The document discusses various types of waste generated in India, including municipal solid waste, and highlights the increasing per capita waste generation and the inefficiencies in waste management systems. It covers the need for better waste segregation, recycling practices, and reduction strategies, as well as the environmental impacts associated with waste disposal and management techniques like landfilling. Furthermore, it emphasizes the importance of source reduction, community involvement, and modern waste management practices to mitigate the growing waste crisis.

2. UNWANTED OR NO LONGER WANTED
MATERIAL OR SUBSTANCE FROM
HUMAN ACTIVITY OR PROCESS.

4. HOUSEHOLD WASTE
EXPLOSIVE WASTE
INDUSTRIAL WASTE
AGRICULTURAL WASTE
CLINICAL WASTE

5. • Commerce and industry
• Agriculture
• Fisheries
• Households

6. • Municipal waste
• Residential waste
• Rubbish & trash
• Bulky waste
• Ash

7. • India’s Population = 1027 Million
( As per 2001 Census )
• Urban Population = 285 Million
• Urban Areas = 5161
(Cities / Towns)

8. • Per capita waste generation increasing by 1.3% per annum.
• With urban population increasing between 3 – 3.5% per annum.
• Yearly increase in waste generation is around 5% annually.
• India produces 42.0 million tons of municipal solid waste annually
at present.
• India produces 42.0 million tons of municipal solid waste annually
at present.

9. • India produces 42.0 million tons of municipal solid waste
annually at present.
• Per capita generation of waste varies from 200 gm to 600
gm per capita / day. Average generation rate at 0.4 kg per
capita per day in 0.1 million plus towns.
• Collection efficiency ranges between 50% to 90% of the
solid waste generated.

10. • Compostable / Bio-degradable = 30% - 55%
matter (can be converted
into manure)
• Inert material = 40% - 45%
(to go to landfill)
•Recyclable materials = 5% - 10%
(Recycling)
These percentages vary from city to city depending on food
habits.

11. • Storage of waste at source is lacking.
• Segregation of recyclable waste at source not done.
• Primary collection of waste not done at place of
generation.
• Street sweeping not done everyday.

12. REASONS FOR IMPROPER
MANAGEMENT OF WASTE
 Lack of planning for waste management while
planning townships
 Lack of proper institutional set up for waste
management, planning and designing in urban local
bodies
 Lack of technically trained manpower
 Lack of community involvement
 Lack of expertise and exposure to city waste
management using modern techniques / best
practices
 Lack of awareness creation mechanism

13.  Reduce
 Packaging
 Yard waste
 Composting
 Reuse
 Clean & refill
 Old green Coke
bottles
 Recycle

14.  ELEMENTS OF SOURCE REDUCTION ACTIVITIES -
INCLUDE PRODUCT REUSE, REDUCED MATERIAL
VOLUME, REDUCED TOXICITY, INCREASED PRODUCT
LIFETIME, & DECREASED CONSUMPTION.
 REDUCED MATERIAL VOLUME – POSSIBLE BY
USING CONCENTRATES, LIGHTER-METAL CANS, &
GLASS CONTAINERS.
 TYPICAL PACKING ITEM – 1/3 NATIONAL WASTE
STREAM BY WEIGHT, & POTENTIAL TARGET FOR
WASTE REDUCTION

15.  SOME PACKAGING IS ESSENTIAL FOR PROTECTING,
TRANSPORTING, & MARKETING, BUT WASTE REDUCTION IS
POSSIBLE BY ELIMINATING UNNECESSARY PACKAGING -
DESIGNING BETTER PACKAGES, & REUSING & REFILLING.
 IN EUROPE, DRAMATIC STEPS HAVE REDUCED PACKAGING WASTE
– STRATEGIES ARE BASED ON THE PRINCIPLE THAT THE
POLLUTER PAYS .
 THIS MAKES THE PRODUCERS RESPONSIBLE FOR PACKAGING
WASTE, IN EFFECT INTERNALIZING COST OF WASTE
MANAGEMENT & PROVIDING INCENTIVES FOR SOURCE
REDUCTION

16. 16
 REDUCING QUANTITY & TOXICITY OF WASTE & REUSE OF
MATERIALS BEFORE ENTERING WASTE STREAM ARE PRACTICES
IMPLEMENTED BY MANUFACTURERS & CONSUMERS.
 PRODUCTS CAN BE DESIGNED & FORMULATED BEFORE
MANUFACTURING TO CONTAIN LESS-OR EVEN NONE- OF
SUBSTANCES THAT POSE RISKS WHEN BECOME PART OF WASTE
STREAM

17.  TOXIC MATERIALS IN HOUSEHOLD WASTES -
AS SYNTHETICS REPLACED MANY TRADITIONAL MATERIALS -
DERIVED TOXIC MATERIALS IN SUCH WASTE HAVE INCREASED
APPRECIABLY; TOXIC CONSTITUENTS IN SW INCLUDE HEAVY
METALS, CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS, & USED MOTOR OIL.
 REDUCTION IN TOXICITY CAN BE ACHIEVED BY USING LESS (OR
NO) PROBLEMATIC SUBSTITUTES FOR TOXIC CONSTITUENTS.

18.  AFTER SOURCE REDUCTION (TOP PRIORITY IN SWM
HIERARCHY), RECOVERY OF MATERIALS FOR RECYCLING &
COMPOSTING IS THE NEXT IMPORTANT ACTIVITY.
 RECYCLING PROCESS - INCLUDES SEPARATING RECYCLABLES
BY TYPE, COLLECTING THEM, PROCESSING THEM INTO NEW
FORMS, MANUFACTURING THEM INTO PRODUCTS, &
MARKETING THEM AS GOODS MADE FROM REPROCESED
MATERIALS.

19.  Collection &
processing
 Recycling centers
 Curbside recycling
 Materials recovery facilities
 Remanufacture
 Consumer purchase

20. USES OF RECYCLED MATERIALS
 PAPER & PAPER PRODUCTS – USED TO MAKE NEWPRINT,
PAPERBOARD FOR VARIOUS TYPES OF BOXES, CONTAINER
BOARD, & CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTS; VARIOUS PAPER
PRODUCTS RECOVERED FROM SW CAN BE REPULPED & MADE
INTO NEW PRODUCTS; PROPORTION OF RECYCLED PAPER
BLENDED WITH VIRGIN FIBERS DEPENDS ON QUALITY OF
RECYCLED MATERIAL; HOWEVER, RESULTS IN SHORTENING OF
PAPER FIBER WHICH SOON REACHES A SIZE THAT IS NOT
POSSIBLE TO USE ANYMORE.

21.  PLASTICS – MOST ARE SYNTHETIC COMPOUNDS COMPOSED OF
POLYMERS CONTAINING HYDROGEN, CARBON & OXYGEN, & ARE
USUALLY MANUFACTURED FROM PETROLEUM & ITS DERIVATIES;
REQUIRES GREAT CARE BECAUSE OF POSSIBLE CONTAMINATION
BY PRODUCTS THE PLASTIC ONCE CONTAINED OR EVEN BY A
SMALL QUANTITY OF DIFF. TYPES OF PLASTICS WITH DIFF.
RESINS; SORTING NOT NECESSRY BECAUSE COMINGLED PLASTICS
(MIXTUERS) CAN BE SHREDDED, MELTED & EXTRUDED INTO
USEFUL FORMS.

22.  ALUMINUM – HAS BEEN SUCCESSFUL, ESPECIALLY ALUMINUM
CANS; ECONOMIC INCENTIVE IS DIRECTLY ATTRIBUTABLE TO THE
FACT THAT RECYCLED ALUMINUM USES ONLY 2-3% OF ENERGY
REQUIRED TO MAKE NEW ALUMINUM FROM BAUXITE ORE;
RECYCLYING HELPS TO REDUCE PLACED ON LANDFILLS & SAVES
SIGNIFICANT AMT OF ENERGY

23.  GLASS – GLASSMAKERS RETURN GLASS THAT IS BROKEN DURING
MANUFACTURING TO GLASS FURNACE; MANY MANUFCTURING
PLANTS ALSO HAVE A BUY-BACK PROGRAM FOR BROKEN GLASS
WHEN THEIR OWN SUPPLY IS IMPROPER;BROKEN GLASS MIXED
AT RATIO 15% WITH RAW MATERIAL USED FOR NEW PRODUCT
MANUFACTURE; AS LONG AS THE SAME COLOR, CAN BE USED
WITHOUT ADDITIONAL REFINING.

24. CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION WASTES
 ASPHALT - OLD PAVEMENT MATERIAL IS PROCESSSED WITH
CONCEREE & STONES OR BY ITSELF.
 CONCRETE – CRUSHED & SCREENED FOR USE AS ROAD BASE,
OR MIXED WITH NEW CONCRETE OR USE IN MAKING NEW
PRODUCTS.
 WOOD – CLEAN WOOD IS PROCESSED FOR FUEL &
LANDSCAPING; REMAINING IS SHREDDED & PASSED THRU
CLASSIFIER, WHERE LARGE PIECES ARE SEPARATED.

25.  USED TIRES – POSE A MAJOR DISPOSAL PROBLEM; PILES IF TIRES
ARE EYESORES & CAUSE ENVIRONMENTAL & PUBLIC HEALTH
PROBLEMS; ALSO FIRE HAZARD, CAN PRODUCE NOXIOUS BLACK
SMOKE & FUMES; TIRE COLLECTORS SEPARATE TIRES THAT CAN BE
REUSED AFTER RETREADING, REMAINDER ARE STORED OR
SHREDDED FOR LANDFILL DISPOSAL; PRESENT RECYCLING
PROGRAM – INCINERATED OR BURNED AS A FUEL IN A SPECIALLY
DESIGNED POWER PLANTS & UTILIZED FOR MISCHELLANOUS
PURPOSES (PLAYGROUND EQUIPMENT).

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OILS, SOLVENTS, ACIDS & METALS
 OIL RECOVERY – USED LUBRICATING OILS CAN BE RECOVERED
TO A QUALITY ESSENTIALLY EQUAL TO THAT OF VIRGIN
LUBRICATING OILS; DIRT & SLUDGE THAT BUILD UP IN THESE OILS
MAKE DECONTAMINING & RECLAIMING IT CALLED OIL RE-FINING;
PREFERRED METHOD FOR RE-FINING – DISTILLATION.
 SOLVENT RECOVERY – SEPARATE CONTAMINANTS FROM WASTE
SOLVENTS THUS RESTORING SOLVENT TO ITS ORIGINAL QUALITY
OR TO LOWER-GRADE SOLVENT; COMMON USED IS DISTILLATION.
EVAPORATION, FILTRATION, ETC.

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 ACID REGENERATION – USUALLY INVOLVES SEPARAION OF
UNREACTED ACID FROM AN ACID WASTE; IMPURITIES ARE
REMOVED AS A PRECIPITATE BY COOLING THE ACID.
 METALS RECOVERY – CAN BE RECOVERED BY USING
DIFFERENCES IN THE MELTING & BOILING PROPERTIES TO SEPRATE
THEM AT HIGH T; ANOTHER TECHNOLOGY REMOVES &
CONCENTRATES METALS FROM LIQUID WASTE BY USING
PROCESSES SUCH AS PRECIPITATION, ION EXCHANGE, MEMBRANE
FILTRATION, SOLVENT STRIPPING, ADSORPTION, REVERSE
OSMOSIS.

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 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS – REDUCE POLLUTION &
ENERGY USE THUS RESULTING IN ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFIT
 WHEN SECONDARY MATERIALS ARE USED IN MANUFACTURING,
VIRGIN RESOURCES ARE CONSERVED
 LIMITATIONS TO THE RECOVERABILITY OF MATERIALS RESULT
FROM PHYSICAL & ECONOMIC CONSTRAINTS
 RECYCLING EFFECTS ARE NOT ALWAYS POSITIVE; INVOLVES
REPROCESSING OR REMANUFACTURING MATERIALS THAT HAVE
NEGATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

29. It is the natural process of plant nutrient recycling, returning
nutrients back into the soil.
Plant material (grass, leaves) are broken down by bacterial decay
and result in the formation of nutrients.
As decay progresses, fungus, mold and protozoas enter the
decomposition process.
Towards the end of the decomposition, millipedes, beetles and
earthworms complete the process.
It reduces waste down to 20% by volume.
It results in HUMUS- not a fertilizer but a soil conditioner
(keeps soil oxygenated and loose for water absorption)

30.  LANDFILL IS A SYSTEM THAT IS DESIGNED & CONSTRUCTED
TO DISPOSE OF DISCARDED WASTE BY BURIAL IN LAND TO
MINIMIZE THE RELEASE OF CONTAMINANTS TO THE
ENVIRONMENT.

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SITE SUITABILITIY
 SOIL PROPERTIES –TYPES & QUANTITIES OF SOIL AVAILABLE
ARE SIGNIFICANT FACTORS IN THE COST OF OPERATING A
LANDFILL; SOILS ARE NEEDED AS A COVER & AS A MOISTURE
BARRIER IN LANDFILL BOTTOM; ALSO ABLE TO SUPPORT
EQUIPMENT USED TO TRANSPORT & PLACE THE SW, & ON
COMPLETION OF A LANDFILL, A SOIL CAPABLE OF SUPPORTING
A GOOD VEGETATIVE COVER IS PROVIDED; SUCH PROPERTIES
INCLUDE PERMEABILITY, SWELLINGS & CRACKING, SUPPORT OF
VEGETATION.

32.  PERMEABILITY – FUNCTION OF PARTICLE SIZE &
DISTRIBUTION; LOW PERMEABILITY WILL PREVENT PASSAGE OF
WATER INTO LANDFILL & LOSS OF LEACHATE FOM IT; EFFECTIVE
PURPOSE - TIGHT CLAY.
 SWELLING & CRACKING – CERTAIN SITES ARE PRONE TO
SWELLING WHEN WET & CRACKING WHEN DRY.
 SUPPORT OF VEGETATION – WHEN LANDFILL IS COMPLETED,
A FINAL COVER OF SOIL IS PLACED; MUST SUPPORT GOOD
VEGETATION TO PROTECT AGAINST EROSION & TO DISSIPATE THE
WATER THAT MAY INFILTRATE INTO TOP LAYERS OF COVER

33.  LANDFILLING TECHNIQUES – VARIOUS TITLES ARE USED TO
DESCRIBE LANDFILLING, BUT ONLY 2 BASIC TECHNIQUES ARE
INVOLVED.
 AREA METHOD – SW IS DEPOSITED ON THE SURFACE,
COMPACTED, & THEN COVERED WITH A LAYER OF COMPACTED
SOIL AT THE END OF THE WORKING DAY; THIS METHOD IS
SUITABLE FOR MOST TERRAIN.
 TRENCH METHOD – SW IS SPREADED & THEN COMPACTED IN
AN EXCAVATED TRENCH THAT MAY BE 10 – 15 FT DEEP

34.  LANDFILL COVER DESIGN – WATER INFILTRATING THE LANDFILL
COVER PICKS UP SOLUBLE CONTAMINANTS DURING ITS PASSAGE
THROUGH SW; THID LIQUID (i.e. leachate) IS A POTENTIAL
GROUNDWATER CONTAMINANT; THEREFORE, ONE IMPORTANT
DESIGN CONSIDERATION IS TO MINIMIZE LEACHATE
PRODUCTION DURING THE OPERATION OF LANDFILL & AFTER ITS
CLOSURE

35.  SURFACE VEGETATIVE LAYER – COMPLETED LANDFILL SITES
ARE NOW BEING DEVELOPED AS PARKS, GOLF COURSES, &
BICYCLE PATHS; AS A RESULT, EFFECTIVE VEGETATIVE GROWTH
MUST BE ESTABLISHED & MAINTAINED ON THE SURFACE LAYER;
THIS GROWTH HELPS TO MAINTAIN THE WATER BALANCE &
TOPROTECT THE SURFACE COVER; ALSO HELPS TO PREVENT
EROSION & ENCOURAGES EVAPOTRANSPIRATION

36.  FILTER LAYER – PROTECTS THE OVERLYING COVER SOIL; SOIL IS
SELECTED FOR ITS PARTICLE SIZE GRADATION & GEOTEXTILE FIBER
MAY ALSO BE USED; INTENT IS TO PREVENT DOWNWARD
MOVEMENT OF THE SOIL PARTICLES FROM VEGETATIVE LAYER
INTO DRAINAGE LAYER, BUT AT THE SAME TIME, ALLOW PASSAGE
OF INFILTRATING WATER; MOVEMENT OF SOIL PARTICLES MAY
CUSE PLUGGING OF DRAINAGE LAYER AND/OR GAS COLLECTION
IN GRAVEL LAYER

37.  DRAINAGE LAYER – REMOVES WATER THAT INFLTRATES THE TOP
LAYER OF THE COVER; THIS FUNCTION TAKES ON ADDED
IMPORTANCE IN AREAS OF HIGH PRECIPITATION & LOW
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION; PERMEABLE DRAINAGE LAYER, SLOPED TO
A DRAIN LINE TO REMOVE LIQUID; SUITABLE COARSE – UNIFORM
SAND OR GRAVEL (LESSENS CONTACT TIME OF LEACHATE WITH
WATE BY CONDUCTING PERCOLATION AWAY FROM THE WASTE)

38.  HYDRAULIC LAYER – MINIMIZES THE INFILTRATION THAT
REACHES THE SW; PREFERRED MATERIAL – TIGHT CLAY,
SYNTHETIC CLAY LINER, OR SYNTHETC MEMBRANE
 FOUNDATION LAYER – SEPARATES GEOMEMBRANE (i.e.
hydraulic barrier) FROM THE SW & PROTETS THE
GEOMEMBRANE FROM DAMAGE; CAN BE BUILT FROMLOCAL
SOILS W/O STONES OR OBJECTS THAT MAY DAMAGE THE
MEMBRANE

41.  LANDFILL LINERS – A BARRIER TO INTERCEPT LEACHATE &
DIRECT IT TO A LEACHATE COLLECTION SYSTEM.
 MOISTURE IN LANDFILLS – LEACHATE IS GENERATED BY
PERCOLATION OF WATER OR SOME OTHER LIQUID THROUGH ANY
WASTE & THE SQUEEZING OF THAT WASTE BY SELF-WEIGHT;
QUANTITY OF LECHATE GENERATED DURING ACTIVE OF A
LANDFILL & AFTER ITS CLOSURE IS IMPORTANT IN MANAGING A
LANDFILL