Programming languages are systems of communication used to develop both system and application software by giving computers sets of instructions. There are five main types of programming languages: high-level languages, machine languages, assembly languages, fourth generation languages (4GL), and natural languages. High-level languages are problem-oriented and resemble English, making them easier to use than machine languages but requiring translation. Machine languages use binary and do not require translation but are difficult for humans. Assembly languages use mnemonics for instructions, requiring less translation time than machine languages. 4GLs are used for database and management systems, while natural languages allow users to give instructions to computers in languages like English.

2. Programming languages are those language which are
used to developed different types of software's which may
system software and application software. A language is
system of communication like our natural
language(English and Nepali) which have used to
communicate each other. Similarly programming
languages are those languages which used to
communicate with computer by giving set of instruction .
For example C , Java , C++ and C#. The programming
languages are divided in to 5 types they are
 High-level Language.
Machine Level Language.
Assemble Language.
4GL
Natural Language.

3. Programming language
 High Level Language: High Level Language: are
problem oriented language. Most programs are written
in high level language which are quite similar to
English languages that’s why they are easier then
machine level language. This programming language
is used to develop different softwares. For example
C,C++,JAVE etc.

4. Advantages
 Simple English is used for programming coding.
 Machine independent.
 The knowledge of computer architecture is not
required.
 It requires less time for program coding.
 Program can be debugging easily because the code is
written in simple English language .

5. Disadvantage
 This language is not easily understand by computer
hardware so we need to translate this language in to
machine code. By the help of compiler.
 The program execution is slower then machine
language.
 The conversion time is slower then Assemble
language.

6. Machine level language
 Machine level language is a set of instruction or codes
which are directly understand by computer with out
help of translator. It is combination of 0 and 1.
Advantages
 It is Witten in machine code(0 and 1) so no need to
translate.
It is faster then other language.

7. Disadvantage
It is difficulty to understand and develop the program
by using this language.
The knowledge of computer architecture is required.
Debugging is difficult.

8. Assemble language
 Assemble language is also known as low level
language. Which uses the mnemonics code as a
instruction. The language which uses the mnemonics
codes and symbol to develop any program is called
Assemble language. This language uses some
mnemonics codes they are ADD for addition, SUB for
subtraction and MUL for multiplication , LDA for load
accumulator etc.

9. Advantage
 .Less time to consumed respect to machine code.
Coding is faster then machine code because
mnemonics codes are use.
 Debugging is easier then machine code.
Disadvantage
Machine oriented language.
The knowledge of computer hardware is required.
This language is not understand by hardware so we
need to translator like assembler

10. 4GL
 It stands for fourth generation language which is to
develop the different types of data base and database
management system. And this language is also used to
get the information from files and folders. For example
SQL , Oracle etc.
Advantage
Software develop using 4GL is user friendly.
It is very easy to develop program because no need to
remember all the command which are use in this
language.

11. Disadvantage
 Program run slower because it is heavy in size.
 It is required longer time to convert to machine code
instruction.
 The powerful translator is required.

12. Natural language
 Natural language: This language is mostly use to
communicate with computer system and other
information systems . This language is most easy for
user to give the instruction to the computer like
English , Nepali etc.

13. Disk defragment
 It is a technique or process which is used to arrange the
data element and memory location which are stored or
allocate the different locations . It is used to arrange
these memory location in proper way.
 Disk Cleaner: It is a software packaged which is used
to remove the temporarily files on . It deal locate
unnecessary items which are store in memory or disk.