SQL is a language used to manage data in relational database management systems (RDBMS). It allows users to define, manipulate, and control access to data in a database. SQL statements are used to perform tasks like creating tables, inserting records, updating records, deleting records, and retrieving records from one or more tables using structured query language. Common SQL statements include DDL, DML, DCL, and DQL statements.

1. SQL
Structure Query Language
(Relational Database
Management System) RDBMS ANSI
(American National Standards Institute)
RDBMS MS-Access, MS-
SQL, MySQL, Oracle
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2. SQL
1.DDL (Data Definition Language)
- CREATE TABLE
- ALTER TABLE
- DROP TABLE
- CREATE INDEX
- DROP INDEX
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3. 2. DML (Data Manipulation
Language)
Relational Algebra
Record Relational Calculus
- SELECT
- UPDATE
- DELETE
- INSERT INTO
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4. DCL (Data Control Language)
- LOCK TABLES
- UNLOCK TABLES
- CONSTRAINT
RIGHTS
- GRANT
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5. -
CREATE DATABASE
<database name>;
-
DROP DATABASE
<database name>;
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6. : CREATE TABLE
CREATE TABLE
CREATE TABLE <table_name>
( <column1> <datatype> (<size>)
[NOT NULL NULL] ,
<column2> <datatype> (<size>)
[NOT NULL NULL] ,
…………...
CONSTRAINT <table_name>
PRIMARY KEY
(<pkcolumn1, pkcolumn2> , ...>)
FOREIGN KEY
(<refcolumn1, refcolumn2, …>)
REFERENCES
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7. CREATE TABLE
Student
( ID integer(3) NOT
NULL,
FName char(30),
LName char(30),
CONTRAINT
Student
PRIMARY KEY
CREATE TABLE
(ID)
Student
);
( ID integer(3) NOT
NULL,
FName char(30),
LName char(30),
PRIMARY KEY (ID)
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8. CREATE TABLE Employee
( Emp integer NOT NULL,
EName char(30),
EDept integer,
PRIMARY KEY (Emp),
FOREIGN KEY (EDept)
REFFERENCE Department (Dept)
);
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9. DROP TABLE <table_name>;
ALTER TABLE <table_name>
Database update (<column_name>
<datatype> <size>
Database update
- ADD
- MODIFY
Marisa Kuntasup - DROP COLUMN

10. Alter Table
- ADD Attribute name
ex. ALTER TABLE
Employee
ADD Tel char(10) ;
-MODIFY Structure
ex. ALTER TABLE
Employee
MODIFY (EName
char(35) );
- DROP Attribute name
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11. –
•
CREATE INDEX <index name>
on <table name>(<column
name>[,<column name>]..);
•
DROP INDEX <index name>;
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12. -
INSERT INTO <table
name>[(<column1, column2,….>)]
values (<value1, value2,…>);
-
INSERT INTO <table
name>[(<column1, column2,….>)]
SELECT <statement>;
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13. –
UPDATE <table name>
SET<column1>[, column2, ...)]=<expr
ession|subquery>
[WHERE <condition>];
–
DELETE FROM <table name>
[WHERE <condition>];
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14. INSERT
ex. INSERT INTO
product
product VALUES
(10,book,30, 5 );
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15. UPDATE
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16. DELETE
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17. SELECT
SELECT
<column , column ,…
FROM <table name>
[WHERE
Marisa Kuntasup <condition>];

18. GROUP BY
SELECT
<column1, column2, …>
FROM <table name>
[WHERE <condition>]
[GROUP BY <grouping
column>]
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19. DISTINC
T
FROM
WHERE
ORDER
BY
DESC
ASC
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20. WHERE
SELECT <columns>
FROM < table table2
[WHERE <condition>]
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29. : Subqueries
Nested query
SELECT
SELECT Nested query
SELECT
SELECT
SELECT …….
FROM……..
WHERE………
(SELECT ……..
FROM………..
WHERE………. )
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30. Andy
Employee
Name
JohnDepartment
Marketing
Mary Sales
Peter
Sales
Andy
Marketing
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Anne

31. Subqueries
‘Maketing’
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32. ORDER BY
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33. GROUP BY
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34. GROUP BY
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35. Grouping and Aggregates
Employee SELECT Gender, AVG(AGE
FROM Employee
GROUP BY Gender;
‘
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36. HAVING
HAVING
GROUP BY HAVING
GROUP BY
HAVING
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37. –
plus(+), minus(-
), divide(/), multiply(*), modula
(%)
–
TRUE, FALSE
UNKNOW (
Null)
– LIKE
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38. Mathematics Operator operator
-
SELECT ID,FName,LName,Salary*0.05
AS Commision
FROM Employee;
ID FNa LNa Commi
John me
me sion
Smith ary
M Jones
Andy
Brown
Jane
John
Wright
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Jones

39. SQL
(Comparison Operator)
6
=
<>
<
>
<=
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40. Comparison Operator
ex. Select pro_id ,
pro_name
from product
where
(price >=5 ) and
(amount >=20) ;
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41. • Relation Operator
Relation Operator
• Logical Operator
Compound
Condition
NoteLogical Operator
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42. SQL Logical
Operator
AND
OR
IN
BETWEE

43. Logical Operator
SELECT
pro_id, pro_name,sup_id
FROM product
WHERE sup_id NOT IN
(1,2);
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45. Logical Operator
SELECT pro_id, pro_name
, pro_price
FROM product
WHERE pro_price between 5
and 20
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46. Logical Operator
SELECT
pro_id, pro_name
FROM product
WHERE pro_name
like "p*"
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47. – (Aggregate
functions)
– COUNT, SUM, AVG, MAX, MIN
– (Date and tune
functions)
– ADD_MONTHS, LAST_DAY, MONTH
S_BETWEEN
– (Arithmetic
functions)
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48. (cont.)
– (Character
functions)
– CHR, CONCAT, LOWER, UPPER,
REPLACE, SUBSTR
– (Converter
functions)
– TO_CHAR,
– (Miscellaneous
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