Bobby Tott builds a house out of cotton candy after his father warns him about three mischievous chipmunks. When the chipmunks ask to come inside, Bobby refuses based on his father's warning. True to the warning, the chipmunks begin eating the cotton candy house. Bobby flees and builds a new house out of mashed potatoes. He hears knocking at the door and a familiar voice asking to come in, but Bobby refuses entry again.
Bobby Tott builds a house out of cotton candy after his father warns him about three mischievous chipmunks. When the chipmunks ask to come inside, Bobby refuses based on his father's warning. True to the warning, the chipmunks begin eating the cotton candy house. Bobby flees and builds a new house out of mashed potatoes. He hears knocking at the door and a familiar voice asking to come in, but Bobby refuses entry again.
This document contains specifications for different sizes of preserved roses - jumbo, standard, and petite. Jumbo roses have a diameter of 7cm or more and a height of 6.6cm or more. Standard roses have a diameter of 6.6cm and a height between 5.6-6.5cm. Petite roses have a diameter of 5cm and a height of 5-5.5cm. The document also notes that 3D roses in jumbo size can be produced with 3-4 colors upon request.
Gordon Sports Architecture provides integrated design services for parks, recreation, and athletic facilities including master planning, community outreach, construction plans, and construction administration. They specialize in natural and synthetic turf fields, playgrounds, sports courts, trails, and golf course design. Their goal is to create innovative, sustainable spaces that meet client needs and are enjoyed by users of all ages.
Gordon Athletics provides integrated athletic facility design services including master planning, design, construction documents, and administration. They pride themselves on focusing on details to create successful, easy to maintain facilities for a variety of sports. Their design approach embeds details for safety, clarity of play, and ease of maintenance.
Bobby Tott builds a house out of cotton candy after his father warns him about three mischievous chipmunks. When the chipmunks ask to come inside, Bobby refuses based on his father's warning. True to the warning, the chipmunks begin eating the cotton candy house. Bobby flees and builds a new house out of mashed potatoes. He hears knocking at the door and a familiar voice asking to come in, but Bobby refuses entry again.
Bobby Tott builds a house out of cotton candy after his father warns him about three mischievous chipmunks. When the chipmunks ask to come inside, Bobby refuses based on his father's warning. True to the warning, the chipmunks begin eating the cotton candy house. Bobby flees and builds a new house out of mashed potatoes. He hears knocking at the door and a familiar voice asking to come in, but Bobby refuses entry again.
This document contains specifications for different sizes of preserved roses - jumbo, standard, and petite. Jumbo roses have a diameter of 7cm or more and a height of 6.6cm or more. Standard roses have a diameter of 6.6cm and a height between 5.6-6.5cm. Petite roses have a diameter of 5cm and a height of 5-5.5cm. The document also notes that 3D roses in jumbo size can be produced with 3-4 colors upon request.
Gordon Sports Architecture provides integrated design services for parks, recreation, and athletic facilities including master planning, community outreach, construction plans, and construction administration. They specialize in natural and synthetic turf fields, playgrounds, sports courts, trails, and golf course design. Their goal is to create innovative, sustainable spaces that meet client needs and are enjoyed by users of all ages.
Gordon Athletics provides integrated athletic facility design services including master planning, design, construction documents, and administration. They pride themselves on focusing on details to create successful, easy to maintain facilities for a variety of sports. Their design approach embeds details for safety, clarity of play, and ease of maintenance.
To peel a cucumber safely, you will need a cucumber, peeler, and flat surface. First, wash the cucumber and place it on a flat surface. Holding the cucumber firmly, slowly drag the peeler down its side to remove the skin. Rotate the cucumber and repeat until all dark green skin is removed. Once the cucumber is clear of skin, it is ready to eat.
The document discusses agile principles for software development, emphasizing collaboration over contracts and responding to change. It recommends using common sense rather than rigid rules. Images include a crystal ball, weather forecast, and quote about planning being essential even if plans change. The document advocates delivering work in increments and managing expectations and scope to enable flexibility.
Gordon Associates is a consulting firm providing surveying and engineering services including 3D laser scanning. Laser scanning uses lasers to rapidly capture detailed 3D data on physical environments. It generates dense point clouds that allow clients to access more survey information without additional site visits. Laser scanning is used for applications like as-built modeling, construction monitoring, topographic surveys, and forensic investigations. It provides accurate spatial data that conventional methods cannot access.
This 3 sentence blog provides information about an English school project. The student created a blog to fulfill a school assignment and hopes others find it enjoyable.
Bobby Tott builds three different houses that are destroyed by three mischievous chipmunks. His first house is made of cotton candy, which the chipmunks easily eat through. His second house is made of marshmallows and meets the same fate. For his third house, Bobby builds it out of hard jawbreakers so the chipmunks cannot eat through it. When they try, one chipmunk breaks its teeth on the jawbreakers and they flee in pain, leaving Bobby and his house intact.
To peel a cucumber safely, you will need a cucumber, peeler, and flat surface. First, wash the cucumber and place it on a flat surface. Holding the cucumber firmly, slowly drag the peeler down its side to remove the skin. Rotate the cucumber and repeat until all dark green skin is removed. Once the cucumber is clear of skin, it is ready to eat.
The document discusses agile principles for software development, emphasizing collaboration over contracts and responding to change. It recommends using common sense rather than rigid rules. Images include a crystal ball, weather forecast, and quote about planning being essential even if plans change. The document advocates delivering work in increments and managing expectations and scope to enable flexibility.
Gordon Associates is a consulting firm providing surveying and engineering services including 3D laser scanning. Laser scanning uses lasers to rapidly capture detailed 3D data on physical environments. It generates dense point clouds that allow clients to access more survey information without additional site visits. Laser scanning is used for applications like as-built modeling, construction monitoring, topographic surveys, and forensic investigations. It provides accurate spatial data that conventional methods cannot access.
This 3 sentence blog provides information about an English school project. The student created a blog to fulfill a school assignment and hopes others find it enjoyable.
Bobby Tott builds three different houses that are destroyed by three mischievous chipmunks. His first house is made of cotton candy, which the chipmunks easily eat through. His second house is made of marshmallows and meets the same fate. For his third house, Bobby builds it out of hard jawbreakers so the chipmunks cannot eat through it. When they try, one chipmunk breaks its teeth on the jawbreakers and they flee in pain, leaving Bobby and his house intact.
2. Nadpunjenje motora
Nadpunjenje je postupak kod kojeg se dovodi
veća količina vazduha u cilindar motora od
količine vazduha koja se smjesti u cilindar
kod usisnog motora
Postiže se povećanjem gustoće vazduha
Realizacija je najčešće pomoću kompresora
Turbopunjenje je nadpunjenje pomoću turbo-
kompresora
Cilj je povećanje snage motora za istu hodnu
zapreminu motora
4. Pristup modeliranju
M o to r S U S S is te m
C ije v i S p o je v i, v e n tili,
U s is n a i iz d u v n a g r a n a , filtri, h la d n ja k T u rb o -k o m p re s o r E le m e n ti
d o v o d v a z d u h a ...
v a z d u h a ...
G a s n o d in a m ič k i M a p e s t a n ja
P u n je n je i m o d e l: K v a z i-s ta c io n a r n i (s ta c io n a r n e ),
M o d e li
p r a ž n je n je 1 -d im e n z io n a ln i m o d e li a p r o k s im a c ije
n e s ta c io n a r n i to k K - D m la z n i c o m ...
1 -d im e n z io n a ln e
O č u v a n je m a s e Je d n a č in e to k a Z a k o n i/
iz e n tr o p s k e
i e n e r g i je s t i š l ji v o g f lu id a je d n a č in e
je d n a č in e t o k a
S a g o r ije v a n je T r e n je
P r e n o s to p lo te P r ije n o s t o p lo t e
T ra n s p o rtn i p ro c e s i H e m ija ... D o d a tn i-
m o d e li
5. Usvojeni modeli M o d e l p r e h r a n jiv a n o g m o to r a S U S
K o n t r o ln i v o lu m e n J e d n o d im e n z io n a ln a c ije v Spoj
C ilin d a r U s i s n a /i z d u v n a g r a n a T u rb o -k o m p re so r
S a g o r ije v a n je P r e n o s t o p lo t e K a t a liz a t o r
K o m p re so r
U s i s n a /i z d u v n a g r a n a T u r b in a
F ilt e r
H la d n ja k v a z d u h a
V e n t ili
0-d volumen
W a ste -G a te
0-d volumen ili 1-d cijev
nije uključeno u prezentirani model K a t a liz a t o r
E G R v e n t il
6. Model cilindra
Održanje mase
d ( ρV ) ns
= −∑ ρ s v s ⋅ As
dt s =1
Održanje energije
d ( ρeV ) ns
dQ dL
= −∑ es ρ s v s ⋅ As + −
dt s =1 dt dt
Održanje supstance
d ( ρVci ) ns
dci
= −∑ ci s ρ s v s ⋅ As +
dt s =1 dt
ngk
∑c i =1
17. FCT algoritam
Transportna faza
1
( 1
) (
Vi yiT = Vi yi* + ∆t Ai +1/ 2 D1, i +1 + D1, i − ∆t Ai −1/ 2 D1, i −1 + D1, i
2 2
)
1
( )( )
+ ∆t C2,i A i +1/ 2 + A i −1/ 2 D2, i +1 − D2, i −1 + ∆t Vi D3, i .
4
Difuziona faza
Vi ~i = Vi yiT + ϑi +1 / 2Vi +1 / 2 ( yio+1 − yio ) − ϑi −1 / 2Vi −1 / 2 ( yio − yio−1 )
y
Antidifuziona faza
yit = ~i −
y
1 c
Vi
(
fi +1 / 2 − f i c 1 / 2
− )
18. Provjera FCT algoritma
Pucanje membrane
4.5 400
Egzaktno Egzaktno
4 350 Proračun
Proračun
3.5 300
3
250
pritisak p bar
brzina v m/s
2.5
200
2
150
1.5
100
1
50
0.5
0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
xm xm
21. Integralni pokazatelji ciklisa
Usporedba izmjerenih i računskih vrijednosti osnovnih parametara rada motora pri
n=1300 min-1 i 100% opterećenju
Naziv Oznaka Jedinica Mjerenje Proračun Razlika [%]
Snaga Pe kW 168.80 164.00 -2.85
Časovna potrošnja gor. Gh kg/h 34.20 34.20 +0.00
Srednji efektivni pritisak pe bar 14.65 14.15 -2.85
Srednja efekt. potrošnja gor. ge g/kWh 202.60 208.10 +2.85
Potrošnja vazduha mK
kg/s 0.2018 0.1953 -3.22
Ekvival. odnos vazduha α - 1.3419 1.2987 -3.22
Pritisak ispred kompr. p1 bar 0.9774 0.9755 -0.19
Pritisak iza kompr. p2 bar 1.8369 1.7965 -2.20
Pritisak ispred turbine p3 bar 1.4243 1.5038 -5.58
Pritisak iza turbine p4 bar 1.0073 1.0273 +1.99
Temperatura ispred kompr. T1 K 305.0 297.0 -2.62
Temperatura iza kompr. T2 K 385.0 373.2 -3.06
Temperatura iza hladnjaka T2 ' K 305.0 302.0 -0.98
Temperatura ispred turbine T3 K 904.0 905.6 +0.18
Temperatura iza turbine T4 K 842.0 846.0 +0.48
Promjena temp. u turbini ∆4
T K 62.0 59.6 -3.87
Maseni protok izduv. gasova mT
kg/s 0.2113 0.2048 -3.08
Broj obrtaja TK agregata N s-1 1155.8 1104.9 -4.61
Pritisak otvaranja izd. ventila pivo bar 7.700 7.528 -2.23
Temp. otvaranja izd. ventila Tivo K 1287.0 1244.0 -3.34
22. Integralni pokazatelji ciklisa
Usporedba izmjerenih i računskih vrijednosti osnovnih parametara rada motora pri
n=2150 min-1 i 100% opterećenju
Naziv Oznaka Jedinica Mjerenje Proračun Razlika [%]
Snaga Pe kW 220.00 222.29 +1.04
Časovna potrošnja gor. Gh kg/h 49.20 49.20 +0.00
Srednji efektivni pritisak pe bar 11.48 11.60 +1.05
Srednja efekt. potrošnja gor. ge g/kWh 223.60 221.30 -1.03
Potrošnja vazduha mK
kg/s 0.3974 0.3998 +0.60
Ekvival. odnos vazduha α - 1.837 1.848 +0.60
Pritisak ispred kompr. p1 bar 0.9541 0.9663 +1.28
Pritisak iza kompr. p2 bar 2.3987 2.3132 -3.56
Pritisak ispred turbine p3 bar 2.1329 2.2424 +5.13
Pritisak iza turbine p4 bar 1.0503 1.0601 +0.93
Temperatura ispred kompr. T1 K 304.0 297.0 -2.30
Temperatura iza kompr. T2 K 422.0 433.2 +2.65
Temperatura iza hladnjaka T2 ' K 328.0 337.0 +2.74
Temperatura ispred turbine T3 K 853.0 844.2 -1.03
Temperatura iza turbine T4 K 745.0 738.7 -0.85
Promjena temp. u turbini ∆4 T K 108.0 105.5 -2.31
Maseni protok izduv. gasova mT
kg/ s 0.4110 0.4135 +0.61
Broj obrtaja TK agregata N s-1 1476.0 1414.8 -4.15
Pritisak otvaranja izd. ventila pivo bar 8.082 7.987 -1.18
Temp. otvaranja izd. ventila Tivo K 1150.0 1097.0 -4.60
25. Pritisak u cilindru motora
3.5
eksperiment
proračun
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
120 240 360 480 600
26. Pritisak u izduvnoj grani
Maksimalni obrtni moment n=1300 min -1
3.5
eksperiment
3
proračun
2.5
2
1.5
1
0 120 240 360 480 600 720
27. Pritisak u izduvnoj grani
Maksimalna snaga n=2150 min-1
3.5
p[ bar]
3
2.5
2
eksperiment
1.5
proračun
1
0 120 240 360 480 600 720
ϕ [ °KV ]
28. Zaključak
Razvijen model nadpunjenog
višecilindričnog dizel motora takozvanog
modularnog tipa
FCT algoritam uspjesno primjenjen na tok
stišljivog fluida u usisnoj i izduvnoj grani
Dobiveni su rezultati koji se dobro slažu sa
eksperimentalnim ispitivanjima
Otvara se mogučnost primjene programa
za simulaciju motora u svrhu optimizacije
parametara rada