This document provides background on the formation of the Small Business Administration (SBA) through the Small Business Act of 1953. It discusses how fear of unemployment, the decline of small farming, and the rise of chain stores contributed to a problem definition of protecting the "little guy." This opened a policy window during Eisenhower's administration for the convergence of proposals to aid small business. The document outlines two competing narratives around the SBA - as a nurturing institution helping disadvantaged businesses compete, or as "Big Brother" government overreach. It provides examples of both perspectives and questions if the SBA's goals have changed over time.
There will likely be continued consolidation in the banking industry in the coming years for three key reasons:
1) Increased regulation has made larger banks more efficient but also increased scrutiny of mergers, especially for large firms.
2) Compliance costs have become disproportionately burdensome for small banks, incentivizing mergers.
3) Markets have become more concentrated as deposits have shifted to large banks, raising anti-competitive concerns for future mergers.
The successful management of the regulatory approval process, which takes longer for larger deals, will provide firms a strategic advantage going forward.
The document summarizes Charles Lindblom's argument that business has a "privileged position" that gives it structural influence over governments without significant lobbying. It discusses three structural mechanisms Lindblom asserts give business influence: 1) an "automatic punishing recoil" when business disapproval impacts the economy and voters, 2) legal rules that require governments to induce rather than command business, and 3) limited liability under corporate law. However, the document also notes that some scholars argue business influence is more contingent and negotiated based on public opinion and ideological commitments of politicians.
The document discusses various topics related to finance and economics including barriers to entry in financial services due to reputation risk, how financial products and derivatives are developed from existing markets and business needs, and examples of regulatory arbitrage in developing new financial instruments.
This document provides an overview of the issues and evidence surrounding privatization in India. It discusses the theoretical arguments for and against privatization, noting that while increased efficiency is often a goal, the empirical evidence on whether privatization actually improves performance is mixed. The proposed research aims to survey privatization in India and assess its impact on firm performance and the economy. It will examine factors like whether gains are due to market power, job cuts, or broader deregulation trends.
The credit crunch has significantly impacted private equity deal activity in three key ways:
1. M&A activity and private equity deal volume has declined sharply since mid-2007, especially for larger deals over $500 million. Smaller middle-market deals have held up relatively better.
2. Access to credit and debt financing has become more constrained, making it difficult for private equity firms to complete very large buyout deals. As a result, some large firms are now moving into the middle market with dedicated funds for the first time.
3. Competition in the middle market has increased as more players like mezzanine investors have become active in larger middle-market deals. However, the middle market remains more
The federal government narrowly missed its small business contracting goal for the seventh year in a row. However, some argue the SBA inflates the numbers through exclusions and by allowing large companies to receive contracts counted as small business awards. An analysis found over $500 million in contracts awarded to Fortune 100 companies labeled as small business. Advocacy groups and experts say the procurement process is not working as intended and the goals are not being accurately measured and reported.
This document summarizes and discusses several topics related to economics and government, including:
1) It summarizes the 3-part Allied Mindstorm university challenge and provides information on how to apply.
2) It discusses problems with large governments including issues with money like inflation and decreasing purchasing power over time, continuous intervention in the economy leading to unintended consequences, and soaring government debt levels that may eventually need to be redeemed causing economic instability.
3) It provides definitions and brief histories of concepts like the state, money, and inflation and argues for limited government and banking systems to control debt growth.
There will likely be continued consolidation in the banking industry in the coming years for three key reasons:
1) Increased regulation has made larger banks more efficient but also increased scrutiny of mergers, especially for large firms.
2) Compliance costs have become disproportionately burdensome for small banks, incentivizing mergers.
3) Markets have become more concentrated as deposits have shifted to large banks, raising anti-competitive concerns for future mergers.
The successful management of the regulatory approval process, which takes longer for larger deals, will provide firms a strategic advantage going forward.
The document summarizes Charles Lindblom's argument that business has a "privileged position" that gives it structural influence over governments without significant lobbying. It discusses three structural mechanisms Lindblom asserts give business influence: 1) an "automatic punishing recoil" when business disapproval impacts the economy and voters, 2) legal rules that require governments to induce rather than command business, and 3) limited liability under corporate law. However, the document also notes that some scholars argue business influence is more contingent and negotiated based on public opinion and ideological commitments of politicians.
The document discusses various topics related to finance and economics including barriers to entry in financial services due to reputation risk, how financial products and derivatives are developed from existing markets and business needs, and examples of regulatory arbitrage in developing new financial instruments.
This document provides an overview of the issues and evidence surrounding privatization in India. It discusses the theoretical arguments for and against privatization, noting that while increased efficiency is often a goal, the empirical evidence on whether privatization actually improves performance is mixed. The proposed research aims to survey privatization in India and assess its impact on firm performance and the economy. It will examine factors like whether gains are due to market power, job cuts, or broader deregulation trends.
The credit crunch has significantly impacted private equity deal activity in three key ways:
1. M&A activity and private equity deal volume has declined sharply since mid-2007, especially for larger deals over $500 million. Smaller middle-market deals have held up relatively better.
2. Access to credit and debt financing has become more constrained, making it difficult for private equity firms to complete very large buyout deals. As a result, some large firms are now moving into the middle market with dedicated funds for the first time.
3. Competition in the middle market has increased as more players like mezzanine investors have become active in larger middle-market deals. However, the middle market remains more
The federal government narrowly missed its small business contracting goal for the seventh year in a row. However, some argue the SBA inflates the numbers through exclusions and by allowing large companies to receive contracts counted as small business awards. An analysis found over $500 million in contracts awarded to Fortune 100 companies labeled as small business. Advocacy groups and experts say the procurement process is not working as intended and the goals are not being accurately measured and reported.
This document summarizes and discusses several topics related to economics and government, including:
1) It summarizes the 3-part Allied Mindstorm university challenge and provides information on how to apply.
2) It discusses problems with large governments including issues with money like inflation and decreasing purchasing power over time, continuous intervention in the economy leading to unintended consequences, and soaring government debt levels that may eventually need to be redeemed causing economic instability.
3) It provides definitions and brief histories of concepts like the state, money, and inflation and argues for limited government and banking systems to control debt growth.
SEIU demanded economic reforms following the 2008 financial collapse. The union protested large Wall Street bonuses paid after taxpayer bailouts. SEIU advocated for policies benefiting working families, including healthcare reform and the Employee Free Choice Act. The union also called for regulation of the private equity industry, citing job losses and debt loads imposed on acquired companies.
Global markets are becoming increasingly complex due to factors like big data, shared economics, and the potential for chaotic behavior in complex systems. As complexity rises, it becomes more difficult for managers, businesses, and governments to understand these interconnected systems. Small disturbances can now have large, wide-reaching effects through the "butterfly effect". Examples include technological glitches causing stock market volatility and issues with the Affordable Care Act website exacerbating problems in the US healthcare system. A emerging "shared economy" based on sharing goods and services provides alternatives but also introduces new complexity and uncertainty into the global economic system.
The document discusses the global financial crisis of 2007-2008. It describes how subprime lending and securitization of risky mortgages led to excessive leverage in the financial system. When the US housing market declined and subprime borrowers began defaulting, major financial institutions and investment banks suffered large losses. This triggered a liquidity crisis and concerns over solvency, leading to government intervention and mergers of some large banks and investment houses. The crisis highlighted regulatory failures and mismatches that exacerbated risks in the financial system.
Is this a good timefor your firm to enter the federal market?
View the Slide to learn more.
In order to participate in our latest webinars,kindly visit us at www.zweigwhite.com for details.
Pivotal Research Group LLC: Madison and wall 3 30-12Brian Crotty
Madison & Wall
A Recurring Review of Topics Affecting Advertising-Supported Media
March 30, 2012
Welcome to Pivotal Research’s “Madison & Wall”. The title refers to our work which
sits at the intersection between the advertising industry and the financial world. We
hope you’ll find these brief notes useful for their contrast to the hyperbole that
pervades much of the chatter at that location.
Two Tiers Of Representation And Policy The Eu And The Future Of ...legal2
This document summarizes and analyzes the representation of football in the European Union through two frameworks - the associative state model and the company state model. It discusses the formation and goals of the G-14 organization, which represents large European clubs and advocates for the commercial interests of football. It also discusses UEFA's role and how it emphasizes principles of solidarity over commercial interests. The document examines the EU's involvement in football from perspectives of competition policy, its role as a regulatory state, and its goal of increasing legitimacy among European citizens. It analyzes the tensions between viewing football as primarily an economic activity versus a social one.
US Small Business Administration Role during the Economic TurmoilHaji Gulahmadov
This document provides an overview of the U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA) and its role in helping the economy during times of economic turmoil. It discusses the current economic crisis, how small businesses helped the economy in past recessions through self-employment and new business creation. It outlines actions SBA took after 9/11 to provide disaster assistance loans to small businesses affected. The document argues that targeted lending through SBA is needed to help small businesses access capital and help the economy recover from the current recession.
Running head: MEANING OF BAILOUT
1
MEANING OF BAILOUT
4
The Meaning of…
Bailouts Are a Good Thing
First Last
College Name
Abstract
This essay explains how the meaning of the word “Bailout” has been changed to refer to something as disgraceful or shameful, instead of referring to something in a positive context, such as the benevolent act of helping another in trouble. The subject of “bailouts” is explored against the background of the financial crisis of 2008. Points, counterpoints, and rebuttals serve to examine both of the ways in which “bailout” is used, and proof is provided to reinforce why the term should only be used with a positive connotation.
The meaning of the term “Bailout” has been changed into a politically-charged perversion of what is actually a noble act of lending help to another. In the article “Bailout Baloney” by Justin Quinn (2008), the term “bailout” is used to describe any government monetary assistance program, such as the Recovery Act
, with the negative connotation of rewarding fiscal ineptitude. It is implied that this “reward” is wasteful and inefficient by spending precious government resources on the dysfunctional business model of a failing industry
at the expense of the American taxpayer population. But the Oxford Dictionary describes a “bailout” as “an act of giving financial assistance to a failing business or economy to save it from collapse” (Bailout, n.d.). Saving our economy from collapse is never a bad thing. A “bailout” is an emergency countermeasure, when a situation is so desperate that this last resort must be used to prevent further harm. The financial assistance or “bailout” that the U.S. Government provided to the banking industry in 2009 was necessary to protect the fragile state of the U.S. economy from a catastrophic economic collapse, something that an over-reliance on free-market principles is unable to do.
Government “bailouts” are a way to protect the major players in our vital industries, and even the U.S. economy itself, in times of financial crises. The Merriam-Webster dictionary (Protect, n.d.) defines the term “protect” in this context as “to maintain the status or integrity… especially through financial or legal guarantees … as to save from contingent financial loss.” In the past, when national or global factors threatened to harm the status or integrity of the U.S. economy, the government provided financial assistance in order to bolster specific companies or institutions (Smith, 2011). This was done to stimulate short-term liquidity and solvency of those industries because they were interconnected to many other economic sectors. To help these types of companies would be to help the economy as a whole. These “bailouts” did just that, saving the major players in these industries from contingent financial loss, which produced an overall positive economic effect for the country.
Fiscal conservatives would argue that we should not invest so much to save failures, an.
The document discusses implementing a business intelligence and big data infrastructure for a large company. It notes that the consulting firm, Huron, has significant experience in similar projects and can help the company leverage big data as a strategic asset. Huron emphasizes their client-focused approach and ability to effectively analyze and communicate complex issues.
This document provides an overview of the state of the art of the intersection between entrepreneurship and development economics. It discusses three key areas: 1) Recent theoretical insights that link entrepreneurship to structural economic transformation and the role it plays in development. 2) The empirical evidence on the relationship between entrepreneurship and multidimensional development. 3) New perspectives on entrepreneurship policy for development, including the role of female entrepreneurship. The document aims to stimulate discussion at the intersection of entrepreneurship and development studies.
Road Safety Essay. Essay On Road Safety PDFLiza Shirar
Road Safety Essay Short Essay on Road Safety in 300 and 500 Words - A .... Essay points on road safety. Essay speech about road safety. Essay on road safety. Paragraph on road safety. Essay on Road Safety Complete Essay for .... Essay on Road Safety. Road Safety English Essay Road Traffic Collision. Short essay about road safety. Essay on Road Safety - YouTube. ️ Paragraph on importance of road safety. Hot Essays: Essay on Road .... Road Safety Essays. Essay on Road Safety in English for Class 1 to 12 Students. Write an essay on Road Safety Essay Writing English - YouTube. Essay on Road Safety In English - YouTube. PDF Essay on Road Safety for Children and Students Abhinav Tripathi .... SHORT Essay on Road Safety 200 Words Class 7,8,9,10 - Study-Phi. Essay On Road Safety in English for Classes 1-3: 10 Lines, Short amp; Long .... Essay on road safety rules - Receive Professional Custom Writing Service. Article road safety essay. Essay on Road Safety for Children and .... Essay on Road Safety for Students and Children 500 Words Essay. Essay On Road Safety PDF. Essay Road Safety Spm Telegraph. Essay - Road Safety: NAME: ___________________________ DATE:___________. Essay on Road Safety 10 Lines amp; More Sentences for Students. Road Safety Essay - Javatpoint. Road Safety Short Essay in English For Students - Mirage Learning. Essay road safety measures. Road Safety Essay - About Safety. Essay on Road Safety for Children and Students Road Safety Essay Road Safety Essay. Essay On Road Safety PDF
An Ampirical Assessment Of The Contribution Of Small Business Employment To U...Martha Brown
This document summarizes a study that analyzes the contribution of small businesses to economic performance at the state level in the United States. The study uses panel data from 48 U.S. states over a 10-year period to estimate systems of simultaneous equations examining the relationship between the proportion of small business employment in a state and four economic indicators: productivity, gross state product, wage inflation, and unemployment. The results of the study suggest that states with higher proportions of very small business employment experience higher levels of productivity growth, gross state product growth, lower unemployment rates, and less wage inflation.
Mla style term paper economics in one lesson hazlitt, henryCustomEssayOrder
This document provides a summary of Henry Hazlitt's book "Economics in One Lesson". The book aims to analyze common economic fallacies and explain how governments are often influenced by these fallacies in their policies. It emphasizes looking at secondary and general effects of policies, rather than just primary effects. Key topics discussed include the effects of government infrastructure projects, lending programs, tariffs, rent control, unions and minimum wage laws. The book argues policies should consider both short-term and long-term consequences to avoid unintended impacts. It aims to help readers understand economics and critique policies from this perspective.
- Productivity gains in American businesses in the early 2000s were actually losses, as companies prioritized short-term gains over long-term sustainability. To boost productivity statistics, many fired employees and shipped goods from existing stockpiles rather than prioritizing customers, quality, and innovation.
- The focus on "shareholder value" and quarterly performance led CEOs to cut costs through mass layoffs while rewarding themselves handsomely. This undermined company cultures and destroyed trust between management and employees.
- By 2008, many formerly great American companies had been hollowed out, with experienced workers laid off and important tacit knowledge lost. Overworked remaining employees faced stagnant wages as corporate profits soared, contributing
Exploring the challenges and barriers in accessing financial facilities by sm...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that explored the challenges small and medium construction firms in Ghana face in accessing financing from financial institutions. The key findings were that the main challenges included strict policy regulations, inadequate financial infrastructure, stringent collateral requirements, and a lack of capacity in the construction sector. Informational barriers and a lack of managerial skills among construction firms were also identified as major barriers. The study aimed to contribute to knowledge on financing construction firms in developing countries and provide recommendations for improving access to financing for small and medium construction firms in Ghana.
Essay Questions Unit Exam V1. With graphs and diagrams, de.docxbridgelandying
Essay Questions Unit Exam V
1. With graphs and diagrams, describe and discuss the roll and control of all the hormones involved in a reproductively competent human female menstrual cycle. Include the following graphs Gonadotropin levels, ovarian hormone levels and the uterine cycle. Read pages 1052-1056.
2. Discuss the hormonal regulation of the testicular function. The brain –testicular axis. Read pages 1038 - 1039.
3. Discuss the process of spermatogenesis the events that occur in the seminiferous tubules. Refer to pages 1033 - 1038
CHAPTER 12
CASE STUDIES IN
FINANCIAL CRISES
L e a r n i n g o b j e c t i v e s
The relevant section of the chapter is provided in brackets beside the learning
objective.
This chapter will assist you to:
LO 1. discuss important factors that are drivers of globalisation of the international
fi nancial markets (12.1)
LO 2. examine policy, structural and management issues that may create an
environment that is conducive to an evolving fi nancial crisis, and understand
the effects and consequences of a fi nancial crisis on a fi nancial system and
a real economy (12.2)
LO 3. identify and discuss risk management issues that were causal in the failure
of Barings Bank (12.3)
LO 4. identify the underlying fi nancial system weaknesses that became the precursor
to the Asian fi nancial crisis, and explain the interrelationships of fi nancial risks
in this crisis (12.4)
LO 5. describe the evolution of the global fi nancial crisis, its impact on the fi nancial
markets and the responses of governments and regulators to the crisis (12.5)
LO 6. analyse and discuss the question ‘Will there be another fi nancial crisis in the
future?’ (12.6).
Once you understand these learning objectives you will be ready to complete the
end-of-chapter review questions.
Viney - Financial Market Essentials CH12.indd 413Viney - Financial Market Essentials CH12.indd 413 29/7/10 2:17:19 PM29/7/10 2:17:19 PM
This document is distributed for marketing purposes only. No authorised printing or duplication is permitted. (c) McGraw-Hill Australia
Introduction
The great depression that began in the USA in 1929 saw a collapse in the fi nancial markets,
a signifi cant economic downturn and severe social ramifi cations associated with very high levels
of unemployment. In the wake of this crisis, the USA introduced legislation that was designed
to insulate the fi nancial system from this type of crisis in the future. The Glass-Steagall Act
of 1933, in part, prohibited commercial banks from owning full-service brokerage fi rms and
conducting investment banking activities such as underwriting.
By the end of the twentieth century, the separation of commercial banking and investment
banking activities was becoming blurred and USA legislators eventually repealed the Glass-
Steagall Act. Within a relatively short period, the global fi nancial crisis occurred (see discussion
in Section 12.5). Fin ...
SEIU demanded economic reforms following the 2008 financial collapse. The union protested large Wall Street bonuses paid after taxpayer bailouts. SEIU advocated for policies benefiting working families, including healthcare reform and the Employee Free Choice Act. The union also called for regulation of the private equity industry, citing job losses and debt loads imposed on acquired companies.
Global markets are becoming increasingly complex due to factors like big data, shared economics, and the potential for chaotic behavior in complex systems. As complexity rises, it becomes more difficult for managers, businesses, and governments to understand these interconnected systems. Small disturbances can now have large, wide-reaching effects through the "butterfly effect". Examples include technological glitches causing stock market volatility and issues with the Affordable Care Act website exacerbating problems in the US healthcare system. A emerging "shared economy" based on sharing goods and services provides alternatives but also introduces new complexity and uncertainty into the global economic system.
The document discusses the global financial crisis of 2007-2008. It describes how subprime lending and securitization of risky mortgages led to excessive leverage in the financial system. When the US housing market declined and subprime borrowers began defaulting, major financial institutions and investment banks suffered large losses. This triggered a liquidity crisis and concerns over solvency, leading to government intervention and mergers of some large banks and investment houses. The crisis highlighted regulatory failures and mismatches that exacerbated risks in the financial system.
Is this a good timefor your firm to enter the federal market?
View the Slide to learn more.
In order to participate in our latest webinars,kindly visit us at www.zweigwhite.com for details.
Pivotal Research Group LLC: Madison and wall 3 30-12Brian Crotty
Madison & Wall
A Recurring Review of Topics Affecting Advertising-Supported Media
March 30, 2012
Welcome to Pivotal Research’s “Madison & Wall”. The title refers to our work which
sits at the intersection between the advertising industry and the financial world. We
hope you’ll find these brief notes useful for their contrast to the hyperbole that
pervades much of the chatter at that location.
Two Tiers Of Representation And Policy The Eu And The Future Of ...legal2
This document summarizes and analyzes the representation of football in the European Union through two frameworks - the associative state model and the company state model. It discusses the formation and goals of the G-14 organization, which represents large European clubs and advocates for the commercial interests of football. It also discusses UEFA's role and how it emphasizes principles of solidarity over commercial interests. The document examines the EU's involvement in football from perspectives of competition policy, its role as a regulatory state, and its goal of increasing legitimacy among European citizens. It analyzes the tensions between viewing football as primarily an economic activity versus a social one.
US Small Business Administration Role during the Economic TurmoilHaji Gulahmadov
This document provides an overview of the U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA) and its role in helping the economy during times of economic turmoil. It discusses the current economic crisis, how small businesses helped the economy in past recessions through self-employment and new business creation. It outlines actions SBA took after 9/11 to provide disaster assistance loans to small businesses affected. The document argues that targeted lending through SBA is needed to help small businesses access capital and help the economy recover from the current recession.
Running head: MEANING OF BAILOUT
1
MEANING OF BAILOUT
4
The Meaning of…
Bailouts Are a Good Thing
First Last
College Name
Abstract
This essay explains how the meaning of the word “Bailout” has been changed to refer to something as disgraceful or shameful, instead of referring to something in a positive context, such as the benevolent act of helping another in trouble. The subject of “bailouts” is explored against the background of the financial crisis of 2008. Points, counterpoints, and rebuttals serve to examine both of the ways in which “bailout” is used, and proof is provided to reinforce why the term should only be used with a positive connotation.
The meaning of the term “Bailout” has been changed into a politically-charged perversion of what is actually a noble act of lending help to another. In the article “Bailout Baloney” by Justin Quinn (2008), the term “bailout” is used to describe any government monetary assistance program, such as the Recovery Act
, with the negative connotation of rewarding fiscal ineptitude. It is implied that this “reward” is wasteful and inefficient by spending precious government resources on the dysfunctional business model of a failing industry
at the expense of the American taxpayer population. But the Oxford Dictionary describes a “bailout” as “an act of giving financial assistance to a failing business or economy to save it from collapse” (Bailout, n.d.). Saving our economy from collapse is never a bad thing. A “bailout” is an emergency countermeasure, when a situation is so desperate that this last resort must be used to prevent further harm. The financial assistance or “bailout” that the U.S. Government provided to the banking industry in 2009 was necessary to protect the fragile state of the U.S. economy from a catastrophic economic collapse, something that an over-reliance on free-market principles is unable to do.
Government “bailouts” are a way to protect the major players in our vital industries, and even the U.S. economy itself, in times of financial crises. The Merriam-Webster dictionary (Protect, n.d.) defines the term “protect” in this context as “to maintain the status or integrity… especially through financial or legal guarantees … as to save from contingent financial loss.” In the past, when national or global factors threatened to harm the status or integrity of the U.S. economy, the government provided financial assistance in order to bolster specific companies or institutions (Smith, 2011). This was done to stimulate short-term liquidity and solvency of those industries because they were interconnected to many other economic sectors. To help these types of companies would be to help the economy as a whole. These “bailouts” did just that, saving the major players in these industries from contingent financial loss, which produced an overall positive economic effect for the country.
Fiscal conservatives would argue that we should not invest so much to save failures, an.
The document discusses implementing a business intelligence and big data infrastructure for a large company. It notes that the consulting firm, Huron, has significant experience in similar projects and can help the company leverage big data as a strategic asset. Huron emphasizes their client-focused approach and ability to effectively analyze and communicate complex issues.
This document provides an overview of the state of the art of the intersection between entrepreneurship and development economics. It discusses three key areas: 1) Recent theoretical insights that link entrepreneurship to structural economic transformation and the role it plays in development. 2) The empirical evidence on the relationship between entrepreneurship and multidimensional development. 3) New perspectives on entrepreneurship policy for development, including the role of female entrepreneurship. The document aims to stimulate discussion at the intersection of entrepreneurship and development studies.
Road Safety Essay. Essay On Road Safety PDFLiza Shirar
Road Safety Essay Short Essay on Road Safety in 300 and 500 Words - A .... Essay points on road safety. Essay speech about road safety. Essay on road safety. Paragraph on road safety. Essay on Road Safety Complete Essay for .... Essay on Road Safety. Road Safety English Essay Road Traffic Collision. Short essay about road safety. Essay on Road Safety - YouTube. ️ Paragraph on importance of road safety. Hot Essays: Essay on Road .... Road Safety Essays. Essay on Road Safety in English for Class 1 to 12 Students. Write an essay on Road Safety Essay Writing English - YouTube. Essay on Road Safety In English - YouTube. PDF Essay on Road Safety for Children and Students Abhinav Tripathi .... SHORT Essay on Road Safety 200 Words Class 7,8,9,10 - Study-Phi. Essay On Road Safety in English for Classes 1-3: 10 Lines, Short amp; Long .... Essay on road safety rules - Receive Professional Custom Writing Service. Article road safety essay. Essay on Road Safety for Children and .... Essay on Road Safety for Students and Children 500 Words Essay. Essay On Road Safety PDF. Essay Road Safety Spm Telegraph. Essay - Road Safety: NAME: ___________________________ DATE:___________. Essay on Road Safety 10 Lines amp; More Sentences for Students. Road Safety Essay - Javatpoint. Road Safety Short Essay in English For Students - Mirage Learning. Essay road safety measures. Road Safety Essay - About Safety. Essay on Road Safety for Children and Students Road Safety Essay Road Safety Essay. Essay On Road Safety PDF
An Ampirical Assessment Of The Contribution Of Small Business Employment To U...Martha Brown
This document summarizes a study that analyzes the contribution of small businesses to economic performance at the state level in the United States. The study uses panel data from 48 U.S. states over a 10-year period to estimate systems of simultaneous equations examining the relationship between the proportion of small business employment in a state and four economic indicators: productivity, gross state product, wage inflation, and unemployment. The results of the study suggest that states with higher proportions of very small business employment experience higher levels of productivity growth, gross state product growth, lower unemployment rates, and less wage inflation.
Mla style term paper economics in one lesson hazlitt, henryCustomEssayOrder
This document provides a summary of Henry Hazlitt's book "Economics in One Lesson". The book aims to analyze common economic fallacies and explain how governments are often influenced by these fallacies in their policies. It emphasizes looking at secondary and general effects of policies, rather than just primary effects. Key topics discussed include the effects of government infrastructure projects, lending programs, tariffs, rent control, unions and minimum wage laws. The book argues policies should consider both short-term and long-term consequences to avoid unintended impacts. It aims to help readers understand economics and critique policies from this perspective.
- Productivity gains in American businesses in the early 2000s were actually losses, as companies prioritized short-term gains over long-term sustainability. To boost productivity statistics, many fired employees and shipped goods from existing stockpiles rather than prioritizing customers, quality, and innovation.
- The focus on "shareholder value" and quarterly performance led CEOs to cut costs through mass layoffs while rewarding themselves handsomely. This undermined company cultures and destroyed trust between management and employees.
- By 2008, many formerly great American companies had been hollowed out, with experienced workers laid off and important tacit knowledge lost. Overworked remaining employees faced stagnant wages as corporate profits soared, contributing
Exploring the challenges and barriers in accessing financial facilities by sm...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that explored the challenges small and medium construction firms in Ghana face in accessing financing from financial institutions. The key findings were that the main challenges included strict policy regulations, inadequate financial infrastructure, stringent collateral requirements, and a lack of capacity in the construction sector. Informational barriers and a lack of managerial skills among construction firms were also identified as major barriers. The study aimed to contribute to knowledge on financing construction firms in developing countries and provide recommendations for improving access to financing for small and medium construction firms in Ghana.
Essay Questions Unit Exam V1. With graphs and diagrams, de.docxbridgelandying
Essay Questions Unit Exam V
1. With graphs and diagrams, describe and discuss the roll and control of all the hormones involved in a reproductively competent human female menstrual cycle. Include the following graphs Gonadotropin levels, ovarian hormone levels and the uterine cycle. Read pages 1052-1056.
2. Discuss the hormonal regulation of the testicular function. The brain –testicular axis. Read pages 1038 - 1039.
3. Discuss the process of spermatogenesis the events that occur in the seminiferous tubules. Refer to pages 1033 - 1038
CHAPTER 12
CASE STUDIES IN
FINANCIAL CRISES
L e a r n i n g o b j e c t i v e s
The relevant section of the chapter is provided in brackets beside the learning
objective.
This chapter will assist you to:
LO 1. discuss important factors that are drivers of globalisation of the international
fi nancial markets (12.1)
LO 2. examine policy, structural and management issues that may create an
environment that is conducive to an evolving fi nancial crisis, and understand
the effects and consequences of a fi nancial crisis on a fi nancial system and
a real economy (12.2)
LO 3. identify and discuss risk management issues that were causal in the failure
of Barings Bank (12.3)
LO 4. identify the underlying fi nancial system weaknesses that became the precursor
to the Asian fi nancial crisis, and explain the interrelationships of fi nancial risks
in this crisis (12.4)
LO 5. describe the evolution of the global fi nancial crisis, its impact on the fi nancial
markets and the responses of governments and regulators to the crisis (12.5)
LO 6. analyse and discuss the question ‘Will there be another fi nancial crisis in the
future?’ (12.6).
Once you understand these learning objectives you will be ready to complete the
end-of-chapter review questions.
Viney - Financial Market Essentials CH12.indd 413Viney - Financial Market Essentials CH12.indd 413 29/7/10 2:17:19 PM29/7/10 2:17:19 PM
This document is distributed for marketing purposes only. No authorised printing or duplication is permitted. (c) McGraw-Hill Australia
Introduction
The great depression that began in the USA in 1929 saw a collapse in the fi nancial markets,
a signifi cant economic downturn and severe social ramifi cations associated with very high levels
of unemployment. In the wake of this crisis, the USA introduced legislation that was designed
to insulate the fi nancial system from this type of crisis in the future. The Glass-Steagall Act
of 1933, in part, prohibited commercial banks from owning full-service brokerage fi rms and
conducting investment banking activities such as underwriting.
By the end of the twentieth century, the separation of commercial banking and investment
banking activities was becoming blurred and USA legislators eventually repealed the Glass-
Steagall Act. Within a relatively short period, the global fi nancial crisis occurred (see discussion
in Section 12.5). Fin ...
Essay Questions Unit Exam V1. With graphs and diagrams, de.docx
SBA policy paper
1. The SBA: Big Brother or Nurturing Mother? A Tale of Two Policy Narratives
Like manypolicies,the Small BusinessActof 1953 didnot happenovernight. Itisthe productof
manyforcesboth external andinternal to federal government. These forcescome inthe formof lobby
groups, media, agendasof electedofficials,changesinthe philosophyof the PresidentialAdministration,
budgetsandtriggerevents toname a few. Whenthinkingaboutthe manyfactorssurrounding policy
formation, ProfessorJohn Kingdon'spolicymodelcomestomind. The model statesthatthree separate
streams(problems,proposals, politics) mustconvergeinawindow of opportunityto setanagendaand
shape future policy development(Anderson,2011). In simple termsthe model indicatesthatagenda
settingisa combinationof the above mentionedforcesinanopportunistictime frame thatwill securea
majorityinterestonanissue. Thispaperwill focuson the waysinwhich the problemdefinition shapes
the Small BusinessAdministration,the policywindow forthe Small BusinessAct, andthe prevailing
policynarrativessurroundingthe agency.
Introduction and History
Althoughthingshave changedintechnology,business,andthe policyarena,the Small Business
Act isstill goingstrongover60 yearsafterits inception. The Small Business Administrationdotsthe
landscape of citiesandtownsacrossthe nation. It reachesthe population viaanetworkof affiliates
includingSmall BusinessandTechnologyDevelopmentCenters(SBTDC),SmallBusinessDevelopment
Centers(SBDC),SCOREvolunteers,SBA districtoffices,ExportCenters,Women'sandVeteran'sCenters
and Technical Assistance Centerstoname afew. Thisnetworkof thousands of offices andemployees
can trace itsroots to the Small BusinessAct. This"Small"Actsprangforth inthe tumultuoustime of
2. war. It struggled,flopped,andfloundereditswaythroughthe policycycle toemerge asthe Small
BusinessActof 1953.
Some argue that small businessasapublicpolicy interestbeganbackinthe timesof the
ShermanAntitrust andClayton legislation inthe early1900's. However,itappearsthatsmall business
as a vital elementto economicdevelopment isstrongly correlatedwith the periodthatbeganin1929
withthe ReconstructionFinance Corporation. The RFC, whichwascreatedbyPresidentHerbertHoover,
was designed tohelpbusinessesobtainloanmoneytoworkonfederal contracts(Bail,2009). In
additiontothe RFC, several otherpiecesof legislationwere introducedpriortoSmall BusinessActof
1953. For instance,in1942 Congresscreatedthe SmallerWarPlantsCorporation,SWPC, inresponse to
small businessownerscomplaintsthat they were unable tocompete withlarge business indefense
productioncontracting. Afterthe SecondWorldWar the SWPC wasdisbandedandthe lendingand
contract powerswere transferredtothe RFC(Bail,2009). In1944 PresidentRooseveltissuedan
"EconomicBill of Rights"that wasdesignedto bolstereconomicdevelopmentthroughthe "right"of
every individual toapayingjobina secure economy. ThisActhowever, hadnoprovisionforsmall
businessandhasbeencriticizedaslargely symbolicinnature (ClarkandSaade,2010).
Aroundthe time of the KoreanWar anotheragencysimilartoSWPCwas createdto certifysmall
businesseswhentheymeteligibility requirements forgovernmentcontracts. Inaddition, the
Departmentof Commerce'sOffice of Small Businessbegantakingovereducationresponsibilitiesinthe
formof managementcounseling. Thiswasdue to the belief thatsmall businessfailure was largely a
resultof lack of expertise andinformation. By1952, the RFC whichhad takenoverthe SWPC,was
abolished. Insensingthe importance of the agencywork aimedatsmall business,PresidentDwight D.
Eisenhowerhelpedtocreate Small BusinessAdministration withthe signingof the 1953 Small Business
Act (Bail,2009).
3. ProblemDefinition
Problemdefinitionisone of the mostimportantandmostdifficultprocessesinthe policycycle.
Thisis because problemdefinitioncanvarywidelyfromone individual tothe nextandsocial problems
are notnecessarily tangible.Typically social problems are sociallyconstructedandbased onlessthan
rational views. Thisisnodifferentforthe Small BusinessAct. The 1953 legislationwasborn duringa
twentyyearperiod of wartime turbulence. Thisperiodmarksatime whenthe countrywas
experiencinggrowingpains inthe formof changingattitudesandchangingworkenvironments.
On the economicside of thingsthere wasa drasticdecline inthe traditionallyactive sectorof
farming,especiallyinthe south. Thiswasdue notonly to wartime lossof life forsoldiers, butmanythat
returnedhome didnotwantto returnto a life of farming(ClarkandSaade,2010). Atthe same time,
complaintsof small businessdisadvantage inthe governmentdefenseproductionmarketplacewere
pouringintoCongress. Thatpressure gave rise tofearson a possible weakeningof homelanddefense
and the slogan"If Americawill save the small businessmen,thensmall businessmenwill save America"
(Clarkand Saade,2010, p.4).
In addition,chainstoreswere springingup rapidly, whichwhippedsmallbusinessadvocates
and independentmerchantsintoafrenzytopass tax legislation(Bean,1995).Andfinally,inthe article
Beyondthe BrokerState:A Historyof the Federal Government'sPoliciesTowardSmall Business,1936-
1961, an argumentispresentedthatglobal politicscontributedtoAmericanfears. The authorpoints
out that manyAmericansfelt thatrise of fascisminEurope waspartiallydue tothe decline of small
business. Thiscreatedthe fearinsome thatthe governmentwouldhave toexpanditsregulatory
powersif bigbusinesscontrolledthe economy. People saw thisasa possible threattodemocracy that
couldbe mitigated only throughthe protectionof small business. (Bean,1995)
4. Throughthis backwards viewof the policycycle the problemdefinition (thatledtoagenda
settingforthe 1953 Act) appearstobe fear. There wasfear that returningsoldierscouldnotfindwork,
and fearthat the economycouldnotrecoverif there were still depressedsectorsinthe nation. There
was fearthat withoutthe supportof the small businessmen indefense production there wouldbe a
weakeninginthe homelandsecurityposition. Fearwas definedintermsof athreat to "the little guy"as
chainstoressprang up. This fearwas compoundedbywhatsome feltwasthe contributionof big
businesstofascismandtotalitarianisminEurope.
A problemdefinitionthatiseasytodefine even inthe face of manycontributingsourcescan
catch on like wildfire. Inthisinstance fear,surroundedbytimesof Depressionandwar,ignitedablaze
of unityforsmall business advocacy underthe guise of the underdogmascot. Whendefiningpolicy
problemsintermsof fear,especiallyduringatriggerperiodof warthere isheavyreliance onmythsand
symbols. Thiscan take the formof the "little guy","usversusthem"andthe all too popularstoryof the
underdog. MostAmericanslove the storyof the underdog. Many can conjure upstoriesof heroesand
legendstheyknow;andmanyfeel thatourcountrywas builtinthe likenessof the underdog. Fear
coupledwiththe symbol of the "little guy"isaclear,concise andunifyingforce thatcan give wayto
agendasettingforsmall businesspolicy.Itisclearthatproblemdefinitionisnotnecessarilybasedon
facts. Politicianscanuse factsto craft argumentsto swaycitizensinemotionallychargedperspectivesof
problems. These themes willbe discussedfurtherinthe policynarrative section.
PolicyWindow
Criticsargue that effortsaroundsmall business agenciesduringthe periodleadinguptothe
1953 legislation were largelydesignedinhelpingwith national defense. Duringtimesof peace,the
agenciesappeartobe little more thanfigureheads. The agencieswere fraughtwithchange astheywere
5. oftendisbandedandreformulatedtomeetthe needsorwhimsof the changingAdministration. In
addition,itwasa periodof worldwideeconomicdepressionwhen the New Deal andFairDeal programs
were attemptingtobreathe life intothe comatose economy. Itisimportantto note the underpinnings
of the Eisenhoweradministrationasone of heavyinterestin"technical assistance andloansto
depressedareas"(ClarkandSaade,2010, p. 5). Thiswas the perfectbackdropto incubate The Small
BusinessActof 1953 which inturn ledCongresstocreate the Small BusinessAdministration.
To referback to the Kingdonmodel,the policywindow wasopenandthe three streams of
problems,proposalsandpolitics convergedatthe righttime inthe Eisenhoweradministration. The
problemswere basedonDepression,unemploymentandneedfordefense contracting. The proposals
tookvariousshapesas agenciesdesignedtohelpsmall businessgainfederal contracts. Proposalsalso
tookthe formof NewDeal andFairDeal programmingdesignedtobolsterdepressedsectorsof the
economy. The politicsswelledinvariousformsaroundsecuring"the little guy"for defense production
so that he wouldhelpprotect the homelandduringtimesof war. The politicsof fear were alsousedto
cementbonds throughnarrativesthatpushedlegislationtocure the "evils"of bigbusiness.
PolicyNarratives
The final sectionof thispaperwill coverthe twocompetingpolicynarrativessurroundingthe
SBA. The firstof these narrative isthe SBA as the nurturingmother. Inthispolicynarrative, supporters
of small businesscontendthatwithoutgovernmentinterventionsmall businesswouldbe snuffedoutby
bigbusiness. Inessence, SBA policywasdesignedtohelp disadvantagedbusinesscompeteinthe free
market.
Accordingto the 1953 Act Section 2. (a) from the SBA website (sba.gov)
6. The essence of the American economic system of private enterprise is free competition.
Only through full and free competition can free markets, free entry into business,and
opportunities for the expression and growth of personal initiative and individual judgment
be assured. The preservation and expansion of such competition is basic not only to the
economic well-beingbut to the security of this Nation. Such security and well-beingcannot
be realized unlessthe actual and potential capacity of small business is encouraged and
developed.It is the declared policy of the Congress that the Government should aid,
counsel, assist, and protect, insofar as is possible,the interests of small-businessconcerns in
order to preserve free competitive enterprise, to insure that a fair proportion of the total
purchases and contracts or subcontracts for property and services for the Government
(including but not limitedto contracts or subcontracts for maintenance, repair, and
construction) be placed with small businessenterprises, to insure that a fair proportion of
the total sales of Government property be made to such enterprises, and to maintain and
strengthen the overall economy of the Nation.
This passage from the Act is litteredwith what Deborah Stone refers to as the "strategically
crafted argument" (Clemons & McBeth, 2009 p. 79). Words such as "security", "encouraged",
"protect" and the phrasing of the policy is crafted in a way that portrays small business as the
nations savior.
According to many supporters the only way to promote small businessdevelopment is
through set asides and special loans. In the article, Should the Small Business Administration Be
Abolished?, a debate rages on both sides of the issue. Supporters of the SBA contend that billions
of dollars go towards business counselors, information, and loans that are crucial to those who have
been "failedby conventional lenders" (deRugy, 2012). Supporters also lay claim to small business as
the major creator of jobs for women, veterans, minorities, and the country as a whole. In the
aforementioned article, SBA proponent Barbara Kasoff, explainsthat the SBA is not singularly based
on the loans it grants to disadvantaged business. The work of the SBA reaches through the network
of affiliatesthat deliverone-on-one training and counseling sessions(deRugy, 2012). The affiliate
centers are designedto be a hub of knowledge and expertise that is available mostly free of charge
to small business owners.
7. Through the affiliate network, the SBA is still keepingupwiththe longtraditionof technical
assistance asespousedthroughthe EisenhowerAdministration. Forinstance,the Small Businessand
TechnologyDevelopmentCentersare anSBA affiliate with900centersnationwide. Manyof these types
of SBA affiliatesare locatedinandaroundcollege campuses. AccordingtoRichardProffer, aBusiness
DevelopmentSpecialist inCape Girardeau County,the moneyforthe SBTDCs'comesthougha contract
withMissouri UniversityinColumbia. The UniversityprovidesSBA initiatives throughSBTDCs'state
wide,viafundsfromthe SBA. The networkof Missouri SBTDCs' claimto be meetingtheireconomic
developmentgoals. Accordingtotheirwebsitethey"exceededannual capital infusionby150%,
pumpingmore than$670 millionintoMissouri'seconomyoverfiscal years2010-2013"
(missouribusiness.net).
A myriadof storiescan be foundaboutsmall businessownersreceivinghelpintechnical
assistance andloansthroughthe SBA affiliates. The volume of storiesfoundonthe SBA districtwebsites
and the SBTDC website istoolarge tocover inthispaper. Many of the storiesdiscusscommonthemes
such as how the businessownercouldnothave securedfundingwithoutthe helpof the SBA,orhow
SBA classeshelpedbusinessownersbecomemore knowledgeable. One suchexampleisinthe article,
Doesthe SBA Still Matter. The article discussesthe role of SBDCsmall business counselorsinhelping
small businessownersdevelopbusinessplansandothertechnical knowhowthatwill getthembefore
bankers. The small businessowners featuredinthe article discuss how beforethe helpof the small
businesscounselortheyfeltlike theywere "18againand tryingto borrow moneyfora car"
(Mandelbaum,2007, p. 101). The businessowners,like manyinthe SBA successstories, attribute their
successinthe marketplace directlytotheirworkwiththe SBA affiliate. The mantraof small businessas
the backbone of the economyiscontinuouslysupportedandreinforcedthroughthese typesof
narratives.
8. As previouslymentioned,the SBA policynarrativeasone of a nurturinginstitutionisrepeated
overand overagainthroughsmall businessownersuccessstories. These narrativesspeakdirectlyto
the original missionof the Small BusinessActof 1953, as it wasdesignedtohelpthe "littleguy"compete
withbigbusinessinthe free marketplace. PhillipBail pointstoaquote onthe SBA website thatsays,
"small firmsproduce the itemsthatline the shelvesof America'smuseums,shopsandhomes. They
keepintactthe heritage of ingenuityandenterprise andtheyhelpkeepthe American Dream withinthe
reach of millionsof Americans". He goesonto say thatattacking those wordsisakinto attackingthe
AmericanDream(Bail,2009 p. 28).
There are prevailingquestionsastowhether the SBA has steppedawayfromitsprimarygoals.
Amidmuchvalue conflict,the SBA still operatesandpushesinitiatesandmoneytowardsdeveloping
newand existingbusiness. Manyentitiesdisagree withgovernmentinvolvementinprivate industry;
while otherscontendthatsmall businessisvital tothe economyandthereforeitisourduty to support
it. Accordingtosome of the themesinthe literature,the agencygoalshave morphedfrom helpinset
asidesfordefense production contractingtoaidingall typesof endeavors forall typesof
"disadvantaged"businesses. The questionbecomeswhetherthe policyhaschangedduringevaluation
cycle or is there competinginterpretationsonthe implementationside? Some criticsof the agencycite
inconsistencyinprogram administration while otherscite changingtimes. These questionsleadusto
the nextpolicynarrative of the SBA as Big Brother.
It isinterestingtonote the opposingpolicynarrative surroundingEisenhower'sdecisiontosign
the 1953 legislation. Accordingto the article, Terminatingthe Small BusinessAdministration, the other
spinon whythe act was pennedwaspurelypolitical innature. The authorcontendsthatthe RFC was
abolishedbecauseof illegal influencepeddling. The article goesonto explainthatalthoughEisenhower
was againstthe Small BusinessActhe signedthe legislationtodisarmcriticsthat claimedthat
9. Republicanswere "beholdentobigbusiness"(deRugy&DeHaven,2011). In addition,the authors point
out that thisactionwasdirectlyagainstthe wishesof interestgroups. Groupssuchas bankersand the
Chamberof Commerce didnotfeel thatgovernmentshouldbe involvedinlending. These groupsalong
withthe National Associationof Manufactureswouldbenefitfromsuchlegislationbutinsteadwanted
no part of "big brother"interference. The authorsstate thatthe creationof the SBA legislation,"was
confinedprimarilytopoliticiansof bothpartieswhosaw anopportunitytoseduce the unorganized
small businesscommunityintoactive political support"(deRugy&DeHaven,2011). Thisagain,speaks
directly tothe storiesof heroesandlegendsandhow easily peoplecan be swayedby a clearlydefined
narrative. Especiallyone asseductive asthe underdog. Itisclearthat politiciansusedthisstrong
symbol togarner support. Inaddition,anypolitical figure thatchose notto act appearedt be infavor of
bigbusiness,whichwasclearlycastasthe villainousun-Americancharacterinthisnarrative.
Currently, there issome debate about whetherthe SBA istrulysupportingitsownmission.In
the article, Doesthe SBA Still Matter?,criticscite turmoil inthe agencydue to inaccurate fundingof
projects. Anexaminationof several large contractsthatshowedthat more than half of the highdollar
contracts infact wentto large business. The authorclaimsthat Washington appearstohave a fluid
definitionof the Small BusinessAct whenitcomestopromoting the goalsof small business. Behind
closeddoors there isa constant streamof effortstochange the definitionof small businesstoinclude
more constituentsandallow largerbusinesstotake advantage of 7(a) SBA backedloans(Mandelbaum,
2007 p.107). The 7(a) loan was designedto extendcredittothose small businessownerswho
otherwise mightbe ineligible. Thisspeaksdirectlytothe portionof legislationthat wascreatedtohelp
fundloansto enable disadvantagedbusinessestocompete inthe free market. By thisdefinition
disadvantagedmeanssmall. Inanotherloanprogram, the 8(a),disadvantage meansminority. Criticsof
the 8(a) program cite an unsuccessful,underfundedattemptateasing impoverishedareas inresponse
to the race riotsof 1967 (Mandelbaum,2007). The 8(a) isa programthat allowsfirmstogetfederal
10. contracts free frombidding. If a company growslargerthan the program allowance,itcansplitoff and
forma newone. Thisagainpointsto the wink-winkbehindcloseddoors intermsof allowinglarger
firmsto getSBA backedinitiatives.
A waste of tax dollars,moneylenttobusinesseswhohave beenrejectedfornotmeeting
benchmarksforsuccess,highriskborrowswhoas determinedbythe marketare not needed... these
are a fewof the policynarrativessurroundingVeronique deRugy'sview of the SBA as "BigBrother". In
the article, Shouldthe Small BusinessAdministrationBe Abolished, deRugyclaimsthatSBA loansare
harmful tothe economy,totax payers,and to the free market. She alsoclaimsthat governmentshould
not be involved inthe othertechnical assistance productsthatthe SBA offers. She saysthese are
unnecessaryand can be handledbyprivate firms(deRugy,2012).
Conclusion
Policyformationraisesmanyquestionsabout whothe interestgroupsare, whothe
stakeholdersare andwhois creatingthe problemdefinition . Inweedingoutthislistitisimportantto
note that individualsingroupsare notmutuallyexclusive. Itisalso interestingtonote thatthe problem
definition,policywindow andpolicynarrativesare deeplyintertwinedinacacophonyof white noise
frommyths,legendsandsymbols. Whateveranindividual'sparticularswaytowardsthe SBA,itisclear
that ithas a strongfootholdinAmericangovernment. Inthe wordsof critic Veronique deRugy,"The
SBA...aprogramto helpsmall business - awidelyheldbelief that'salmostassacrosanct as baseball,
motherhoodandapple pie. Inreality,the SBA isa formof corporate welfare..."(deRugy,2012). A
perfectpointtoillustrate animperfectsystem. A systemthatreliesonthe rallying troopsthrough battle
criesinthe formof policynarratives.
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