conservatism?
• Realization of social and economic
discrimination experienced by minorities led
to demand for equal rights.

35. 34. Identify Hector P. Garcia
• Founded the GI Forum and WWII to help
Mexican Americans receive benefits under the
GI Bill.

36. 35. Identify James L. Farmer.
• Founded CORE to end racial discrimination
through the U.S.

37. 36. Explain Brown vs. Board of
Education.
• Segregated school ruled unconstitutional.
• Led to desegregation of schools.

38. 37. Identify Barbara Jordan.
• First African American woman in Texas Senate
since 1883.
• First African American woman from the south
in U.S. Congress.
• Member of Watergate hearings.

39. 38. Identify Henry B. Gonzalez.
• First Mexican American from Texas elected to
U.S. Congress.
• Worked to pass civil rights legislation.

40. 39. What have U.S. citizens used to promote the
1st amendment idea of civil rights?
• Public demonstrations
• Press

41. 40. What was the Civil Rights Act and who was
U.S. President when it was passed?
• It provided civil rights for all (Equal
opportunity).
• President Lyndon B. Johnson.

42. 41. What was the original goal of
LULAC?
• Created to support the civil rights of Spanish-
speaking people in the U.S.

43. 42. What are the defining characteristics and
events of Contemporary Texas?
• More growth due to oil.
• Technology (space program, medicine)
• Cultural diversity

44. 43. What effect did the oil boom have
on the state of Texas in the 1970s?
• People from the U.S. and other nations moved
to Texas, leading to increased population and
cultural diversity.

45. 44. Identify the following individuals.
• Michael Debakey & Denton Cooley-heart
surgeons, developed techniques used in
surgery today.
• Walter Cunningham-Apollo astronaut
• Michael Dell-Started the Dell computer
company.
• Benjy Brooks-First pediatric surgeon in Texas

46. 45. What is the significance of
Houston to various industries in Texas?
• Medical Centers
• NASA
• Petroleum
• Agricultural Chemicals
• Research
• Largest seaport in Texas

47. 46. List example of festivals and celebration in
Texas that reflect cultural diversity.
• St. Patrick’s Day parade
• Cinco de Mayo festivals
• Octoberfest
• Kwanzaa
• Livestock shows and rodeos
• Celtic heritage and festivals

48. 47. What industries have led to greater economic
interdependence between Texas and the World
economy?
• Oil and technology

49. 48. What industries have experienced boom
and bust cycles in Texas in recent years?
• Oil
• Real estate
• Computer technology
• Banking

50. 49. Identify and explain the five freedoms
stated in the 1st Amendment.
• Speech
• Press
• Assembly
• Religion
• Petition

51. 50. Which amendment to the U.S. Constitution
gave women the right to vote?
• 19th Amendment

52. 51. What is the relationship between
the U.S. and Texas Constitutions?
• The Texas Constitution was patterned after
the U.S. Constitution.

53. 52. Identify key features of the Texas
Constitution.
• Bill of Rights
• Separation of Powers
• Checks and Balances
• Limited government
• Election of judges and officials

54. 53. Why did the writers of the Texas
Constitution believe in the separation of
powers?
• To limit the power of the government by
dividing it into 3 branches.

55. 54. Which principle of government allows
citizens to vote for government officials?
• Repubilcanism

56. 55. Define the following terms:
• Bicameral-A legislature with 2 houses (Senate
& House of Representatives)
• Amendment-An addition to a document, such
as the Constitution

57. 56. How many people serve in the
Texas State Legislature?
• Senate-31
• House of Representatives-150

58. 57. Who leads the Texas Senate?
• Lt. Governor

59. 58. Who is the leader of the municipal
(city) government?
• Mayor

60. 59. What are the voting requirements
in Texas?
• Must be at least 18 years old.
• Resident of Texas
• Must register to vote

61. 60. What are civic responsibilities of
Texas citizens?
• Vote
• Pay taxes
• Serve on a jury

62. 61. Contrast the human & physical
characteristics of the Coastal Plains and Great
Plains regions of Texas.
• Coastal Plains-Human (Higher population,
more and larger cities), Physical (more rainfall)
• Great Plains-Human (More wind farms),
Physical (dry)