The document provides an overview of programming paradigms, defining them as fundamental styles of programming that shape how computations are structured and organized. It discusses four main paradigms: imperative, functional, logical, and object-oriented programming, along with their characteristics and examples. Additionally, the document emphasizes the importance of understanding various programming languages to enhance algorithm development and programming language design.

1. PROGRAMMING PARADIGM
BY,
Anirudh Chauhan

2. Introduction to programming paradigm

3. Introduction
 A way of conceptualizing what it means to perform
computation and how tasks to be carried out on the
computer should be structured and organized.
 A programming paradigm is a fundamental style of
computer programming, serving as a way of building the
structure and elements of computer programs

4. Introduction
 Some languages are designed to support one
particular paradigm
 Smalltalk supports object-oriented programming
 Haskell supports functional programming
 Other programming languages support multiple
paradigms
 Object Pascal, C++, C#, Visual Basic, Common Lisp,
Scheme, Perl, Python, Ruby, Oz and F#.

5. Introduction
Programming paradigms differ in:
The concepts and abstractions used to
represent the elements of a program
(such as objects, functions, variables,
constraints, etc.)
The steps that compose a computation
(assignation, evaluation, data flow, control
flow, etc.).

6. Programming Paradigms

7. Programming paradigms
 There are four main Programming Paradigms.
Imperative : Machine-model based
Functional : Equations; Expression
Evaluation
Logical : First-order Logic Deduction
Object-Oriented : Programming with Data
Types

8. Why study so many programming languages ?
 To Improve our ability to Develop Effective algorithms.
 To improve Use of Existing Programming Languages.
 To allow a better choice of Programming Language.
 To make it Easier to design a new language.

9. Procedural Programming

10. Procedural Programming
 Often thought as a synonym for imperative
programming.
 Specifying the steps the program must take
to reach the desired state.
 Based upon the concept of the procedure
call.

11. Procedural Programming
 Procedures, also known as routines, subroutines, methods,
or functions that contain a series of computational steps to
be carried out.
 Any given procedure might be called at any point during a
program's execution, including by other procedures or itself.
 The syntax of such languages generally has the form
statement 1;
statement 2;
--------------
statement n;

12. Procedural Programming
 Often a better choice than simple sequential or
unstructured programming in many situations
which involve moderate complexity or require
significant ease of maintainability.
 The ability to re-use the same code at different
places in the program without copying it.

13. Procedural Programming
 An easier way to keep track of program flow than a collection of
"GOTO" or "JUMP" statements .
 The ability to be strongly modular or structured.
 Example of procedural programming are C, Pascal, Basic, FORTRAN
etc.

14. Functional Programming

15. Functional Programming
 Functional programming is a programming paradigm that
treats computation as the evaluation of mathematical
functions and avoids state changes and mutable data.
 Programs written using the functional programming
paradigm are much more easily representable using
mathematical concepts, and thus it is much more easy to
mathematically reason about functional programs than it is
to reason about programs written in any other paradigm.

16. Functional Programming
 The syntax of such languages is :
functionn { …function2 { function1 (data)} …}
 LISP was the first operational functional programming
language.
 The Haskell programming language was released in the
late 1980s in an attempt to gather together many ideas in
functional programming research.
 Up to this day, functional programming has not been very
popular except for a restricted number of application areas,
such as artificial intelligence.

17. Functional Programming
 In practice, the difference between a mathematical function
and the notion of a "function" used in imperative
programming is that imperative functions can have side
effects, changing the value of already calculated variables.
 Conversely, in functional code, the output value of a
function depends only on the arguments that are input to
the function, so calling a function f twice with the same
value for an argument x will produce the same result f(x)
both times.
 Examples of Functional Programming are C, LISP, ML .

18. Imperative Vs Non Imperative

19. Imperative VS non imperative
 Functional/Logic programs specify WHAT is to be computed
abstractly, leaving the details of data organization and
instruction sequencing to the interpreter.
 In contrast, Imperative programs describe
the details of HOW the results are to be obtained, in terms of
the underlying machine model.
 Functional/Logic style clearly separates WHAT aspects of a
program (programmers’ responsibility) from the HOW aspects
(implementation decisions).
 An Imperative program contains both the specification and the
implementation details, inseparably inter-twined.

20. Imperative VS Non Imperative
Imperative
• Program: a
sequence of
instructions for a von
Neumann m/c.
• Computation by
instruction execution.
• Iteration.
• Modifiable or
updateable variables.
Non imperative
• Program: a collection
of function definitions
(m/c independent).
• Computation by term
rewriting.
• Recursion.
• Assign-only-once
variables.

21. Logical Programming

22. Logical Programming
 Also known as Rule based programming
and Declarative programming.
 Rule based programming checks for
presence for a certain condition and when
present execute an appropriate action.

23. Logical Programming
 We can describe rule-based languages as a set of filters to
apply to data storage. Enabling conditions determine order
of execution. The syntax of such Languages generally is
similar to the following.
enabling condition1→action1
enabling condition2→action2
..........................
enabling conditionn→actionn
 Some examples of logical programming languages are
Prolog, Ant, Oz, SQL etc.

24. Object Oriented Programming

25. Object Oriented Programming
 Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming
paradigm that uses "objects" – data structures
encapsulating data fields and procedures together with their
interactions – to design applications and computer
programs.
 Associated programming techniques may include features
such as data abstraction, encapsulation, modularity,
polymorphism, and inheritance.

26. Object oriented programming
 Though it was invented with the creation of the Simula
language in 1965, and further developed in Smalltalk in the
1970s, it was not commonly used in mainstream software
application development until the early 1990s.
 Many modern programming languages now support OOP.
 Examples of Object oriented Programming are C++, java,
Smalltalk, simula etc.

27. Thank You for your
consideration