The document discusses guidelines from the WHO on particulate matter and other air pollutants. It then outlines several initiatives taken by Indian cities like Delhi, Ahmedabad, Nagpur, and Pune to reduce air pollution through measures like promoting electric vehicles, improving public transport, and increasing green spaces. Potential solutions provided include investing in clean energy, developing sustainable transport, better waste management, and making cities more compact and energy efficient. Air pollution is linked to increased risk of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases and causes millions of deaths worldwide each year. While rates have fallen due to reductions in indoor pollution, air pollution remains one of the top global risk factors for disease.

1. Air Pollution-2
Sesion-12:
Environmental Studies & Disaster
Management
Prof. Ajay Mohan Goel
ajay.goel@bmu.edu.in

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3. Ambient (outdoor) air pollution: WHO Guidelines
Particulate matter (PM)
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5)
• 10 μg/m3 annual mean
• 25 μg/m3 24-hour mean
Coarse particulate matter (PM10)
• 20 μg/m3 annual mean
• 50 μg/m3 24-hour mean
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Ozone (O3)
• 100 μg/m3 8-hour mean
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
• 40 μg/m3 annual mean
• 200 μg/m3 1-hour mean
Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
• 20 μg/m3 24-hour mean
• 500 μg/m3 10-minute mean

4. SOURCES AND
COMPOSITION
OF PM2.5
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5. SOURCES OF
GROUND-
LEVEL OZONE
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6. Some Indian Initiatives to reduce Air Pollution
• National Clean Air Program (NCAP) launched in January 2019 by MoEFCC
• Goal: reduce harmful particulate matter pollution by 20-30% by 2024 (vs 2017 levels)
• Delhi - formed 52 cross-government teams to ensure implementation of its Graded
Response Action Plan during peak pollution season.
• Ahmedabad - implemented its health-based plan to protect citizens from high levels of air
pollution. FY19-20 budget for 1000 electric buses, 30,000 electric rickshaws, and capping of
smoldering landfill—Pirana—that contributes to the city’s air pollution woes.
• Nagpur - developed a comprehensive action plan to reduce air pollution in the city.
• Pune - promoting non-motorized transport.
• Raipur - achieved a reduction in local particulate matter pollution over two consecutive
years.
• Chennai - increased generation of solar energy by utilizing metro rail rooftops
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8. Solutions for Cities
1. Post-combustion controls: Introduce state-of-the-art end-of-pipe measures to reduce
sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and particulate emissions at power stations and in large-
scale industry
2. Vehicle inspection and maintenance: Enforce mandatory checks and repairs for vehicles
3. Dust control: Suppress construction and road dust; increase green areas
4. Agricultural crop residue: Manage agricultural residues, including strict enforcement of
bans on open burning
5. Residential waste burning: Strictly enforce bans on open burning of household waste
6. Clean cooking and heating: Use clean fuels – electricity, natural gas, liquefied petroleum
gas (LPG) in cities, and LPG and advanced biomass cooking and heating stoves in rural
areas; substitution of coal by briquettes
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9. Solutions for Cities
7. Renewables for power generation: Use incentives to foster extended use of wind, solar
and hydro power for electricity generation and phase out the least efficient plants
8. Energy efficiency for households: Use incentives to improve the energy efficiency of
household appliances, buildings, lighting, heating and cooling; encourage roof-top solar
installations
9. Electric vehicles: Promote the use of electric vehicles
10. Improved public transport: Encourage a shift from private passenger vehicles to public
transport
11. Solid waste management: Encourage centralized waste collection with source separation
and treatment, including gas utilization
12. Wastewater treatment: Introduce well-managed two-stage treatment with biogas
recovery
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10. AQI air quality descriptors by Ahmedabad
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11. Solutions
• Invest in Energy Efficient Power Generation
• Build safe and affordable public transport systems and Pedestrian & Cycle friendly
networks
• Improve domestic, industry and municipal waste management
• Reduce Agricultural waste incineration, forest fires and certain agro-forestry
activities.
• Make greener and more compact cities with energy-efficient buildings.
• Provide universal access to clean affordable fuels and technologies for cooking,
heating and lighting.
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12. Links between Air
Quality and SDGs
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13. 3.9.1
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• Acute respiratory infections in young
children
• Cerebrovascular diseases (stroke)
• Ischaemic heart diseases (IHD)
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD)
• Lung cancer

14. 3.9.1
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• Air pollution, both ambient and household,
increases the risk of cardiovascular and
respiratory disease
• 2016: ~7 million deaths worldwide.
• Sub-Saharan Africa and most of Asia and
Oceania (excluding Australia/New Zealand) -
highest mortality rates due to air pollution
• Inadequate and unsafe drinking water,
sanitation and hygiene is linked to (Disease
Burden)
• 60 % due to diarrhoea,
• 100% from infections with soil-
transmitted helminths
• 16% protein-energy malnutrition,
• ~870,000 deaths in 2016 from the three
conditions.

15. 7.1.2
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• ~3 billion people still rely primarily on
inefficient and polluting cooking systems.

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17. Access to clean fuels and technologies for cooking, 2016
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Share of the total population with access to clean fuels and technologies for cooking.

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•Air pollution
• world’s leading risk factors for
death,
• attributed to 5 million deaths each
year. (9% of deaths)
• A leading risk factor for disease
burden.
• highest in low-to-middle income
countries, with more than 100-fold
differences in rates across the world.
• Globally, death rates from air
pollution have been falling. This has
mainly been the result of progress on
tackling indoor pollution.

19. Death rates from air pollution, 2017 (Indoor + Outdoor)
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20. Energy related CO2 emissions, 1990-2019
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21. China: Aggressive pollution control yield results
• PM2.5 pollution has dropped markedly
• Continue to exceed theWHO’s least-stringent target.
• Action Plan for Air Pollution Prevention and Control
(2013-, State Council of China in 2013.
• set key air quality targets and included
• specific actions to reduce the reliance on coal
• cut industrial emissions
• control the number of vehicles in some cities
• increase lower-emission energy sources
• New 3-year plan (2018 - 2020)
• targets more cities
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Underscore the potential for air quality management efforts to rapidly and
substantially improve air quality both in China and around the world.

22. Thank you
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Prof. Ajay Mohan Goel
ajay.goel@bmu.edu.in