The document is a presentation in Chinese on solar photovoltaics. It discusses topics including:
- The sun as the primary energy source for the Earth
- Different types of solar photovoltaic applications including building-integrated photovoltaics and large concentrated photovoltaic systems
- The working principles of photovoltaic cells including the photovoltaic effect and separation of electron-hole pairs
- Common photovoltaic materials like silicon, III-V semiconductors, and organic materials
- Classifications of photovoltaic devices including first, second and third generation solar cells
Booth's multiplication algorithm was invented by Andrew D. Booth in 1951 while studying crystallography at Birkbeck College in London. It improves the speed of computer multiplication by reducing the number of additions or subtractions needed. The algorithm uses a grid with the multiplicand in the top row, the negative multiplicand in the middle row, and the multiplier in the bottom row. It then iteratively shifts and adds or subtracts based on the last two bits of the product to build up the final result in fewer steps than standard addition methods. Several examples are provided to demonstrate how the algorithm works.
Booth's multiplication algorithm was invented by Andrew Booth in 1951 while studying crystallography at Birkbeck College in London. It improves the speed of computer multiplication by reducing the number of additions or subtractions needed. The algorithm uses a grid with the multiplicand in the top row, the negative multiplicand in the middle row, and the multiplier in the bottom row. It then iteratively shifts and adds or subtracts based on the last two bits of the product to build up the final result in fewer steps than standard addition methods. Several examples are provided to demonstrate how the algorithm works.
The document discusses various techniques for accelerating the multiplication process, including shift-and-add, Booth's recoding, and higher radix multipliers. Booth's recoding maps digit sets to [-1,1] to skip additions when partial products are zero. Modified Booth's recoding improves on this by considering three adjacent bits to encode multipliers into [-2,2], allowing the use of radix-4 grouping to reduce the number of partial product additions. Modern multipliers apply Modified Booth's Recoding to take advantage of its higher radix structure.
Advertisements influence people's lifestyles and stereotypes by portraying certain images. Companies spend a lot of money, such as 44,500 euros, on different advertisements targeted at all age groups, including children, teenagers, and adults. Some examples of advertised products mentioned are fragrances like Dolce & Gabanna Light Blue and One Million by Paco Rabanne, as well as skincare products like Regenerist by Olay and laundry detergent such as Ariel Excel Gel. More information can be found by visiting the author's blog.
This document provides a humorous summary of the founding and development of Qwerly, a social media graph API company, in 3 emotional rollercoaster-style sections. It describes the founders' big idea being rejected by VCs, an initial lukewarm user response but strong search traffic, and finally finding product-market fit and revenue through a new API method that aggregates user profiles across social networks.
The document summarizes a student project that conducted a survey to determine if students prefer Pepsi or Coke. The group designed a 5 question survey where participants did a blind taste test of Pepsi and Coke and then answered questions about which they preferred, their preferences on taste, carbonation and sweetness. The results showed that while Coke won on basic taste, Pepsi was preferred as being sweeter and going down smoother. The survey provided more data on the long-standing debate between Coke and Pepsi preferences.
Polina Yevstigneyeva and Daniil Zamkovoy from Riga Ostwald Secondary School documented their vacation spent on Usma Lake in Latvia in August 2013. The lake is the second largest in Latvia and features several islands, including the largest island in the country, Viskužu Island. During their time on the lake, the students observed and photographed the local plant life like yellow water lilies and bulrush, as well as animals including a freshwater mussel species and zebra mussels. They also enjoyed activities such as boating, swimming, and relaxing on the shores of the lake at sunset and night.
Booth's multiplication algorithm was invented by Andrew D. Booth in 1951 while studying crystallography at Birkbeck College in London. It improves the speed of computer multiplication by reducing the number of additions or subtractions needed. The algorithm uses a grid with the multiplicand in the top row, the negative multiplicand in the middle row, and the multiplier in the bottom row. It then iteratively shifts and adds or subtracts based on the last two bits of the product to build up the final result in fewer steps than standard addition methods. Several examples are provided to demonstrate how the algorithm works.
Booth's multiplication algorithm was invented by Andrew Booth in 1951 while studying crystallography at Birkbeck College in London. It improves the speed of computer multiplication by reducing the number of additions or subtractions needed. The algorithm uses a grid with the multiplicand in the top row, the negative multiplicand in the middle row, and the multiplier in the bottom row. It then iteratively shifts and adds or subtracts based on the last two bits of the product to build up the final result in fewer steps than standard addition methods. Several examples are provided to demonstrate how the algorithm works.
The document discusses various techniques for accelerating the multiplication process, including shift-and-add, Booth's recoding, and higher radix multipliers. Booth's recoding maps digit sets to [-1,1] to skip additions when partial products are zero. Modified Booth's recoding improves on this by considering three adjacent bits to encode multipliers into [-2,2], allowing the use of radix-4 grouping to reduce the number of partial product additions. Modern multipliers apply Modified Booth's Recoding to take advantage of its higher radix structure.
Advertisements influence people's lifestyles and stereotypes by portraying certain images. Companies spend a lot of money, such as 44,500 euros, on different advertisements targeted at all age groups, including children, teenagers, and adults. Some examples of advertised products mentioned are fragrances like Dolce & Gabanna Light Blue and One Million by Paco Rabanne, as well as skincare products like Regenerist by Olay and laundry detergent such as Ariel Excel Gel. More information can be found by visiting the author's blog.
This document provides a humorous summary of the founding and development of Qwerly, a social media graph API company, in 3 emotional rollercoaster-style sections. It describes the founders' big idea being rejected by VCs, an initial lukewarm user response but strong search traffic, and finally finding product-market fit and revenue through a new API method that aggregates user profiles across social networks.
The document summarizes a student project that conducted a survey to determine if students prefer Pepsi or Coke. The group designed a 5 question survey where participants did a blind taste test of Pepsi and Coke and then answered questions about which they preferred, their preferences on taste, carbonation and sweetness. The results showed that while Coke won on basic taste, Pepsi was preferred as being sweeter and going down smoother. The survey provided more data on the long-standing debate between Coke and Pepsi preferences.
Polina Yevstigneyeva and Daniil Zamkovoy from Riga Ostwald Secondary School documented their vacation spent on Usma Lake in Latvia in August 2013. The lake is the second largest in Latvia and features several islands, including the largest island in the country, Viskužu Island. During their time on the lake, the students observed and photographed the local plant life like yellow water lilies and bulrush, as well as animals including a freshwater mussel species and zebra mussels. They also enjoyed activities such as boating, swimming, and relaxing on the shores of the lake at sunset and night.
This document provides an overview of hexadecimal color codes and how they relate to RGB decimal values and common web colors. It explains the decimal, hexadecimal, and binary number systems used to represent colors. A table shows the hexadecimal and decimal RGB values for red, green, blue, yellow, black, and white. It concludes by listing some additional hexadecimal color codes as examples of the near limitless colors that can be produced.
Galileo Galilei believed that teaching is not about imparting knowledge but helping others discover what they already know within themselves. A teacher can only provide guidance to help students find their own understanding and insights, not directly transfer knowledge into their minds. In just 3 sentences, this quote from Galileo Galilei emphasizes the student-centered nature of learning and the role of teachers to facilitate self-discovery.
This short poem describes a man observing nature, finding flowers in the grass, mushrooms, and beautiful little flowers, as well as a pine tree shaped like a heart. The man expresses that he will return again to this scenic natural area.
The document summarizes activities from a COMENIUS project between October 2013 and December 2015. It involved over 200 students and 40 parents from a secondary school in Sofia, Bulgaria. Activities included a project meeting, surveys on the impact of the project, eco-comics on energy efficiency and renewable energy, Skype meetings with partners in Poland and Spain, and skills training in the mountains. Students, teachers, and parents completed fun surveys on their environmental knowledge and actions. The results showed most had good basic knowledge but room for improvement in bolder environmental choices.
The document discusses how reinvention and adapting to changes in technology is necessary for survival, as the speaker's own career path shifting from poetry to various roles in journalism and technology companies demonstrates. It emphasizes getting involved in the social media ecosystem through platforms like blogs, Twitter, Facebook and Flickr in order to stay relevant and connected to potential opportunities. The key is to embrace new skills, lower expenses, find personal passion, and build communities both online and offline through networking and events.
Oakland Local is a nonprofit media organization established in 2009 that operates a website providing news and information focused on local issues in Oakland, California, reaching over 44,000 unique monthly visitors. It is staffed by a diverse team that promotes civic engagement through original reporting, partnerships with other organizations, and training programs for community members. Oakland Local measures its impact through web analytics and social media engagement to improve its work and better serve the Oakland community.
Filosofia da educação uma abordagem sobre fundamentos da educação no brasilsammyfreitas
Este documento discute os fundamentos da Educação Progressista no Brasil. Apresenta brevemente a Filosofia da Educação e sua ligação com a educação. Explora os conceitos da Educação Progressista, incluindo a Pedagogia Libertadora de Paulo Freire e a Pedagogia Libertária. O objetivo é transformar a educação para promover a mudança social.
Activity streams lightning talk, DjangoCon 2011 Day 3Steve Ivy
This document discusses activity streams and the django-activity-stream library. It introduces activity streams as a way to track actions and events. The django-activity-stream library allows integrating activity streams into Django projects with a single API call to log actions and a URL pattern to include the activity feed. It supports feeds in Atom format and provides links to the GitHub repositories for the original and a forked version of the library.
A copy of the preso for my talk at the Reporting on Health Fellowship program on using social media to support community engagement and discussion, April 29, 2011
Powering Agriculture Network and Wiki Portal
Nov. 2014
Carsten Schüttel (Carsten.Schuettel@giz.de)
Laura Jakobeit (Laura.Jakobeit@giz.de)
Powering Agriculture Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH
Объем продаж всегда сильно зависит от активности и качества работы персонала, общающегося с покупателем и удовлетворенности покупателя этой работой.
Обычно система мотивации фронт-персонала и программа лояльности покупателей не связаны напрямую между собой. И в этом кроется большой риск для бизнеса, потому что удовлетворенность покупателя, его желание возвращаться и покупать еще раз, напрямую зависят от работы фронт-персонала. И наоборот, средний чек, количество покупок в чеке, выручка - то есть параметры, на увеличение значений которых обычно мотивируется фронт-персонал, напрямую зависят от активности продавцов и удовлетворенности покупателей их работой.
Система управления выручкой Гифтоман дает возможность эффективно увязать между собой цели менеджмента предприятия, KPI фронт-персонала и удовлетворенность (лояльность) покупателей.
Использование системы Гифтоман приводит к значительному увеличению эффективности работы продавцов и их активности, достижению поставленных менеджментом KPI, желанию хорошо обслужить покупателей. С другой стороны, Гифтоман дает инструменты для постоянного мониторинга удовлетворенности покупателей, получения от них обратной связи о работе продавцов.
Кроме того, за счет использования системы мотивации как покупателей, так и продавцов на покупку-продажу определенных групп товаров (например, при проведении маркетинговых акций) удается добиться существенного увеличения количественных показателей продаж целевых продуктов.
The document summarizes several of the author's past design projects from 1999-2004, including personal website designs, an EC site for Classic Communication, and event site designs. The author's roles included information architecture, web design, HTML coding, front-end scripting, and photography. They acted as both a website designer and project manager on various internal and personal projects during this time period.
This document provides an overview of hexadecimal color codes and how they relate to RGB decimal values and common web colors. It explains the decimal, hexadecimal, and binary number systems used to represent colors. A table shows the hexadecimal and decimal RGB values for red, green, blue, yellow, black, and white. It concludes by listing some additional hexadecimal color codes as examples of the near limitless colors that can be produced.
Galileo Galilei believed that teaching is not about imparting knowledge but helping others discover what they already know within themselves. A teacher can only provide guidance to help students find their own understanding and insights, not directly transfer knowledge into their minds. In just 3 sentences, this quote from Galileo Galilei emphasizes the student-centered nature of learning and the role of teachers to facilitate self-discovery.
This short poem describes a man observing nature, finding flowers in the grass, mushrooms, and beautiful little flowers, as well as a pine tree shaped like a heart. The man expresses that he will return again to this scenic natural area.
The document summarizes activities from a COMENIUS project between October 2013 and December 2015. It involved over 200 students and 40 parents from a secondary school in Sofia, Bulgaria. Activities included a project meeting, surveys on the impact of the project, eco-comics on energy efficiency and renewable energy, Skype meetings with partners in Poland and Spain, and skills training in the mountains. Students, teachers, and parents completed fun surveys on their environmental knowledge and actions. The results showed most had good basic knowledge but room for improvement in bolder environmental choices.
The document discusses how reinvention and adapting to changes in technology is necessary for survival, as the speaker's own career path shifting from poetry to various roles in journalism and technology companies demonstrates. It emphasizes getting involved in the social media ecosystem through platforms like blogs, Twitter, Facebook and Flickr in order to stay relevant and connected to potential opportunities. The key is to embrace new skills, lower expenses, find personal passion, and build communities both online and offline through networking and events.
Oakland Local is a nonprofit media organization established in 2009 that operates a website providing news and information focused on local issues in Oakland, California, reaching over 44,000 unique monthly visitors. It is staffed by a diverse team that promotes civic engagement through original reporting, partnerships with other organizations, and training programs for community members. Oakland Local measures its impact through web analytics and social media engagement to improve its work and better serve the Oakland community.
Filosofia da educação uma abordagem sobre fundamentos da educação no brasilsammyfreitas
Este documento discute os fundamentos da Educação Progressista no Brasil. Apresenta brevemente a Filosofia da Educação e sua ligação com a educação. Explora os conceitos da Educação Progressista, incluindo a Pedagogia Libertadora de Paulo Freire e a Pedagogia Libertária. O objetivo é transformar a educação para promover a mudança social.
Activity streams lightning talk, DjangoCon 2011 Day 3Steve Ivy
This document discusses activity streams and the django-activity-stream library. It introduces activity streams as a way to track actions and events. The django-activity-stream library allows integrating activity streams into Django projects with a single API call to log actions and a URL pattern to include the activity feed. It supports feeds in Atom format and provides links to the GitHub repositories for the original and a forked version of the library.
A copy of the preso for my talk at the Reporting on Health Fellowship program on using social media to support community engagement and discussion, April 29, 2011
Powering Agriculture Network and Wiki Portal
Nov. 2014
Carsten Schüttel (Carsten.Schuettel@giz.de)
Laura Jakobeit (Laura.Jakobeit@giz.de)
Powering Agriculture Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH
Объем продаж всегда сильно зависит от активности и качества работы персонала, общающегося с покупателем и удовлетворенности покупателя этой работой.
Обычно система мотивации фронт-персонала и программа лояльности покупателей не связаны напрямую между собой. И в этом кроется большой риск для бизнеса, потому что удовлетворенность покупателя, его желание возвращаться и покупать еще раз, напрямую зависят от работы фронт-персонала. И наоборот, средний чек, количество покупок в чеке, выручка - то есть параметры, на увеличение значений которых обычно мотивируется фронт-персонал, напрямую зависят от активности продавцов и удовлетворенности покупателей их работой.
Система управления выручкой Гифтоман дает возможность эффективно увязать между собой цели менеджмента предприятия, KPI фронт-персонала и удовлетворенность (лояльность) покупателей.
Использование системы Гифтоман приводит к значительному увеличению эффективности работы продавцов и их активности, достижению поставленных менеджментом KPI, желанию хорошо обслужить покупателей. С другой стороны, Гифтоман дает инструменты для постоянного мониторинга удовлетворенности покупателей, получения от них обратной связи о работе продавцов.
Кроме того, за счет использования системы мотивации как покупателей, так и продавцов на покупку-продажу определенных групп товаров (например, при проведении маркетинговых акций) удается добиться существенного увеличения количественных показателей продаж целевых продуктов.
The document summarizes several of the author's past design projects from 1999-2004, including personal website designs, an EC site for Classic Communication, and event site designs. The author's roles included information architecture, web design, HTML coding, front-end scripting, and photography. They acted as both a website designer and project manager on various internal and personal projects during this time period.
5. 太陽光電在沙漠上的應用
太陽能電池的工作原理
自強基金 10/12/207 17
太陽能電池的工作原理 Semiconductor- pn homojunction
A. K. Chu, National Sun Yat-sen University
自強基金 10/12/207 19 自強基金 10/12/207 20
6. Photovoltaic effect
A. K. Chu, National Sun Yat-sen University A. K. Chu, National Sun Yat-sen University
自強基金 10/12/207 21 自強基金 10/12/207 22
Operation of photovoltaic device(I) Operation of photovoltaic device(II)
The operation of the photovoltaic device follows
by
e-h pairs creation by photons absorption
Separation of e-h pairs before recombination
Transportation of free e and h to electrodes
A. K. Chu, National Sun Yat-sen University
自強基金 10/12/207 23 自強基金 10/12/207 24
7. Operation of photovoltaic device(III) Fundamentals
Photovoltaic effect results from
incident light on some materials
PV effect promotes electrons into
higher energy conduction bands,
leaving holes behind
Separation of carriers, electrons (-
ve) and holes (+ve) important to Surface
solar cells recombination
+ve and –ve carriers transported
through material in all directions
Bulk Surface
A. K. Chu, National Sun Yat-sen University recombination recombination
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Metal-semiconductor contact
A. K. Chu, National Sun Yat-sen University A. K. Chu, National Sun Yat-sen University
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8. 串聯與分流(並聯)電阻
Rs:串聯電阻
Rp:分流(並聯)電
阻
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太陽能電池的等效電路 The Laws of Geometric Optics
A. K. Chu, National Sun Yat-sen University
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9. Reflection and Refraction of Waves Reflection of Lights at Different Surfaces
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Total Internal Reflection (TIR) Reflection and Transmission Coefficients
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10. Example: Single-layered
Examples:
AR coating
A. K. Chu, National Sun Yat-sen University
自強基金 10/12/207 37 自強基金 10/12/207 38
太陽光能發電材料分類
PV Materials
自強基金 10/12/207 40
11. 結晶矽太陽電池至2020 年仍是市場主流 PV Materials
Si: monocrystalline, polycrystalline, and
amorphous
III-V semiconductors: GaAs and InP
II-VI and I-III-VI: CdTe and
CuIn1-xGaxS1-ySey(CIGSS)
Organic materials: dyes, polymers, and
small molecules
自強基金 10/12/207 41 自強基金 10/12/207 42
資料來源:PVNET European Roadmap for PV R&D 2004年,工研院材料所2005年9月
Semiconductors Elemental and
Classification of PV Devices Compound
First generation (crystalline solar cells)
Si solar cells
III-V GaAs solar cells
Second generation (thin film solar cells)
CIGS-based
CdTe
α-Si
Third generation
novel ideas for high-efficiency cells
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12. Theoretical Prediction of
不同太陽電池材料對應太陽光譜波長
PV Efficiencies
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Optical Absorption Coefficients of
The Types of Photovoltaic Cell
PV Materials Source:工研院 葉芳耀
自強基金 10/12/207 47 自強基金 10/12/207 48
14. Dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC)
1991年M. Grätzel發展出利用TiO2奈米結晶多孔膜作為
DSSC的電極,成功製備出高效率、低成本的新型太陽能
電池,並成為令人注目的研究新方向。
有機染料敏化太陽電池 目前研發之DSSC整體效率可達約12%,在瑞士及澳洲已
有小規模的商業應用。近年DSSC著重在固態電解質的研
(DSSC) 究,以及應用於柔軟可塑的材質上。
自強基金 10/12/207 54
Various colors in a series-connected dye
太陽光電 (BIPV)興建案例 solar cell modules
Source: STI, AU 自強基金 10/12/207 55 自強基金 10/12/207 56
Courtesy Dr. Winfried Hoffman, CEO, RWE, SCHOTT Solar GmbH
15. 染料敏化太陽電池 vs 矽基太陽電池 入射光角度與溫度對太陽電池發電量影響
製程容易、成本低
轉換效率隨溫度上成而提升
模板二面皆可吸收光線-有利於吸收散射光
轉換率對入射光角度影響較小
具有的透明性可直接使用於窗戶- 模板顏色因使
用的染料顏色而變
染料太陽電池光電轉換效率受入射光角度影響較小,隨溫
度上升轉換率提升。
矽晶太陽電池光電轉換效率受入射光角度影響較大,隨溫
度上升轉換率下降。
自強基金 10/12/207 57 自強基金 10/12/207 58
Basic ideas of the photocurrent Basic ideas of the photocurrent
Source: 中山大學 黃文堯
氧化 D→D+ + e- (失去電子→HOMO or IP)
還原 A + e- →A- (得到電子→LUMO or EA)
LUMO
orbital electrons: S+
n = principal EA
quantum number
n=3 2 1
HOMO So
IP
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16. Basic ideas of the photocurrent Natural solar cell—chlorophyll
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LHC (Light Harvesting Complex) & Reaction
Center
Artificial photosynthesis — Grätzel cell
SWEF—Small Work Function Electrode
自強基金 10/12/207 63 Actually, we call this effect as Photoelectrochemical effect rather than Photovoltaics effect.
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17. 染料太陽電池原理與關鍵技術 Cell Structure of DSSC
工研院太陽光電科技中心 蔡松雨 自強基金 10/12/207 65 自強基金 10/12/207 66
Basic Structure of DSSC (Glass Substrate) Working Principle of DSSC
Source: 中山大學 黃文堯
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22. Glass
‘Plus’-Electrode
Elektrolyte
Graphite
Ion
TCO
Titanium dioxide Dye
Conclusions
‘Min’-Electrode Electrons
(Current)
Light
(Photons)
自強基金 10/12/207 85
自強基金 10/12/207
Source: Solar Conference, February, 15 2006. University at Albany 87 自強基金 10/12/207
Source: Solar Conference, February, 15 2006. University at Albany 88
23. 自強基金 10/12/207
Source: Solar Conference, February, 15 2006. University at Albany 89 自強基金 10/12/207
Source: Solar Conference, February, 15 2006. University at Albany 90
Roll-toRoll Coating Thank You
A route to taking the costs below $50/m2 and keeping
efficiency > 10 %.
英國Boathouse
Boathouse太陽能
遊艇太陽能遊艇
Solar shuttle
自強基金 10/12/207 91 自強基金 10/12/207 92
P. Fairley, IEEE Spectrum. Jan. 2004 p.28