This document discusses the history and technologies of space exploration. It begins with an introduction to space technology and its importance. It then discusses the early history of space technology development in Russia, the US and Germany in the early 20th century. It outlines some of India's contributions to space exploration, including the establishment of the Indian Space Research Organization. The document then discusses various space technologies such as spacecraft, satellites, life support systems and their uses in areas like communication, weather forecasting, and consumer technologies.

1. KAMLA NEHRU INSTITUTE OF PHYSICAL
& SOCIAL SCIENCES
2016-2017
TOPIC - SPACE TECHNOLOGY
GUIDED BY :- H.O.D. :- SUBMITTED BY :-
MISS.AMRITA DR.SANJAY VIVEK
SRIVASTAVA SRIVASTAVA VISHWAKARMA

2. INTRODUCTION
SPACE TECHNOLOGY IS TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPED BY SPACE SCIENCE OR THE AEROSPACE INDUSTRY
FOR USE IN SPACEFLIGHT, SATELLITES,OR SPACE EXPLORATION.SPACE TECHNOLOGY INCLUDES
SPACECRAFT,SATELLITES,SPACE STATIONS,AND SUPPORT INFRASTRUCTURE,EQUIPMENT,AND PROCEDURES.
THE MODERN WORLD IS DRIVEN BY TECHNOLOGY AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY DOUBTLESS IS AT THE CUTTING
EDGE.EVERSINCE MAN HAS BEEN AWARE OF THE VAST EXPANSE OF STARS AND OUTER SPACE,A DESIRE TO REACH
THEM,EXPLORE THE UNIVERSE HAS EXCITED SCIENTISTS AND THINKERS ALIKE.
SPACE IS SUCH A NOVEL ENVIRONMENT THAT ATTEMPTING TO WORK IN IT REQUIRES NEW TOOLS AND
TECHNIQUES.MANY COMMON EVERYDAY SERVICES SUCH AS WEATHER FORECASTING,REMOTE SENSING,GPS
SYSTEM,SATELLITE TELEVISION,AND SOME LONG DISTANCE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS CRITICALLY RELY ON SPACE
INFRASTRUCTURE.

3. HISTORY OF SPACE TECHNOLOGY
HUMANS HAVE DREAMED ABOUT SPACE FLIGHT SINCE
ANTIQUITY.THE CHINESE USED ROCKETS FOR CEREMONIAL
AND MILITARY PURPOSES CENTURIES AGO, BUT ONLY IN THE
LATTER HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY WERE ROCKETS
DEVELOPED THAT WERE POWERFUL ENOUGH TO OVERCOME
THE FORCE OF GRAVITY TO REACH ORBITAL VELOCITIES THAT
COULD OPEN SPACE TO HUMAN EXPLORATION.

4. THE EARLIEST PRACTICAL WORK ON ROCKET ENGINES DESIGNED FOR SPACE FLIGHT OCCURRED
SIMULTANEOUSLY DURING THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY IN THREE COUNTRIES BY THREE SCIENTISTS : IN
RUSSIA,BY KONSTANTIN TSIOLKOVSKI ; IN US,BY ROBERT GODDARD ; AND IN GERMANY,BY HERMANN
OBIRTH.
THE FIRST US SATELLITE, EXPLORER 1, WENT INTO ORBIT ON JANUARY 31,1958.IN 1961,ALAN SHEPHERD
BECAME THE FIRST AMERICAN TO FLY INTO SPACE.
“LANDING A MAN ON THE MOON AND RETURNING HIM SAFELY TO EARTH WITHIN A DECADE” WAS A
NATIONAL GOAL SET BY PRESIDENT JOHN F. KENNEDY IN 1961.ON JULY 20,1969,ASTRONAUT NEIL
ARMSTRONG TOOK “A GAINT STEP FOR MANKIND” AS HE STEPPED ON TO THE MOON.

5. INDIA IN SPACE
IN 1947,ON GETTING INDEPENDENCE FROM BRITISH, THE YOUNG NATION DECIDED TO FOLLOW THE
DEMOCRATIC AND SECULAR PATH GIVING HIGH IMPORTANCE TO SCIENCE AND SCIENTIFIC THINKING.IT
WAS TO THE CREDIT OF THE NATION’S EARLY LEADERS THAT THEY ENCOURAGED EMINENT SCIENTISTS
AND TECHNOLOGISTS TO PURSUE THE PATH OF SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERY. THIS HAS NOW LED THE NATION
TO ITS PRESENT LEADING POSITION IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY.
INDIA IS PRESENTLY ONE OF THE LEADERS IN SPACE EXPLORATION AND PROBABLY THE FIFTH COUNTRY
TO HAVE A RE-ENTRY VEHICLE.

6. THUMBA WAS NEAR THE POINT WHERE THE MAGNETIC EQUATOR CROSSES INDIA’S WEST
COAST.THE CENTER WAS NAMED “THUMBA EQUATORIAL ROCKET LAUNCHING STATION” OR
TERLS.
THE FIRST INDIAN BUILT ROCKET ROHINI, BLASTED OFF SUCCESSFULLY FROM TERLS IN 1967. DR.
VIKRAM SARABHAI LED AN EMINENT TEAM THAT AMONG OTHERS CONSISTED OF DR. A.P.J. ABDUL
KALAM.
THE WHOLE SAGA OF SPACE EXPLORATION BEGAN IN A VERY SMALL
WAY BY SETTING UP THE INCOSPAR(INDIA COMMITTEE FOR SPACE
RESEARCH) HEADED BY DR. VIKRAM SARABHAI. IN THE EARLY 60’S
THE INCOSPAR ESTABLISHED A CENTER NEAR THUMBA IN
KERALA STATE.

7. THE SUCCESS OF ROHINI LED THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA TO ESTABLISH THE INDIAN SPACE
RESEARCH ORGANIZATION (ISRO). UNDER DR. SARABHAI. THIS ORGANIZATION WAS GIVEN THE TWIN
JOB OF DEVELOPING BOTH SATELLITE LAUNCH VEHICLES AND THE SATELLITES THEMSELVES.
IN ORDER TO UTILIZE THE ENERGY OF THE SPINNING EARTH, A NEW LOCATION WAS CHOSEN NEAR
CHENNAI ON THE EAST COAST. THIS LAUNCH CENTER AT SHRIHARICOTTA CALLED THE
SHRIHARICOTTA SATELLITE LAUNCH CENTER (SHAR) IS TO THIS DAY BEING USED TO LAUNCH
SATELLITES.
INDIA’S 1ST SATELLITE(ARYABHATTA) WAS LAUNCHED AT BAIKINOOR IN 1975.

8. WHAT IS SPACE
TECHNOLOGY ?
SPACE TECHNOLOGY IS A TECHNOLOGY THAT DEALS WITH :
 Spacecraft
 Satellites
 Space stations
 Support infrastructure equipment and procedures
 This technology is basically developed by the
aerospace industry.

9. WHY SPACE
TECHNOLOGY ?
SPACE IS A VERY NOBLE ENVIRONMENT
IT IS FULL OF UNCERTAINTY
CONDITIONS AND REQUIREMENT ON EARTH ARE TOTALLY DIFFERENT
WE CANNOT WORK WITH TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPED ON EARTH AS PER ITS REQUIREMENT
WE NEED A NEW AND DIFFERENT TECHNOLOGY IN DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENT AND
CONDITIONS

10. TECHNOLOGY
 MAN IS ALWAYS INTERESTED IN FINDING OR EXPLORING ABOUT LIFE ON DIFFERENT PLANETS
 EARTH IS ALWAYS SURROUNDED BY THE CATASTROPHIC DISASTERS OF UNIVERSE
 SPACE IS FULL OF UNEXPLORED OPPORTUNITIES (EX.-VARIOUS MINERALS THAT ARE ABSENT ON EARTH)
 DYNAMIC NATURE OF SUN AND SOLAR SYSTEM
 EFFECT OF VARIOUS DISTURBANCES IN SOLAR SYSTEM ON EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE(EX.-EFFECT OF SOLAR WIND, ASTEROID
COLLISIONS)
 COMMUNICATION ON EARTH
 WHETHER FORE CASTINGS
 MILITARY INTELLIGENCE

11. TECHNOLOGIES FOR SPACE
TRAVEL
ION DRIVES
SOLAR SAILS SIMILAR TO WIND PUSHING SAILBOATS
GRAVITATIONAL ASSIST
ROCKETS
SPACE CRAFTS

12. SPACE
 SUSTAINABLE FOOD AND WATER SUPPLY
- NEED SOPHISTICATED WASTEWATER RECYCLING CAPABILITIES
TO PRODUCE DRINKING WATER
-FOOD PROVIDES HIGH ENERGY FOR LOW VOLUME AND WEIGHT
 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING
-STEADY TEMPERATURE, PRESSURE & HUMIDIT
-PASSING ELECTRICITY THROUGH WATER TO PRODUCE OXYGEN

13.  WASTE MANAGEMENT
- REMOVING CARBON DIOXIDE FROM AIR
- FILTERING MICRO-ORGANISMS AND DUST FROM AIR
- HANDLING BIOLOGICAL WASTE AND GARBAGE
 SAFETY
-SPACE IS A VACUUM – NO AIR OR WATER
-DETECTION FOR FIRE,LEAKS,INCOMING RISKS LIKE METEORITES
- PROTECTION FROM RADIATION AND COLD
- SYSTEMS TO HANDLE EMERGENCIES LIKE A FIRE OR LOSS OF PRESSURE/AIR

14. USES OF SPACE
TECHNOLOGY
 MOBILE PHONECAMERA
A Camera on a cell phone has become a integral
part of everyday use gadget. And the world owes it
to National Aeronautics and Space Administration
(NASA),the US space exploration agency, for this
amazing feature that has revolutionized both
telephony and photography. The concept of the
digital camera was developed by engineers at the
Jet Propulsion Laboratory(JPL) in the year
1960.Today,1/3 of mobile phone cameras use the
technology pioneered by this research years ago.

15.  SCRATCH - RESISTANTLENSES
The Lewis Research Center contributed to
preparing Sunglass Lenses that are highly resistant
to spotting and stratches. Actually the research was
for finding a material to find a diamond hard
coating for aerospace systems. Later in 1980,Air
Products and Chemicals, Inc. got a license to use the
patented technique for creating that diamond-hard
coatings. Such a coating when applied to lenses has
resulted in having scratch resistant lenses for the
common man.

16.  WATERPURIFICATION
It is NASA again that has contributed to the
development of modern water filtration system and
development of new water purification technologies. For
manned long space exploration missions, the scientist
were confronted with the problem of filtering used
water, in order to replenish the limited supplies a space
craft could carry. The water filtration technology
developed has been used to treat impure water and if
applied on a larger scale, could help to meet the growing
global populations drinking water needs.

17.  VIDEOENHANCING SYSTEM
NASA’S Video Image Stabilization And
Registration (VISAR) technique was used by
Intergraph Government Solutions to develop
its Video Analyst System. Later this
technique was used by FBI to analyze video
footages. Now VAS is also being used by
military to deploy weapons and for mission
debriefing.

18.  FREEZE DRYING TECHNOLOGY
NASA carried out extensive research into
space food while planning for long – period
Apollo missions. This was when the technique
of freeze drying was discovered. In this
technique, food was immediately frozen after
cooking and then heated slowly in a vacuum
chamber so the ice crystals got removed. The
end product retained 98% of its nutritional
elements.

19. DIFFERENT TECHNOLOGIES AND
THEIR USE IN SPACE
Computer technology
Structural analysis of space craft
Monitoring of air quality aboard spacecraft
Simulation of space environment for training
Industrial technology
Development of micro lasers for communication
Public safety technology
Development of computer robotics

20. Consumer technology
Design of space food for astronauts on long flights
Study of aerodynamics and insulation
Medical and health technology
Design of electronics for the Hubble space telescope
Development of slow-release medication to control motion sickness
Development of communications and robotic systems
Transportation technology
Development of parachute material for the Viking space mission

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