This document provides information about spider silk in 3 paragraphs: 1) It discusses the history of spiders, noting that they have existed for millions of years and can be found worldwide except Antarctica. Their silk is very strong yet lightweight. 2) It then explains the life cycle and reproduction of spiders. Males transfer sperm to females indirectly using sperm webs and palpal organs, and females lay eggs in cocoons. 3) The document concludes by outlining the process of collecting abandoned spiderwebs and spinning the silk fibers into thread. It notes the potential uses of synthetic spider silk include automobile and medical device components due to its unique strength and flexibility properties.

1. Assignment On
Study on Spider Fabrc
Name: Rifat Hossain
Id No: 2147911006
Sub: Textile Raw materials-1
Sub Code: IE2005
Date:19-07-2019

2. Contain
History ---------------------------------------------- 03
Classification -------------------------------------- 05
Reproduction and life cycle---------------------06
Silk Production ------------------------------------ 08
Web Types -------------------------------------- 09
Spider Silk Collect ------------------------------10
Photo Gallery ----------------------------------- 15

3. History of Spider Fiber
Spider silk’s qualities are nearly mythical. Its tensile strength is
comparable to steel’s. Yet it is lighter, and can be as stretchy as a rubber
band. Spider are air-breathing arthropods that have eight legs and
chelicerae with fangs able to inject venom. They are the largest order of
arachnids and rank seventh in total species diversity among all orders of
organisms. Spiders are found worldwide on every continent except for
Antarctica, and have become established in nearly every habitat with the
exceptions of air and sea colonization. As of November 2015, at least
45,700 spider species, and 113 families have been recorded by
taxonomists.
Anatomically, spiders differ from other arthropods in that the usual body
segments are fused into two tagmata, the cephalothorax and abdomen,
and joined by a small, cylindrical pedicel. Unlike insects, spiders do not
have antennae.

4. Although most spiders live for at most two years, tarantulas and other
mygalomorph spiders can live up to 25 years in captivity.
While the venom of a few species is dangerous to humans, scientists are
now researching the use of spider venom in medicine and as non-
polluting pesticides. Spider silk provides a combination of lightness,
strength and elasticity that is superior to that of synthetic materials, and
spider silk genes have been inserted into mammals and plants to see if
these can be used as silk factories. As a result of their wide range of
behaviors, spiders have become common symbols in art and mythology
symbolizing various combinations of patience, cruelty and creative
powers. An abnormal fear of spiders is called arachnophobia.

5. Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Araneae
Clerck, 1757

6. Reproduction and life cycle
Spiders reproduce sexually and fertilization is internal but indirect, in
other words the sperm is not inserted into the female's body by the
male's genitals but by an intermediate stage. Unlike many land-living
arthropods, male spiders do not produce ready-made spermatophores
(packages of sperm), but spin small sperm webs on to which they
ejaculate and then transfer the sperm to special syringe-like structures,
palpal bulbs or palpal organs, borne on the tips of the pedipalps of
mature males. When a male detects signs of a female nearby he checks
whether she is of the same species and whether she is ready to mate; for
example in species that produce webs or "safety ropes", the male can
identify the species and sex of these objects by "smell.

7. The earliest spiders had cribella, which produced the first silk capable of
capturing insects, before spiders developed silk coated with sticky
droplets.However, most modern groups of spiders have lost the cribe
llum.Tarantulas also have silk glands in their feet.
Size:
Spiders occur in a large range of sizes. The smallest, Patu digua from
Colombia,are less than 0.37 mm (0.015 in) in body length. The largest
and heaviest spiders occur among tarantulas, which can have body
lengths up to 90 mm (3.5 in) and leg spans up to 250 mm (9.8 in).

8. Silk Production
The abdomen has no appendages except those that have been modified to
form one to four (usually three) pairs of short, movable spinnerets,which
emit silk. Each spinneret has many spigots, each of which is connected to
one silk gland. There are at least six types of silk gland, each producing a
different type of silk.Silk is mainly composed of a protein very similar to
that used in insect silk.It is initially a liquid, and hardens not by exposure
to air but as a result of being drawn out, which changes the internal
structure of the protein.It is similar in tensile strength to nylon.and
biological materials such as chitin,collagen and cellulose, but is much
more elastic. In other words, it can stretch much further before breaking
or losing shape. Some spiders have a cribellum, a modified spinneret
with up to 40,000 spigots, each of which produces a single very fine
fiber. The fibers are pulled out by the calamistrum, a comb-like set of
bristles on the jointed tip of the cribellum, and combined into a
composite woolly thread that is very effective in snagging the bristles of
insects

9. Web types
1) Golden Orb Spider,
2) Black And Yellow Orb Spider,
3) Crab Orb Spider,
4) Orchard Spider

10. Spider Silk Collect
A real spider generates silk in specialized glands in its abdomen, and
creates the silk strands using a spinning organ called a spinneret.
Step 01:Understand Which Species Make the Right Webs:
All of these build large, regular orb shaped webs, with strong fibers.
None of these spiders are dangerous, but I recommend avoiding their
bites anyway, because it could be painful, and there may be those who
are allergic to their bites. I have never heard of anyone being allergic to
orb spiders, but it's not impossible. Also, if you got close enough to one
of these spiders to actually get bit by it, you were probably seriously
annoying it.

11. Step 2: Find Abandoned Webs
Collect only abandoned webs for spinning into thread. Not only is it
nicer to the spiders, who are excellent predators of evil bugs such as
mosquitoes, it prevents a chance encounter with a spider, whom you do
not want to piss off. Certain spiders will build new webs everyday, such
as orchard and crab orb spiders. Others, such as the yellow orb spider
will maintain the same web as long as possible, sometimes building on
new additions, and making humongous multi-story webs. Only when a
yellow orb weaver spider decides to move to a new spot does it abandon
its web.Its not that hard to tell if a web is abandoned -- there is no spider
in the web. Be careful, though, because it could be hiding off to the side
where you don't see it at first.

12. Step 3: Collect Webs
To collect webs, I first snagged one side of the web, and carefully
twisted the web, carefully pulling off silk threads from the leaves, until
I had a the fibers in a length. I avoided breaking any threads whenever
possible, in order to keep the original threads as long as they could be,
before having to twist on a new length of silk.
I then wound the length of silk on a smooth stick (the stalk of a lily)
temporarily, while I gathered more silk.

13. Step 4: Clean and Untangle the Silk
The silk from old spider webs will inevitably have things such as leaves,
twigs, dust, and most often, leftover insect parts. These will need to be
cleaned out of the silk. To do this, use a pair of tweezers and extract the
debris and insects, all while trying not to break any of the fibers. Next,
in order to keep the length of the thread as even in thickness as possible,
untangle the fibers and try to distribute the fibers from thicker parts of
the length to the thinner parts of the length.
Step 5: Combine Fibers & Twist Thread
In order to combine the all the lengths of thread into two long lengths, I
placed the lengths next to each other, overlapping by 2 to 3 inches on the
ends, depending on how thick the fibers were.
Next, in order to make the thread stronger, I twisted together the two
long fibers I had twisted. I did this not in the same way I collected the
fibers, as in the last step. I did this by winding the threads around each
other individually. That is, first I crossed one fiber over the other, and
then crossed the other fiber over the first fiber, and so on. This has to be
done this way in order to keep the already twisted fibers together.

14. Step 6: Wind Onto Spool
As you can see, I have very little thread from this whole process. The
reason for making spider silk thread is not for making a lot of thread, but
is instead for having thread out of making the strongest, stretchiest
material on earth.
Your seams could be stronger than the fabric itself!
Step 8:Used Spider Silk,
Synthetic spider silk could be used for everything from automobile parts
to medical devices to performance outdoor gear, which is the area that’s
attracting some of the most attention thus far. Bolt Threads recently
announced a $50 million round of funding, as well as a new partnership
with the outdoor brand Patagonia, which demonstrates a major vote of
confidence in its technology.
stronger Than Steel.