The experimental study of economic exchange behavior revealed many discrepancies between normative theory of strategic rationality (game theory) and actual behavior. In many games games where defection and competition is expected by game theory, subjects robustly display cooperative behavior. In the ultimatum game, for instance, a ‘proposer’ makes an offer to a ‘responder’ that can either accept or refuse the offer; if the responder refuses, both players get nothing. The rational outcome is a minimal offer by the first player and an unconditional acceptance of the offer by the second. In fact, proposers make ‘fair’ offers, about 50% of the amount, responders tend to accept these offers and reject most of the ‘unfair’ offers (less than 20%;Oosterbeek et al., 2004). Cooperative and prosocial behavior is also observed in similar games, e.g. the trust game and the prisoner’s dilemma (Camerer, 2003). Neuroeconomics, the study of the neural mechanisms of decision-making (Glimcher, 2003), also showed that subjects seems to entertain prosocial preferences. Brain scans of people playing the ultimatum game indicates that unfair offers trigger, in the responders’ brain, a ‘moral disgust’: the anterior insula, an area involved in disgust and other negative emotional responses, is more active when unfair offers are proposed (Sanfey et al., 2003). In the prisoner’s dilemma and the trust game, similar activations have been found: cooperation and punishment of unfair players elicit positive affective emotions, while unfairness elicit negative one (de Quervain et al., 2004; Rilling et al., 2002).
The received view of these behavioral and neural data is that human beings are endowed with genuinely altruistic cognitive mechanisms, a view now labelled “Strong Reciprocity” (SR). According to SR, an innate propensity for altruistic punishment and altruistic rewarding makes us averse to inequity (Fehr & Rockenbach, 2004). In this talk, I argue that this moral optimism is far-fetched. Yes, the ‘cold logic’ model of rationality is not an accurate description of our decision-making mechanisms, but the SR model, I shall argue, relies on unwarranted assumptions. I present another model–the ‘hot logic’ approach–according to which human agents are selfish agents adapted to trade, exchange and partner selection in biological markets (Noë et al., 2001). Cognitive mechanisms of decision-making aims primarily at maximizing positive outcomes and minimizing negative ones. This initial hedonism is gradually modulated by social norms, by which agents learn how to maximise their utility given the norms. The ‘hot logic’ approach provide a simpler explanation of cooperation and fairness: subjects make ‘fair’ offers in the ultimatum game because they know their offer would be rejected otherwise. Responders affective reaction to ‘unfair offers’ is in fact a reaction to the loss of an expected monetary gain: they anticipated that the proposer would comply with social norms. This claim is supported by other imaging studies showing that loss of money can be aversive, and that actual and counterfactual utility recruit the same neural resources (Delgado et al., 2006; Montague et al., 2006). This approach explains why subjects make lower offers in the dictator game (an ultimatum game in which the responder make an offer and the responder's role is entirely passive) than in the ultimatum, why, when using a computer displaying eyespots, almost twice as many participants transfer money in the dictator (Haley & Fessler, 2005), and why attractive people are offered more in the ultimatum (Solnick & Schweitzer, 1999). In every case, agents seek to maximize a complex hedonic utility function, where the reward and the losses can be monetary, emotional or social (reputation, acceptance, etc.). SR is thus seen as cooperative habits that are not repaid (Burnham & Johnson, 2005).
The document discusses the concept of social reciprocity. It defines reciprocity as the mutual exchange of resources or feelings between individuals, groups, or organizations. It explores reciprocity through various academic lenses such as political science, economics, neurology, psychology, and philosophy. It also provides examples of how understanding reciprocity can help with fundraising, organizing, leadership, and advocacy. The overall message is that reciprocity serves both individual and social functions, and that it has the potential for positive social change when approached with an ideal of mutual benefit.
The document discusses how behavioral economics can be used to promote health and wellness. It outlines six behavioral tendencies - inertia, temporal discounting, loss aversion, social norms, choices, and availability - and provides examples of how benefit designs, communications, and programs can leverage these tendencies to influence people's health-related decisions and behaviors in a positive way. For instance, it discusses how using defaults, framing messages around what people will lose rather than gain, highlighting social norms, and simplifying choices can help overcome inertia, loss aversion, and decision paralysis.
Surfing a Web of Trust: Reputation and Reciprocity on CouchSurfing.comdebra24
The researchers analyzed the CouchSurfing network to understand reciprocity and reputation. They found that while most users have few connections, a small group is very active in hosting and surfing. Direct reciprocity occurred in 12-18% of stays, while 1/3 of active users engaged in generalized reciprocity. Vouching formed a tight web of trust, with 6.8% of users vouched and 1.8% able to vouch. Friendship degree and experience ratings best predicted whether connections were vouched. Global reputation scores were poor predictors of specific vouching behavior. The researchers question whether vouches are given too freely without truly knowing someone in person.
Economic Anthropology: Distribution and ExchangePaulVMcDowell
There are three main ways that goods and services are distributed in societies: reciprocity involving direct exchange, redistribution involving flow to a central authority and return in a different form, and market exchange involving buying and selling through price. Marcel Mauss discussed the concept of "total prestations" or obligations underlying gift exchange, including the obligation to give, receive, and repay gifts. Reciprocity can take three forms - generalized among close kin without strict repayment, balanced involving calculating value and timing of repayment usually among distant kin, and negative involving attempts to get a better deal or deceive the other party usually among unrelated persons. Big men gain power through favors creating obligations but collectively the system resembles redistribution.
This document summarizes an innovation and technology consulting company called Reciprocity ROI. It focuses on developing technology solutions for sustainable development goals, health and wellness, and areas like robotics and AI. It provides consulting services to startups, enterprises, and investors. It also outlines three opportunity scenarios for developing distributed healthcare solutions using technologies like AI, robotics, and telehealth.
Paul Claxton - My Public Speaker One SheetPaul Claxton
I believe Public Speaking is one of the best ways to give back to the world. Take the time to learn, take the time to acquire the necessary knowledge, and then apply those things. Then share your experiences. The people who are best at what they do are not hiding in a corner or a cave somewhere they are out and about talking about what they do and paying the knowledge forward!
The experimental study of economic exchange behavior revealed many discrepancies between normative theory of strategic rationality (game theory) and actual behavior. In many games games where defection and competition is expected by game theory, subjects robustly display cooperative behavior. In the ultimatum game, for instance, a ‘proposer’ makes an offer to a ‘responder’ that can either accept or refuse the offer; if the responder refuses, both players get nothing. The rational outcome is a minimal offer by the first player and an unconditional acceptance of the offer by the second. In fact, proposers make ‘fair’ offers, about 50% of the amount, responders tend to accept these offers and reject most of the ‘unfair’ offers (less than 20%;Oosterbeek et al., 2004). Cooperative and prosocial behavior is also observed in similar games, e.g. the trust game and the prisoner’s dilemma (Camerer, 2003). Neuroeconomics, the study of the neural mechanisms of decision-making (Glimcher, 2003), also showed that subjects seems to entertain prosocial preferences. Brain scans of people playing the ultimatum game indicates that unfair offers trigger, in the responders’ brain, a ‘moral disgust’: the anterior insula, an area involved in disgust and other negative emotional responses, is more active when unfair offers are proposed (Sanfey et al., 2003). In the prisoner’s dilemma and the trust game, similar activations have been found: cooperation and punishment of unfair players elicit positive affective emotions, while unfairness elicit negative one (de Quervain et al., 2004; Rilling et al., 2002).
The received view of these behavioral and neural data is that human beings are endowed with genuinely altruistic cognitive mechanisms, a view now labelled “Strong Reciprocity” (SR). According to SR, an innate propensity for altruistic punishment and altruistic rewarding makes us averse to inequity (Fehr & Rockenbach, 2004). In this talk, I argue that this moral optimism is far-fetched. Yes, the ‘cold logic’ model of rationality is not an accurate description of our decision-making mechanisms, but the SR model, I shall argue, relies on unwarranted assumptions. I present another model–the ‘hot logic’ approach–according to which human agents are selfish agents adapted to trade, exchange and partner selection in biological markets (Noë et al., 2001). Cognitive mechanisms of decision-making aims primarily at maximizing positive outcomes and minimizing negative ones. This initial hedonism is gradually modulated by social norms, by which agents learn how to maximise their utility given the norms. The ‘hot logic’ approach provide a simpler explanation of cooperation and fairness: subjects make ‘fair’ offers in the ultimatum game because they know their offer would be rejected otherwise. Responders affective reaction to ‘unfair offers’ is in fact a reaction to the loss of an expected monetary gain: they anticipated that the proposer would comply with social norms. This claim is supported by other imaging studies showing that loss of money can be aversive, and that actual and counterfactual utility recruit the same neural resources (Delgado et al., 2006; Montague et al., 2006). This approach explains why subjects make lower offers in the dictator game (an ultimatum game in which the responder make an offer and the responder's role is entirely passive) than in the ultimatum, why, when using a computer displaying eyespots, almost twice as many participants transfer money in the dictator (Haley & Fessler, 2005), and why attractive people are offered more in the ultimatum (Solnick & Schweitzer, 1999). In every case, agents seek to maximize a complex hedonic utility function, where the reward and the losses can be monetary, emotional or social (reputation, acceptance, etc.). SR is thus seen as cooperative habits that are not repaid (Burnham & Johnson, 2005).
The document discusses the concept of social reciprocity. It defines reciprocity as the mutual exchange of resources or feelings between individuals, groups, or organizations. It explores reciprocity through various academic lenses such as political science, economics, neurology, psychology, and philosophy. It also provides examples of how understanding reciprocity can help with fundraising, organizing, leadership, and advocacy. The overall message is that reciprocity serves both individual and social functions, and that it has the potential for positive social change when approached with an ideal of mutual benefit.
The document discusses how behavioral economics can be used to promote health and wellness. It outlines six behavioral tendencies - inertia, temporal discounting, loss aversion, social norms, choices, and availability - and provides examples of how benefit designs, communications, and programs can leverage these tendencies to influence people's health-related decisions and behaviors in a positive way. For instance, it discusses how using defaults, framing messages around what people will lose rather than gain, highlighting social norms, and simplifying choices can help overcome inertia, loss aversion, and decision paralysis.
Surfing a Web of Trust: Reputation and Reciprocity on CouchSurfing.comdebra24
The researchers analyzed the CouchSurfing network to understand reciprocity and reputation. They found that while most users have few connections, a small group is very active in hosting and surfing. Direct reciprocity occurred in 12-18% of stays, while 1/3 of active users engaged in generalized reciprocity. Vouching formed a tight web of trust, with 6.8% of users vouched and 1.8% able to vouch. Friendship degree and experience ratings best predicted whether connections were vouched. Global reputation scores were poor predictors of specific vouching behavior. The researchers question whether vouches are given too freely without truly knowing someone in person.
Economic Anthropology: Distribution and ExchangePaulVMcDowell
There are three main ways that goods and services are distributed in societies: reciprocity involving direct exchange, redistribution involving flow to a central authority and return in a different form, and market exchange involving buying and selling through price. Marcel Mauss discussed the concept of "total prestations" or obligations underlying gift exchange, including the obligation to give, receive, and repay gifts. Reciprocity can take three forms - generalized among close kin without strict repayment, balanced involving calculating value and timing of repayment usually among distant kin, and negative involving attempts to get a better deal or deceive the other party usually among unrelated persons. Big men gain power through favors creating obligations but collectively the system resembles redistribution.
This document summarizes an innovation and technology consulting company called Reciprocity ROI. It focuses on developing technology solutions for sustainable development goals, health and wellness, and areas like robotics and AI. It provides consulting services to startups, enterprises, and investors. It also outlines three opportunity scenarios for developing distributed healthcare solutions using technologies like AI, robotics, and telehealth.
Paul Claxton - My Public Speaker One SheetPaul Claxton
I believe Public Speaking is one of the best ways to give back to the world. Take the time to learn, take the time to acquire the necessary knowledge, and then apply those things. Then share your experiences. The people who are best at what they do are not hiding in a corner or a cave somewhere they are out and about talking about what they do and paying the knowledge forward!
Maintaining Relevance In the New Global Tech EconomyPaul Claxton
There are unseen, intangible forces driving our global economies. What are these forces? Some people say that technology has increased inequality, but really it appears that technology has just simply changed the global economy and made more opportunity for equality. This change in the economy has forced us to become more relevant and transparent as individuals and organizations. Equality, opportunity and prosperity exists for all who are willing to open their eyes and understand the forces causing such disruptive changes in our global economies. As we move forward into the future, equality and opportunity will be determined by understanding how we can be relevant to these unseen, intangible forces. In this webinar, I will discuss how relevance will determine who becomes the winners and losers in our society based on how well organizations and individuals understand and adapt to these unstoppable and unseen changing forces.
At Will Employment During COVID19: Maintaining and Retaining Employment.Paul Claxton
Guidance on what to do if one of these scenarios happen to you.
Disclaimer: I am not a lawyer or human resource professional. However in a previous life I have spent a number of years in executive search placement staffing at Fortune 500 and boutique firms. I currently run teams out of my own company(s).
Your Haven, Inc. provides modular and combinable private rooms that are cost effective and can be used in a variety of markets such as airports, hospitals, homes and more. The rooms are designed to be soundproof and enable smart technology while taking inspiration from Frank Lloyd Wright's classic designs. Each room maintains a low cost compared to competitors but high profit margins and receives quality controls during assembly.
Investment strategy for mvp development and releasePaul Claxton
Tutorial on Investing I wrote. We're working on our own MVP Release and we also do a lot of work supporting startups. In my experience, there seems to be an lacking of education in the marketplace about VC/Angel/Seed/Investment and what investors look for. VC funding is highly popularized but it is not the only way to fund your business startup e.g. you can go organically or get a traditional loan and there are pros and cons to do each approach. I created this document for others to use as a tutorial or reference point of information, and hopefully help them in their own funding efforts. ***This is for example purposes only and proprietary information has been excluded or changed. ***
Maintaining Relevance In the New Global Tech EconomyPaul Claxton
There are unseen, intangible forces driving our global economies. What are these forces? Some people say that technology has increased inequality, but really it appears that technology has just simply changed the global economy and made more opportunity for equality. This change in the economy has forced us to become more relevant and transparent as individuals and organizations. Equality, opportunity and prosperity exists for all who are willing to open their eyes and understand the forces causing such disruptive changes in our global economies. As we move forward into the future, equality and opportunity will be determined by understanding how we can be relevant to these unseen, intangible forces. In this webinar, I will discuss how relevance will determine who becomes the winners and losers in our society based on how well organizations and individuals understand and adapt to these unstoppable and unseen changing forces.
At Will Employment During COVID19: Maintaining and Retaining Employment.Paul Claxton
Guidance on what to do if one of these scenarios happen to you.
Disclaimer: I am not a lawyer or human resource professional. However in a previous life I have spent a number of years in executive search placement staffing at Fortune 500 and boutique firms. I currently run teams out of my own company(s).
Your Haven, Inc. provides modular and combinable private rooms that are cost effective and can be used in a variety of markets such as airports, hospitals, homes and more. The rooms are designed to be soundproof and enable smart technology while taking inspiration from Frank Lloyd Wright's classic designs. Each room maintains a low cost compared to competitors but high profit margins and receives quality controls during assembly.
Investment strategy for mvp development and releasePaul Claxton
Tutorial on Investing I wrote. We're working on our own MVP Release and we also do a lot of work supporting startups. In my experience, there seems to be an lacking of education in the marketplace about VC/Angel/Seed/Investment and what investors look for. VC funding is highly popularized but it is not the only way to fund your business startup e.g. you can go organically or get a traditional loan and there are pros and cons to do each approach. I created this document for others to use as a tutorial or reference point of information, and hopefully help them in their own funding efforts. ***This is for example purposes only and proprietary information has been excluded or changed. ***