This document discusses various forms of astroturfing, which is creating fake grassroots movements or opinions. It provides examples of astroturfing in politics, including the US creating fake letters to support Nixon, China employing people to post pro-government comments, and South Korea's spy agency creating anti-opposition tweets before an election. Astroturfing is also used in marketing to bash competitors or create fake momentum for startups. The document examines new technologies that generate fake online profiles and personas to make astroturfing campaigns appear more authentic.