The document discusses projective tests and provides details about the Rorschach inkblot test. It describes the key characteristics and assumptions of projective tests. It explains the different categories of projective tests and provides examples. It then focuses on describing the administration, scoring, and interpretation of the Rorschach test, outlining the various response determinants, content categories, qualitative signs, and their clinical implications.

1. ON RORSCHACH
PSYCHODIGNOSTI
CS
Application number-
d605771ce58311e9a839d1cdc4eb1fad
Name - Mineshi
Name of course- Academic Writing
Affiliation- M.Sc psychology BHU

2. PROJECTIVE TEST
 Projective tests are based on classical
psychoanalytical theory
 Method of assessment of personality through
unstructured stimuli
 Assumption: Projective techniques is that while
responding to an unstructured stimuli, an
individual projects his own feelings, needs,
emotions, motives etc. (which are mostly latent
and unconscious)

3. CLASSIFICATION OF PROJECTIVE TESTS
(LINDZEY, 1959)
 Association Techniques
 Construction Techniques
 Completion Techniques
 Expressive Techniques
 Choice Techniques

4. Association Techniques
 In this category examinee is required to respond
with the associations which are evoked in his
mind after seeing or listening to stimulus
materials.
 Examples: Rorschach Inkblot Test, Word
Association Test

5. Construction Techniques
 In this category, the examinee is required to
construct a story after seeing the stimulus
materials within a certain specific time.
 Example: The Thematic Apperception Test
(TAT), Children’s Apperception Test (CAT), etc.

6. Completion Techniques
 Here the subject is supposed to complete a
sentence or give a response to complete a
conversation.
 Examples: The Rosenzweig Picture Frustration
Test, Rotter’s Sentence Completion Test etc.

7. Expressive Techniques
 In this techniques the examinee express his
personality through the manipulative tasks such
as draw something or performs something.
 Examples: Draw-A- Person Test/ Human Figure
Drawing Test, Role Playing etc.

8. Choice Techniques
 Requires the subjects to arrange materials
according to their choice.
 For example, Tomkins-Horn Picture
Arrangement Test, Szondi Test etc.

9. CHARACTERISTICS OF PROJECTIVE TEST
 All projective tests share common assumption of
projective hypothesis
 Projective tests are having unstructured stimuli
 Projective tests asses unconscious aspects of
personality
 Highly influenced by psychoanalytical thinking
 Required trained person for administration,
scoring and interpretation

10. THE RORSCHACH TEST
 Rorschach Inkblot Test was developed by Herman
Rorschach, a Swiss psychiatrist in 1921
 It is most popular projective technique, having
highly clinical signification and research support
 The test contains 10 cards. Card nos. 1, 4, 5, 6 and
7 are completely achromatic; card nos. 2 and 3 are
partially chromatic and card nos. 8, 9 and 10 are
completely chromatic
 Each card has white background.

11. Preliminary Preparation:
 Establish rapport with the subject
 Collect adequate history
 Conduct an interview to record the mental status of
the subject
 Handle worries and queries of the subject regarding
test and any aspect of the situation

12. PROCEDURE OF ADMINISTRATION:
Seating arrangement: Side-by-side.
Introducing the test
1. Prepare the subject for overall assessment process
2. Cards should be stacked in face-down position
3. Location sheet should not be visible during the free
association phase

13. TEST INSTRUCTIONS
 “You will be given a series of ten cards, one by one.
The cards on them designed made up out of ink
blots. Look at each card, and tell me what you see
on each card, or anything that might be represented
there. Look at each card as long as you like; only
be sure to tell me everything that you see on the
card as you look at it. When you have finished with
a card give it to me”.

14. MATERIALS REQUIRED FOR ADMINISTRATION:
 Rorschach Plates: The standard set of 10
Rorschach plates
 Location Chart
 Response sheet
 Colored Ink pen set
 Digital Stop Watch
 Rorschach Test Manual

17. THE CONCEPT OF CARD POSITIONS
 It is the position of the
card at which a subject
produces a response.
 It is also called
Orientation.
 All card positions are to
be recorded from the
subject’s relative position.
 There are four options to
record card positions.
 The inkblot serves as the
stimulus for the subject to
associate.

18. Inquiry phase:
1. Examiner should read the responses.
2. The instruction in the inquiry phase should be
“Show me where it is and what there is, that makes
it to look like.”
3.Verbatim of all the responses should be recorded.

20. LOCATION

21. DETERMINANTS
 F responses
 C responses
 CF responses
 FC responses
 Y responses
 FY Responses
 YF Responses
 V responses: perceived object contains the distance,
depth, height, reflection etc.
 Texture (T) responses: subject’s language should
contain the word like rough, hard, soft, warm cool and
so on which implies a sense of touch.
 Movement (M) responses

22. CONTENT
 Complete Human (H): All complete human beings are coded
as H. Mythological entities in human forms are also coded
here. Examples: two ladies, two persons dancing, a baby,
fairy, ghost
 Part Human (Hd): If the perceived object is any external part
of the body then it is coded as Hd. Examples, human faces,
leg of human being
 Complete animal (A): All complete animals, birds, reptiles
are coded as A. For examples: bat, butterfly, rabbit, bears,
snake, gorilla
 Part Animal (Ad): all external parts of animals are coded as
Ad. For example: wings of a bat, face of a monkey
 Internal Organs (An): All internal organs of living beings are
coded as An. For example, lungs, kidney, ribs
 Art: Art objects, decorations, drawings, paintings,
caricatures, generic cartoons, statues.
 Architecture (Arc): All buildings

23. CONTENT
 Blood (Bl): All blood responses are coded as Bl.
 Botany (Bt): All plants are coded as Bt.
 Clouds (Cl): All cloud responses are coded as Cl.
 Clothing (Cg): All forms of clothes
 Flowers (Fl): All flowers are coded as Fl.
 Food (Fd) Edible food items
 Geography (Ge): Maps, territorial drawings
 Human Experience (Hx): Human experience,
emotion, or sensation which are clearly attributed to
an object. Sad, fearful, angry
 Household (Hh): Household and domestic items

24. CONTENT
 Landscape (Ls): Mountains, rocks, islands and
underwater scenes
 Nature (Na): natural objects from the environment which
are not coded Bt or Ls. Sun, sky.
 Religious (Rl): All religious percepts like temple, god,
goddess are scored as Rl.
 Science (Sc): Objects related to science or science-
fiction. The objects which are the products of technology
and industry are also included. Car, Airplane, Computer.
 Sex (Sx): All sex organs whether internal or external are
coded as Sx. For example, breasts, uterus.
 Travel (Tr): All means of travel
 Misc (Ms): Place all remaining items under this category

25. Plate No.
Significance/Conflict
I Adjustment to Test Situation
II Initial Color Shock, Female Sex
III Interpersonal Relationship
IV Attitude Towards Male Authority, Father Card
V Reality Card
VI Phallic Card
VII Mother Card
VIII Reality Card
IX Phobic Reaction
X Emotional Tolerance

28. QUALITATIVE SIGNS
 Bizarre Response: When the perceived object is grossly
unconventional or unusual, this indice is scored. For example, a
flying rat, butterfly eating a fish.
 Color Naming: When name of the color is mentioned without any
scorable response. For example, red, blue, yellow, green, black,
white, orange. (Red blood, black cloud, yellow flower would not be
scored as Color naming).
 Card rejection
 Complete card rejection
 Contamination: When two shape appropriate objects are combined
into a single percept to which nothing in reality corresponds,
contamination is scored. For example, on Card-I: two animals taking
a person into the sky.

29. QUALITATIVE SIGNS
 Hidden Objects: When a subject perceives hidden objects like a
person hiding behind a tree, a person hiding his hands, then Hidden
Objects is scored.
 Impotence: In impotence, a subject is aware that his perception is
inaccurate/inadequate. Wishes to improve it but not able to succeed
in improving the percept.
 Looking at the Back of the Card: When a subject turns the card to
the back and examines the card in that position, this indice is to be
scored.
 Perplexity: When a subject is bewildered manifested by the
remarks such as ‘what it could be’ ‘I can not think’, ‘have I given a
correct response?’ this indice is scored.
 Personal Reference: When a subject relates the perceived object
to self then this indice is scored. For example, my uncle’s face, my
own image, this is the coat very similar to the one I had.

30. QUALITATIVE SIGNS
 Repetitive Responses (Perseveration): Repetition of the same
response to at three or more consecutive cards without any
intervening responses is scored as Perseveration. For example,
Card-I: bat, Card-II: bat, Card-III: bat. There were no other response
in between these bat responses. (Bat, Dog, Bat, Bat, monkey would
not be scored as perseveration)

31. QUALITATIVE INTERPRETATION
 Perplexity: Perplexity on Rorschach is an indication of
anxiety and confusion. This can be found in a patient
having marked anxiety or the person who is confused
because of some pathology in the brain.
 Perseveration: Perseveration is the failure in shifting
the mental set. It is an example of extreme cognitive
rigidity. Perseveration is a pathognomonic sign of
psychiatric disorder. A patient who perseverates on
inkblots may also have narrowed interests,
preoccupation and stereotyped thinking. Perseveration
is usually observed in schizophrenic patients and brain
pathology.
 Personal Reference: Personal reference or self-
reference is an indication of loss of ego boundaries. It is
a psychotic phenomenon. Paranoid patients frequently
produce the responses with personal reference.

32.  Multiple Card Rejection: Psychotic patients reject
many cards. Depressed patients may also have a
tendency to reject many cards, but they may associate
with persuasion.
 Hidden Objects: A subject who is interested in
searching for the hidden objects on Rorschach has
marked lack of trust on others. This phenomenon is an
indication of paranoid attitude.
 Impotence: The recognition of one’s deficiency and
failure in improvising it is an indication of feelings of
inferiority and low self-confidence. When a subject
recognized that his associations to the inkblots are
inadequate and he fails to improve it, just point to the
inferiority feelings and reduced self-confidence.

33.  Excessive Card Turning: An inquisitive subject
would like to explore various blot areas to produce
associative content. As such it may be a reflection
of superior intellectual functions. But rapid and
excessive card turning is a nervous phenomenon
which point out to the anxiety in the subject
 Bizarre Response: These responses are the
product of autistic thinking, fantasy process. They
are found in psychotic patients.

34.  Confabulation: Confabulation is an indication of
thinking disturbances. It is generally found in
schizophrenics and organic patients.
 Contamination: Contamination also point out to
disturbed thought processes and generally found in
schizophrenic patients.
 Color Naming: Just naming the colors of inkblots
like red, green, yellow, blue does not constitute as
scorable responses. Color Naming point out to
marked failure in producing a meaningful
associative content to color blot areas. Color
Naming is generally found in Organics, epileptics,
deteriorated schizophrenics and mentally
challenged persons.

35. QUANTITATIVE INTERPRETATION
 F + %
 Most of the psychotic patients because of the
impairment in reality testing produce low F+%
responses.
 F+% also indicates the Ego Strength. Low F+% are
indicative of poor ego strength

36. MOVEMENT RESPONSES
 The individuals having superior creativity like
artists, writers; advertisers may produce high shape
appropriate (M+) responses.
 The morbid processes like hallucinations,
interpersonal delusions results in production of high
shape inappropriate (M-) responses.
 These M- responses are indicative more of fantasy
processes and idiosyncratic thinking.

37.  Pure C color reflects little or no control over
emotional expressions.
 High C and CF responses in a protocol reflect
impulsivity, ego-centricity, emotional lability,
irritability, and aggressiveness in the respondent
 The FC responses are indicative of matured
emotionality which is found in healthy adults. The
FC responses indicate empathy, capacity to
establish rapport with others, matured interpersonal
relationships

38. EXPERIENCE BALANCE (EB) RATIO
 There are two sides in Experience Balance. M
which is reflective of inner world and C indicates the
external environment.
 If M side is high then the Csum would be
introversive.
 if Csum side is high then M the would be
extratensive and if both are equal e.g. then the
subject would be ambiequal

39. SHADING (Y) RESPONSES
 The Black & White responses are indicative of
negative emotional experience of depression and
anxiety.
 Therefore, an emphasis of Y responses in a
protocol indicates sadness, depression, emotional
passivity and mostly found in depressive patients.

40. VISTA (V) RESPONSES
 This attribute reflects feelings of inferiority in the
subject and found mostly in neurotic patients.

41. TEXTURE (T) RESPONSES
 It reflects vague and free floating anxiety in the
subject. It is mostly produced by neurotic patients.
 It also reflects need for love and affections of the
subject

42. POPULAR (P) RESPONSES
 An average amount of P responses indicate a
subject’s conformity to social norms, group thinking,
recognition and respect of socio-cultural standards.
 Low P responses are generally found in severe
mental illnesses like psychosis, schizophrenia,
mania, organicity and developmental disabilities

43. AFFECTIVE RATIO
 The high affective ratio is usually observed in manic
patients.
 Low affective ratio in contrast indicates reduced
ability to experience pleasant emotions, reduced
excitability.
 Low affective ratio is generally observed in
Depressive patients.

44. ORGANICITY (BRAIN PATHOLOGY):
 Total number of
responses less than 15
 Response time for a
response is greater than
60 seconds
 Not more than one
human action (M)
 Low F+%
 Low P
 FC not more than one
 Pure color or Color-Form
responses
 Color naming
 Perseveration
 Impotence
 Automatic phrases
 Perplexity
 Word finding difficulty
 Repetition of the same
response to the same
card on same blot area
 Confabulation
 Failure in recalling one’s
responses in enquiry
phase
 Mono-response protocol

45. PSYCHOSIS:
 Low total number of
responses
 Low shape appropriate
responses (F+%)
 Low most frequent
responses (P)
 Confused sequence
 Color Naming
 Perseveration
 Variable RT
 Confabulation
 Contamination
 Multiple card rejection
 Stereotype
 P failure on Card-V
 Bizarre responses
 Personal reference

46. SCHIZOPHRENIA:
 Low shape appropriate
responses (F+%)
 High CF responses
 Absence of or Low most
frequent responses (P)
 P failure on Card-V
 Multiple Card rejection
 Multiple response rejection
 Confabulation
 Contamination
 Bizarre responses
 Confused Sequence
 Card description
 Color naming
 Variable RT
 Disease percepts
 Perseveration
 Stereotype
 Personal reference
 Many sex responses
 Edging
 Mono-response protocol

47. PARANOID SCHIZOPHRENIA:
 High W or Dd
 Very high human action (M)
responses
 Few Chromatic Color responses
 High White Background Areas
(S%)
 High human content
 High part objects like teeth, eyes
 Looking at the back of the card
 Hidden percepts
 Pseudo-human percepts
 Multiple Card Rejection
 Complete Rejection
 Personal Reference

48. MANIA:
 Very high total number of
responses
 High human action (M)
 Quick RT1
 High color responses
 High Black & White (Y)
responses
 Extratensive EB
 High affective ratio (more
than .80)
 Flower contents
 Wide content range
 High religious content
 More and rapid
responses to color blot
areas
 New and additional
responses in enquiry
 Response replacement

49. DEPRESSION:
 Delayed RT1
 Low total number of
responses
 Low or Zero White
Background Areas (S%)
 High Black & White (Y)
responses
 High internal organs (An)
 Low human action (M)
 High animal responses
(A%)
 Low total blot area (W)
 Narrow content range
 Qualifiers
 Tendency to reject cards
 Difficult enquiry
 Pathological anatomy

50. OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER:
 High total number of
responses
 Dd dominated
approach
 High human action (M)
 High White
Background Areas
(S%)
 Presence of V, Y, T
 High F+%
 Low C or CF
 Average or high most
frequent responses (P)
 Ambiequal EB
 Emphasis on symmetry
 Methodical sequence
 Denial of Chromatic
Color
 Expression of Doubts

51. ANXIETY DISORDER:
 Low total number of
responses
 Presence of V,Y,T
responses
 High Dd responses
 Average F+%
 Frequent and rapid card
turning
 Shading shock or color
shock
 Average most frequent
responses (P)
 Card rejection – IX