This document provides an overview of spatial data and spatial databases. It discusses key topics like the types of spatial data, properties of spatial data, spatial data types, spatial databases and their characteristics. It also describes spatial database management systems (SDBMS) and their three-layer architecture. Additionally, it covers spatial indices, creation of spatial data, geographic information systems (GIS), advantages and disadvantages of spatial databases, and applications of spatial databases such as urban planning and military operations.

1. AMAN SINGLA (22-302)
&
KARTIK PATHAK (22-307)

2. TOPICS TO BE COVERED
 SPATIAL DATA
 TYPES OF SPATIAL DATA
 PROPERTIES OF SPATIAL DATA
 SPATIAL DATA TYPES
 SPATIAL DATABASE INTRODUCTION
 SPATIAL DATABASE CHARACTERISTICS
 SDBMS INTRODUCTION
 SDBMS THREE-LAYER ARCHITECTURE

3. TOPICS TO BE COVERED
 SPATIAL INDEX
 SPATIAL DATA CREATION
 ABOUT GIS
 ADVANTAGES OF SPATIAL DATABASES
 DISADVANTAGES OF SPATIAL DATABASES
 APPLICATIONS OF SPATIAL DATABASES

4. SPATIAL DATA
 Spatial Data means, data related to space or some pre-
defined location.
 Spatial Data includes shape, size, location and
orientation.
 These type of data are generally in the form of graphic
primitives which includes Points, Lines, P0lygons or
pixels.
 Spatial Data is comprised of objects in multi-
dimensional space.

6. TYPES OF SPATIAL DATA
 There are basically two important types of Spatial Data
which are really important here for discussion, which are
as follows:
 Computer-aided-design (CAD) data, which includes
information about how objects like buildings, cars, aircraft
etc, are constructed.
 Other examples of CAD includes: integrated-circuit and
electronic-device layouts
 Geographic data, such as road-maps, land-usage maps
and so on.

7. PROPERTIES OF SPATIAL DATA
 There are four major properties of Spatial Data
which makes it different from other traditional
relational data.
1. Geometry
2. Distribution of Objects in Space
3. Temporal Changes
4. Data Volume

8. SPATIAL DATA TYPES
 Spatial Data Types are the special data types necessary to
model geometry and to suitably represent geometric data
in database system.
 These data types includes: Points, Lines, Region and also
includes complex types like partitions and graphs.
 Spatial Data Types provide abstraction for modeling the
geometric structure of objects in space, their relationships,
properties and operations.

9. SPATIAL DATABASE INTRODUCTION
 Spatial Database is a full-fledged database system with additional
capabilities of handling spatial data.
 Spatial Database is used in order to analyze as well as manage
spatial data along with its high level utilization.
 Few examples of Spatial Database Users includes:
1. Transportation Agency Tracking Projects.
2. Doctor comparing Magnetic Resonance Images (MRI’s)
3. Mobile Phone Companies tracking phone usage

10. SPATIAL DATABASES

11. SPATIAL DATABASE CHARACTERISTICS
 Spatial Database stores objects that have spatial
characteristics that describe them.
 Spatial Database are designed in order to make the
storage, retrieval and manipulation of spatial data more
easier and more to users.
 Spatial Database provides concepts for databases that
actually keeps track of objects in multi-dimensional space.

12. SDBMS INTRODUCTION
 SDBMS stands for Spatial Database Management
System.
 SDBMS provides the capabilities of traditional database
management system in order to allow special storage and
handling of spatial data.
 SDBMS works with underlying DBMS and allows spatial
data models and types.
 SDBMS provides handling mechanisms of spatial data
and operations.

13. SDBMS THREE-LAYER
ARCHITECTURE

14. SPATIAL INDEX
Spatial indices are used by spatial databases (databases
which store information related to objects in space) in
order to optimize spatial queries.
Conventional index types do not efficiently handle
spatial queries such as how far two points differ, or
whether points fall within a spatial area of interest.

15. SPATIAL DATA CREATION
 Creation of an Entity named Country to hold data related
to country including name, state, population and
geographies.
create table Country (
name varchar(30),
state varchar(30),
population Integer,
shape Polygon
)

16. ABOUT GIS
 GIS stands for Geographic Information System.
GIS is used for the Management of Spatial Data
(Geographic Data and related applications).
GIS represents features of earth which includes: rivers,
roads, cities, buildings and states on a computer.
 We often use GIS in order to visualize, analyze, question
and understand data about the world as well as human
activity.
 This data is viewed over map which provides advantages
over using spreadsheet and database.

17. ADVANTAGES OF SPATIAL
DATABASES
 Speed
 Security
 Multi-user editing
 Access from multiple clients
 SQL queries
 Security / access control
 Database Replication
 Reduced Program Maintenance

18. DISADVANTAGES OF SPATIAL
DATABASES
 Complex structure
 Difficult to design and somehow implement
 Intensive Initial Training required for users.
 Suitable Hardware required.
 Relatively Higher Conversion Costs.
Slower than other data structures.

19. APPLICATIONS OF SPATIAL
DATABASES
Urban Planning
 Military Operations
 Farming
 Disaster and Emergency
 Weather Forecasting

20. REFERENCES
 Thirunavukkarasu K , Dr. Manoj Wadhwa; “Spatial Data
System: Architecture and Applications” International
Journal of Computer Science Trends and Technology
(IJCST) – Volume 4 Issue 5, Sep - Oct 2016
https://millermountain.com/geospatialblog/2017/10/18/spa
tial-database/
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_database

21. THANK YOU, HAVE A GOOD
DAY