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Presenting data

This document provides guidance on best practices for presenting data graphics and tables. It discusses common mistakes to avoid, such as using awkward abbreviations or not including complete source citations. It also provides examples of different types of charts and graphs (e.g. pie charts, bar charts, scatterplots) to effectively display relationships between multiple variables in data. The examples illustrate population and demographic data for various cities to compare variables like population size, age distribution, and household occupancy. Overall, the document aims to help readers design clear and informative data visualizations.

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Presenting Data
Data Graphics
Common mistakes found in data tables Use more complete title. IMPORTANT: List major variables, unit of analysis, year(s), and cases (or selection criterion for cases) Use complete source citation (and don't just list the url) Avoid awkward abbreviations, such as "LA" or "Philly" No need for digits to the right of the decimal place for discrete variables Excel displays ###### if the number is too wide for the column -- expand column width Use 1000 comma separators (e.g., 9,710,156) Be more precise: "Per capita income in 1989, in $000 s " Right justify all digits Be consistent with the degree of accuracy used: In general, no need for digits beyond 1/10th of a percent (e.g., 12.6%) Make sure categories are mutually exclusive (no overlap) and exhaustive (all possibilities covered) "Hispanic origin," for US Census purposes, can be of any race. Therefore, one cannot combine these categories without risking double- Spell out "%" as "percent" in titles. Also explain "percent of … "
Example 1 Data on Favorite TV Shows
Favorite TV Shows among Clague Middle School 8th Graders (Number of Students), 1999Favorite TV Shows among Clague Middle School 8th Graders (Number of Students), 1999Favorite TV Shows among Clague Middle School 8th Graders (Number of Students), 1999Favorite TV Shows among Clague Middle School 8th Graders (Number of Students), 1999Favorite TV Shows among Clague Middle School 8th Graders (Number of Students), 1999Favorite TV Shows among Clague Middle School 8th Graders (Number of Students), 1999Favorite TV Shows among Clague Middle School 8th Graders (Number of Students), 1999Favorite TV Shows among Clague Middle School 8th Graders (Number of Students), 1999Favorite TV Shows among Clague Middle School 8th Graders (Number of Students), 1999Favorite TV Shows among Clague Middle School 8th Graders (Number of Students), 1999 (the result of a nonscientific survey -- note the oversampling of girls vs. boys)(the result of a nonscientific survey -- note the oversampling of girls vs. boys)(the result of a nonscientific survey -- note the oversampling of girls vs. boys)(the result of a nonscientific survey -- note the oversampling of girls vs. boys)(the result of a nonscientific survey -- note the oversampling of girls vs. boys)(the result of a nonscientific survey -- note the oversampling of girls vs. boys)(the result of a nonscientific survey -- note the oversampling of girls vs. boys)(the result of a nonscientific survey -- note the oversampling of girls vs. boys)(the result of a nonscientific survey -- note the oversampling of girls vs. boys)(the result of a nonscientific survey -- note the oversampling of girls vs. boys) gender Real World Simpson's 7th heaven Buffy the Vampire Slayer Party of Five Dawson's Creek Charmed 90210 Total Male 4 7 1 1 1 1 0 0 15 Female 3 4 4 8 5 16 1 3 44 TOTAL 7 11 5 9 6 17 1 3 59 gender Real World Simpson's 7th heaven Buffy the Vampire Slayer Party of Five Dawson's Creek Charmed 90210 Total Male 27% 47% 7% 7% 7% 7% 0% 0% 100% Female 7% 9% 9% 18% 11% 36% 2% 7% 100% Data Table Percents
ADVANTAGE: a simple way to show the big and small categories DISADVANTAGES: harder to include multiple variables (without multiple pie charts); takes up a lot of space/ink (low information/ink ratio). preferred TV shows among boys at Clague Middle School, 1998 Real World 26% Simpson's 46% 7th heaven 7% Buffy the Vampire Slayer 7% Party of Five 7% Dawson's Creek 7% Charmed 0% Pie Chart
Preferred TV shows among Clague students (comparing boys and girls), in percent, 1998 27% 47% 7% 7% 7% 7% 0%0% 7% 9% 9% 18% 11% 36% 2% 7% Real World Simpson's 7th heaven Buffy the Vampire Slayer Party of Five Dawson's Creek Charmed 90210 Boys Girls This is a "DOUGHNUT CHART" -- a relatively new option on Excel. Fun, but the eye sees variations in the graphic design, not in the data. VERDICT: not very useful here. Doughnut Chart
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 number of students Real World Simpson's 7th heaven Buffy the Vampire Slayer Party of Five Dawson's Creek Charmed 90210 Preferred TV shows among Clague students (comparing boys and girls), 1998 Female Male Note: 3-D graphics can be appealing but distracting. The basic goal: have the eye see patterns in the data, not just patterns in Excel graphing capabilities. Also: harder to see zero values. Horizontal can sometimes be helpful, but not here. 3D Bar Chart
Preferred TV shows among Clague students (comparing boys and girls), 1998 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Real World Simpson's 7th heaven Buffy the Vampire Slayer Party of Five Dawson's Creek Charmed 90210 numberofstudents Male Female Note: 2-D is easier on the eye. And compared to the pie chart, easier to include multiple dimensions (gender and show). But: since many more girls answered the survey than boys, it is hard to easily compare what shows appeal to boys vs. girls. 2D Bar Chart (Absolute Values)
Preferred TV shows among Clague students (comparing boys and girls), in percent, 1998 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% Real World Simpson's 7th heaven Buffy the Vampire Slayer Party of Five Dawson's Creek Charmed 90210 Male Female Note: by converting to percent of total (for boys or for girls), one can more easily compare what shows appeal to boys vs. girls. 2D Column Chart (%)
Preferred TV shows among Clague students (comparing boys and girls), in percent, 1998 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% Real World Simpson's 7th heaven Buffy the Vampire Slayer Party of Five Dawson's Creek Charmed 90210 Male Female Note: add some gridlines, and have all these lines a light greyscale so that the data stands out. The harder question: can you develop a theory to explain these differences in viewing preferences between teenage boys and girls? 2D Column Chart (%)
Example 2 Data on World Cities
Population, Income and Social Measures for 25 Major Metropolitan Areas of the World, ranked by latitude, 1980Population, Income and Social Measures for 25 Major Metropolitan Areas of the World, ranked by latitude, 1980Population, Income and Social Measures for 25 Major Metropolitan Areas of the World, ranked by latitude, 1980Population, Income and Social Measures for 25 Major Metropolitan Areas of the World, ranked by latitude, 1980Population, Income and Social Measures for 25 Major Metropolitan Areas of the World, ranked by latitude, 1980Population, Income and Social Measures for 25 Major Metropolitan Areas of the World, ranked by latitude, 1980Population, Income and Social Measures for 25 Major Metropolitan Areas of the World, ranked by latitude, 1980 Percent of Population under Age 20 Regional Population Weekly Earnings Population per Physician Residents Per Housing Unit Latitude (degrees) Santiago 41.7 4,039,287 1,988 -33 Sao Paulo 40 12,588,439 122 437 4.12 -24 Jakarta 52.9 6,555,954 34 1,968 -6 Bogota 51.5 4,012,433 95 4 Manila 51.4 5,925,884 43 14 Bangkok 44.1 5,350,000 64 1,256 6.28 14 Mexico City 48.5 14,750,182 87 554 5.03 19 Delhi 48.9 5,940,119 4.95 29 Cairo 47.4 11,000,000 49 630 4.45 30 Busan 42.1 6,414,631 2,133 8.52 35 Seoul 42.5 12,835,554 129 1,552 8.66 38 San Francisco 19.9 3,250,630 400 179 2.15 38 Istanbul 43.5 4,741,890 82 449 41 Lyon 22.4 4,992,000 223 557 2.18 46 Budapest 23.3 2,060,644 182 2.75 47 Vienna 21.4 1,531,346 259 252 1.86 48 Munich 18 3,658,000 300 213 2.22 48 Paris 18.7 10,046,000 247 281 1.99 49 Dusseldorf 21.1 5,209,000 257 2.05 51 Rotterdam 23.1 3,154,000 52 Warsaw 23 2,773,882 146 2.9 52 West Berlin 21.6 1,888,669 250 230 1.69 53 Hamburg 20.6 1,637,132 285 269 2.06 53 Helsinki 22.1 910,414 262 2.21 60 Source: Marlin, John T., Immanuel Ness, and Stephen T. Collins. 1986. Book of World City Rankings. New York and London: The Free Press.Source: Marlin, John T., Immanuel Ness, and Stephen T. Collins. 1986. Book of World City Rankings. New York and London: The Free Press.Source: Marlin, John T., Immanuel Ness, and Stephen T. Collins. 1986. Book of World City Rankings. New York and London: The Free Press.Source: Marlin, John T., Immanuel Ness, and Stephen T. Collins. 1986. Book of World City Rankings. New York and London: The Free Press.Source: Marlin, John T., Immanuel Ness, and Stephen T. Collins. 1986. Book of World City Rankings. New York and London: The Free Press.Source: Marlin, John T., Immanuel Ness, and Stephen T. Collins. 1986. Book of World City Rankings. New York and London: The Free Press.Source: Marlin, John T., Immanuel Ness, and Stephen T. Collins. 1986. Book of World City Rankings. New York and London: The Free Press. Data Table
0 2000000 4000000 6000000 8000000 10000000 12000000 14000000 16000000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Percent of Population under Age 20 Regional Population Goal: to compare regional population and percent of population under age 20. If using a simple column chart, the radically different scale of the two variables obscures the smaller variable (percent of pop). This is not very good. 2D Column Chart
Goal: to compare regional population and percent of population under age 20. You can use two different scales, which allows for both variables to be clearly shown. But this can be confusing, and the patterns are still not very clear. Sorting the data from high to low for one variable might help. Line Chart 0 2,000,000 4,000,000 6,000,000 8,000,000 10,000,000 12,000,000 14,000,000 16,000,000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Population 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 PercentofPopulationunderAge20 Regional Population Percent of Population under Age 20
Goal: to compare regional population and percent of population under age 20. Using an x-y scatterplot, it is much easier to show the patterns between two variables. (this can be a very useful tool for bivariate graphing.) X-Y Scatterplot 0 2,000,000 4,000,000 6,000,000 8,000,000 10,000,000 12,000,000 14,000,000 16,000,000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Percent of Population under Age 20 RegionalPopulation Note that the larger cities tend to have a greater percent of their population under age 20 (which can either indicate high fertility rates, low life expectancies, or age- selective migration -- all characteristic of cities in developing countries)
X-Y Scatterplot 2 Note that the larger cities tend to have larger household sizes. 0 2,000,000 4,000,000 6,000,000 8,000,000 10,000,000 12,000,000 14,000,000 16,000,000 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Residents per housing unit RegionalPopulation
X-Y Scatterplot 3 Note that cities with younger populations also tend to have larger household sizes. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Residents per housing unit PercentofPopulationUnderAge20
Bubble Chart Note: The size of the bubble is proportionate to the metropolitan population size Latitude, Percent of Population under Age 20, and Population Size for 25 Major Metropolitan Areas of the World, 1980 (with selected cities labeled) Istanbul Rotterdam Bangkok Lyon Cairo Paris Mexico City Sao Paolo Seoul Jakarta Manila San Francisco Bogota Santiago Delhi Busan -60 -48 -36 -24 -12 0 12 24 36 48 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Percent of Metropolitan Population under Age 20 SOUTH--Latitude(degrees)--NORTH Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Equator (This is an example of juxtaposing variables in an unusual way to reveal patterns. The bubble option allows for 3 variables. Using colors would allow for 4.)
Maps http://www.sae.org/events/bce/powerpoint_help.pdf
pt from Guilford Publications. Guide to Map Design for GIS, John Krygier and Denis Wood What is it? What is it?
Red Lake Mississippi River St. Louis River Lake Superior 3 1It’s a Map Ojibwe (Native American) ca. 1820 Maps are a powerful way of thinking about the earth. This Native map, drawn on birch bark (which accounts for its shape), shows the migration legend of the Ojibwe, from the creation of their people (on the right) to their home in the upper Midwest (on the left). The left and central portions of the map show Lake Huron, Lake Superior, and Red Lake in Minnesota. The right side of the map relates the spiritual realities of the Ojibwe origins with important spiritual guides symbolized along the route. The map is a sophisticated synthesis of spiritual and physical geography, revealing the vital importance of making maps in the context of your life and belief systems. Lake Michigan Lakes Erie, Huron, & Ontario 1It’s a Map Ojibwe (Native American) ca. 1820 Maps are a powerful way of thinking about the earth. This Native map, drawn on birch bark (which accounts for its sh shows the migration legend of the Ojibwe, from the creation of thei (on the right) to their home in the upper Midwest (on the left). T and central portions of the map show Lake Huron, Lake Superio Red Lake in Minnesota. The right side of the map relates the spi realities of the Ojibwe origins with important spiritual guides sym along the route. The map is a sophisticated synthesis of spiritual physical geography, revealing the vital importance of making map Lake Michigan Lakes Erie, Huron, & Ontario
3 1It’s a Map Ojibwe (Native American) ca. 1820 Maps are a powerful way of thinking about the earth. This Native map, drawn on birch bark (which accounts for its shape), shows the migration legend of the Ojibwe, from the creation of their people (on the right) to their home in the upper Midwest (on the left). The left and central portions of the map show Lake Huron, Lake Superior, and Red Lake in Minnesota. The right side of the map relates the spiritual realities of the Ojibwe origins with important spiritual guides symbolized along the route. The map is a sophisticated synthesis of spiritual and physical geography, revealing the vital importance of making maps in the context of your life and belief systems.
What Is a Map? A graphic statement that locates facts Graphic: A visual display of marks which stand for something else. An airplane shape on a map implies an airport. Statement: To put forth information, a formal embodiment of facts or assertions. Locating facts: Tangible and intangible phenomena located in geographic space: what we can see (roads, rivers) and what we cannot see (temperature, radiation), varying in amount (population) and kind (vegetation types). Areas crossed by two or more radioactive clouds during the era of nuclear testing in the American Southwest, 1951-62.
Maps Shape How We See The earth is really big and complex Maps are small and show only a few of the multitude of human and natural features. When making maps, we strip away selected details and flatten the earth’s surface, showing what we could not otherwise see.
94 curved surface gets distorted when you flatten it. An orange peel tears when you peel and flatten it. A toad skin tears when you peel and flatten it.
Less detail Map makers remove detail to show what they choose to show. Entire earth, all at once Map makers flatten the earth’s entire surface. This map stretches continental shapes, revealing distortions that occur when we flatten the earth’s surface. Seeing the invisible On maps we can record what is visible to us – coastlines – and what is not visible to us – temperatures.
from http://makingmaps.owu.edu 146 intellectual hierarchy, you can choose a visual hierarchy that reflects the intellectual hierarchy. If map elements are not important to your goals for your map, they are probably “map-crap” and can be left off. Depth on the flats... Some elements stand out, and others fall to the back. This is visual hierarchy. A successful visual hierarchy shows you what is most important first; these elements jump out. Less important elements are less visually noticeable and fall to the back. A successful visual hierarchy clearly communicates the intellectual hierarchy and intent of your your map. Side view of graphic above showing depth. Good visual hierarchy:Poor visual hierarchy: St. Quash City St. Quash Serial Murders St. Quash Serial Murders Lupin Lake Mt. St. Quash Contour Interval = 100 m Red C reek bodies found St. Quash City Lupin Lake Mt. St. Quash Contour Interval = 100 m Red C r eek bodies found 146 Some elements stand out, and others fall to the back. This is visual hierarchy. A successful visual hierarchy shows you what is most important first; these elements jump out. Less important elements are less visually noticeable and fall to the back. A successful visual hierarchy clearly communicates the intellectual hierarchy and intent of your your map. Side view of graphic above showing depth. Good visual hierarchy:Poor visual hierarchy: St. Quash City St. Quash Serial Murders St. Quash Serial Murders Lupin Lake Mt. St. Quash Contour Interval = 100 m Red C reek bodies found St. Quash City Lupin Lake Mt. St. Quash Contour Interval = 100 m Red C r eek bodies found
visual difference see the point of your map. Noticeable visual differences separate figure from ground and enhance visual hierarchy. The examples on the following pages all enhance visual differences to build a visual hierarchy. To focus attention on the most important areas on your map, make it visually different from peripheral areas. Poor visual difference: Inatz Lakey Ada Meeker River City Rainville Riegen Tipp City Anatol Buena Vista Campton Westin Deer City Jaybe Campton Meeker Riegen Campton Westin Deer City Jaybe Inatz Lakey Ada River City Rainville Tipp City Anatol Buena Vista Good visual difference: Meeker Riegen Campton Westin Deer City Jaybe Inatz Lakey Ada River City Rainville Tipp City Anatol Buena Vista
150 detail Figure has more detail than ground. To focus attention on the most important area on your map, reduce detail in peripheral areas. River City Anatol River City AnatolRiver City Anatol Inatz Lakey Ada Meeker River City Rainville Riegen Tipp City Anatol Buena Vista Campton Westin Deer City Jaybe Poor detail: Meeker Riegen Campton Westin Deer City Jaybe Good detail:
150 detail Figure has more detail than ground. To focus attention on the most important area on your map, reduce detail in peripheral areas. River City Anatol River City AnatolRiver City Anatol Inatz Lakey Ada Meeker River City Rainville Riegen Tipp City Anatol Buena Vista Campton Westin Deer City Jaybe Poor detail: Meeker Riegen Campton Westin Deer City Jaybe Good detail:
Where is ... Where is 231 Crestview Road, in Columbus, Ohio? What is the route ... How do I get from 231 Crestview Road to Delaware, Ohio? How many ... How many people live in Delaware, Ohio, and where are they?
Maps Kill! Military targeting maps Maps have long been used to fight wars, w Targeting maps help to fine-tune bombin to destroy certain select targets and peop Force pilots are briefed with a terrain mod during World War II (top). Geographic I maps of bombing targets – are at the core bombing missions for the war in Iraq (bo Maps Kill!Maps Kill! 6 Maps Kill! Military targeting maps Maps have long been used to fight wars, win battles, and kill people. Targeting maps help to fine-tune bombing during military campaigns, to destroy certain select targets and people and not others. Royal Air Force pilots are briefed with a terrain model prior to a bombing mission during World War II (top). Geographic Information Systems – and maps of bombing targets – are at the core of strategizing and planning bombing missions for the war in Iraq (bottom).
Route of Marine jet Ski lift cable (not on map) hit by jet 20 killed near Cavalese, northern Italy 7 20 killed near Cavalese, northern Italy Despite a long tradition of map making, and expensive and extensive new technologies for making maps, maps still can fail and so kill. A U.S. Marine Corps jet struck and severed a ski lift cable spanning an Alpine valley in northern Italy in 1998, sending the ski lift gondola crashing to the earth, killing 20 people. The jet crew did have a map of the area, but not one that showed the ski lift cable. The cable was shown on Italian maps, but the Pentagon prohibits the use of maps made by foreign nations. Map users and makers should always be critical of maps: maps have the power and potential for failing that every human-created object has.
2 Why Are You Making Your Map? What are you trying to say with your map? Who are you saying it to? What do they know? How will they use it? Are they going to see it on a computer, paper, poster, or projected on a screen during a presentation? Careful consideration of these issues will guide the making of your map and will produce a map that more effectively accomplishes what you want it to do. 1Why are you making your map? Prior to making a map, clarify your intent: intent shapes design.
1Why are you making your map? Prior to making a map, clarify your intent. Simply writing out the purpose of the map prior to making it will clarify goals; help determine relevant data, map design, and symbolization choices; and will lead to a better map. What the map is for: A map showing a proposed Black Heritage Trail in Eli County, VA. The map is the visual centerpiece of a proposal for grants to develop the trail and its associated sites, and must visually tantalize granting agencies. Poor: Good:
Heritage Trail in Eli County, VA. The map is the visual centerpiece of a proposal for grants to develop the trail and its associated sites, and must visually tantalize granting agencies. Poor: Good: ü title suggests county rather than trail as primary subject of the map. ü hard to figure out where the trail is. ü cities and roads along trail not visually different from other cities and roads. ü little visual depth to the map: trail is not visually prominent. ü title suggests trail as primary subject of the map. ü easy to see the trail. ü cities and roads along trail are visually prominent. ü meaningful visual depth to the map: trail is visually prominent. Eli County, VA Black Heritage Trail RadenCaspar Tuper Centerton Belle Varney Eli Beebe Cash Reper S everin Mountain Black Heritage Trail Eli County, VA RadenCaspar Tuper Centerton Belle Varney Eli Beebe Cash Reper S everin Mountain
Goal: The County Chamber of Commerce shows the shortest and least costly route for the connector. They focus on property values: Good: Good: Different goals call for different maps! Frequently the quality of a map is a matter of perspective, not design. This is because a map is a statement locating facts, and people tend to select the facts that make their case. That’s what the map is for: to make their case. Consider the examples below. A proposed connector road (dashed black) cuts through a city. Different groups create equally good maps to articulate their different perspectives on the proposed route. Though the maps may seem polemical, isolating the facts each presents is useful in focusing debate. Goal: A community group contends the connector will devastate the African American community by cutting it in half:
28 Goal: The County Chamber of Commerce shows the shortest and least costly route for the connector. They focus on property values: Good: Good: the maps may seem polemical, isolating the facts each presents is useful in focusing debate. lowmed.highProperty Values: lowmed.high% African Amer: Goal: A community group contends the connector will devastate the African American community by cutting it in half: African American Community Center 1st African Methodist Episcopal Church Lincoln Park MLK High School
29 Good: Good: lowmed.high% Historical Buildings: lowmed.highDensity of Businesses: Goal: A historical preservation group shows that historical properties in a historical district will be adversely affected: Goal: The Oberlin Business Association argues the proposed road will siphon traffic and thus business away from their members: Historic ‘Shotgun’ Houses, ca. 1860 Oberlin Business District Oldest Home in City Historic City Hall Olmsted’s Lincoln Park Oberlin Historical District
Goal: An environmental group shows how the proposed connector violates the city’s long- standing policy of avoiding road construction in floodplains: Good: Good: Goal: A newspaper story changes the scale to show that the County Chamber of Commerce wants the connector as part of an incentive package to attract a pharmaceutical firm to a suburban development. Most of the employees for the new facility would come from the suburbs south of the city: Potential Pharmaceutical Facility Downtown Area (detail on previous maps) New Suburban Development 100-Year Floodplain
Different goals produce different maps! The eight maps involved in this debate over the location of the connector are all good. Each is clear. Each makes its point with accurate data in a way that is easy to read and understand. What makes the maps different is the different purposes each was designed to serve. It is this purpose that drove the selection of facts, and these facts that dictated the design and scale. Goal: Due to historical and environmental concerns with the proposed connector, and the embarrassing newspaper article, the planning department is asked to develop two alternative options. When these alternatives are mapped, they raise additional concerns (and maps): Goal: Alternative B, while more costly than A, is cheaper than C (which passes through property owned by influential developers who don’t favor the connector). B also has a lower environmental impact and does not adversely affect any organized social groups or business interests.
Good: Good: purposes each was designed to serve. It is this purpose that drove the selection of facts, and these facts that dictated the design and scale. Goal: Due to historical and environmental concerns with the proposed connector, and the embarrassing newspaper article, the planning department is asked to develop two alternative options. When these alternatives are mapped, they raise additional concerns (and maps): Goal: Alternative B, while more costly than A, is cheaper than C (which passes through property owned by influential developers who don’t favor the connector). B also has a lower environmental impact and does not adversely affect any organized social groups or business interests. Down- town Area A B C Alternative B: Cuts through some older development and small parcels of undeveloped land. Alternative C: Cuts through undeveloped but more expensive land. Down- town Area Connector: Final choice, proposals for funding will be sought.
balance Balancing map elements is complicated and intuitive. The map elements to balance vary in weight. Heavier elements include those that are larger, darker, brightly colored, simpler and more compact in shape, and closer to the map edge (particularly the top). Lighter elements include those that are smaller, lighter, dully colored, complex or irregularly shaped, and closer to the map center. Poor balance: Better balance: Coctails Served Miffloe Co. Golf Courses Projection:AlbersYes Coctails Served Miffloe Co. Golf Courses Balance refers to the stability of a map layout. When balance is poor, map readers may be distracted. When balance is achieved, map readers will focus on the content of the map. Balance can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. alance Balancing map elements is complicated and ntuitive. The map elements to balance vary 3Balance refers to the stability of a map layout. Wh balance is poor, map readers may be distracted. W balance is achieved, map readers will focus on th content of the map. Balance can be symmetrical asymmetrical. Map layout: balance
smaller, lighter, dully colored, complex or irregularly shaped, and closer to the map center. Poor balance: Better balance: Coctails Served Miffloe Co. Golf Courses Projection:Albers RF=1:15,000 Yes No Coctails Served Miffloe Co. Golf Courses Projection:Albers RF=1:15,000Yes No
126 Poor layout: Good layout: Earwig Bites in Ohio Per 1000 persons, by county, 2000 Data Source: Ohio EPA Projection: Albers Equal Area 0 50 100 mi Earwig Bites Ohio EPA 0 50 100 mi N Earwig Bites per 1000 persons 0 1-3 4-10 11-100 101-455 0 1-3 4-10 11-100 101-455
256 11Color is a vital and vexing part of making maps. Prior to the computer, making color maps was difficult and expensive. With computers, color is always an option and is often used poorly and even when it is not necessary. Yes, you can easily use color on you map, but ask yourself: Is it really necessary? If so, then at least use color well. Color on Maps no! ya! The fruity colors on the above map may appeal to those with dubious tastes, but they make the data tough to understand: ü which counties have the highest rates? ü which counties have the lowest rates? Switch to red & blue and ask the same questions of the map. The reader has a much easier time interpreting the data! Large Bush Win Medium Bush Win Small Bush Win Small Kerry Win Medium Kerry Win Large Kerry Win no! no! ya! ya! Election 2004 11Color is a vital and vexing part of making maps. Prior to the computer, making color maps was difficult and expensive. With computers, color is always an option and is often used poorly and even when it is not necessary. Yes, you can easily use color on you map, but ask yourself: Is it really necessary? If so, then at least use color well. Color on Maps no! The fruity colors on the above map may appeal to those with dubious tastes, but they make the data tough to understand: ü which counties have the highest rates? ü which counties have the lowest rates? Switch to red & blue and ask the same questions of the map. The reader has a much easier time interpreting the data! Large Bush Win Medium Bush Win Small Bush Win Small Kerry Win Medium Kerry Win Large Kerry Win no! no! Election 2004
11Color is a vital and vexing part of making maps. Prior to the computer, making color maps was difficult and expensive. With computers, color is always an option and is often used poorly and even when it is not necessary. Yes, you can easily use color on you map, but ask yourself: Is it really necessary? If so, then at least use color well. Color on Maps no! The fruity colors on the above map may appeal to those with dubious tastes, but they make the data tough to understand: ü which counties have the highest rates? ü which counties have the lowest rates? Switch to red & blue and ask the same questions of the map. The reader has a much easier time interpreting the data! Large Bush Win Medium Bush Win Small Bush Win Small Kerry Win Medium Kerry Win Large Kerry Win no! no! Election 2004 2002 Township Elections 2002 Township Elections The use of colors on maps is complex: colors interact with surrounding colors, there are perceptual differences among map viewers, and color has symbolic connotations. color interacts with surrounding colors Simultaneous Contrast The appearance of any color on a map depends on the colors that surround it. This optical illusion makes the grey dot on the top look slightly darker than the grey dot below (for most people). If the background of a map has varying colors, check that the symbols that are supposed to be the same color look the same everywhere on the map. Purity of Hues When used together on a map, some hues look pure, while other hues look like mixtures. Green and red seem to be relatively pure compared to orange or purple, which seem to be a mix. Consider the purity of hues when combining colors on a map. If your goal for your map is to imply distinctive differences, use pure hues (green, red, blue). If your goal is to imply less distinctive differences, used mixed hues (orange, brown). Poor use of purity of hues: Good use of purity of hues: on maps
11Color is a vital and vexing part of making maps. Prior to the computer, making color maps was difficult and expensive. With computers, color is always an option and is often used poorly and even when it is not necessary. Yes, you can easily use color on you map, but ask yourself: Is it really necessary? If so, then at least use color well. Color on Maps no! The fruity colors on the above map may appeal to those with dubious tastes, but they make the data tough to understand: ü which counties have the highest rates? ü which counties have the lowest rates? Switch to red & blue and ask the same questions of the map. The reader has a much easier time interpreting the data! Large Bush Win Medium Bush Win Small Bush Win Small Kerry Win Medium Kerry Win Large Kerry Win no! no! Election 2004 262 2002 Township Elections Reed County, WI Republican Win Democrat Win 2002 Township Elections Reed County, WI Republican Win Democrat Win hues look like mixtures. Green and red seem to be relatively pure compared to orange or purple, which seem to be a mix. Consider the purity of hues when combining colors on a map. If your goal for your map is to imply distinctive differences, use pure hues (green, red, blue). If your goal is to imply less distinctive differences, used mixed hues (orange, brown). Poor use of purity of hues: Good use of purity of hues:
11Color is a vital and vexing part of making maps. Prior to the computer, making color maps was difficult and expensive. With computers, color is always an option and is often used poorly and even when it is not necessary. Yes, you can easily use color on you map, but ask yourself: Is it really necessary? If so, then at least use color well. Color on Maps no! The fruity colors on the above map may appeal to those with dubious tastes, but they make the data tough to understand: ü which counties have the highest rates? ü which counties have the lowest rates? Switch to red & blue and ask the same questions of the map. The reader has a much easier time interpreting the data! Large Bush Win Medium Bush Win Small Bush Win Small Kerry Win Medium Kerry Win Large Kerry Win no! no! Election 2004 Favorite Hotdog Condiment Majority Opinion, Oregon, 2003 Favorite Hotdog Condiment Majority Opinion, Oregon, 2003 Relish Mustard Ketchup This value series suggests an order in the data that does not exist. Relish Mustard Ketchup Three hues suggest no order and reflect actual condiment colors. Color differences should suggest differences in your data. Qualitative, binary, and ordered (quantitative) differences can be matched to colors that suggest similar variations.Mapping QualitativeData Poor qualitative colors (value): Good qualitative colors (hue):
11Color is a vital and vexing part of making maps. Prior to the computer, making color maps was difficult and expensive. With computers, color is always an option and is often used poorly and even when it is not necessary. Yes, you can easily use color on you map, but ask yourself: Is it really necessary? If so, then at least use color well. Color on Maps no! The fruity colors on the above map may appeal to those with dubious tastes, but they make the data tough to understand: ü which counties have the highest rates? ü which counties have the lowest rates? Switch to red & blue and ask the same questions of the map. The reader has a much easier time interpreting the data! Large Bush Win Medium Bush Win Small Bush Win Small Kerry Win Medium Kerry Win Large Kerry Win no! no! Election 2004 268 Elvis Is Dead? Majority Opinion, Oregon, 2003 Elvis Is Dead? Majority Opinion, Oregon, 2003 Relish Mustard in the data that does not exist. Relish Mustard actual condiment colors. No Yes This pair of values suggests that Yes opinions are more important than No. No Yes Two hues suggest either opinion is as important. Mapping BinaryData OK binary colors (value): OK binary colors (hue):
278 critiquing the whole map ü does your map do what you want it to do? ü is your map suitable for your intended audience? Will they be confused, bored, interested, or informed? ü does the map reproduce well on its final medium? Has the potential of a black-and-white or color design been reached? ü describe the overall look of the map in terms of these word pairs, then ask: is that what I want to convey? ü confusing or clear ü interesting or boring ü amorphous or structured ü light or dark ü fragmented or coherent ü constrained or lavish ü random or ordered ü modern or traditional ü crowded or empty ü bold or timid ü free or bounded ü subtle or blatant ü lopsided or balanced ü flexible or rigid ü neat or sloppy ü hard or soft ü crude or elegant ü tentative or final ü high or low contrast ü authoritative or unauthoratative ü complex or simple ü appropriate or inappropriate often noted the location of the event. This map must appeal to a broad audience and be as fun as the data while also being informative. The map your lackey created - which we are looking at – can be critiqued and reworked to be much better.
279 ü only barely ... the data are there but the map is dull and confusing. ü the viewers of this map will certainly expect something easier to interpret and more visually interesting. ü the map has to be black and white, but much more can be done with monochrome than this pitiful map does. ü I don’t think this is what I want to convey ... ü confusing ü definitely boring ü too structured ü too light for dark phenomena ü numbers = fragmented ü overly constrained ü numbers = random ü blandly traditional ü too empty ü timid ü over-bounded ü too subtle ü OK balance ü dull and rigid ü neat but dull ü hard and edgy ü crude looking ü seems tentative, unfinished ü contrast too high ü authoritative but dull ü simplistic ü inappropriate, given map goals! Undertake a systematic critique, then redesign the map ...
Slide Presentation Quick Guide http://www.sae.org/events/bce/powerpoint_help.pdf
Slide Layout Should be consistent throughout the presentation Headings, sub-headings, and logo in the same place Margin identical throughout (with exception of tables and charts) Use color for visual interest Replace words with visuals when possible Provide white space Lines, boxes, and open space should be consistent http://www.sae.org/events/bce/powerpoint_help.pdf
Text Should Provide the Message Highlight Main Points 1 Message per slide Use only keywords or phrases Use bullets when possible One thought per bullet 3-6 bullets per slider NEVER READ THE SLIDES! http://www.sae.org/events/bce/powerpoint_help.pdf
Fonts Should be Readable Use no more than 2 fonts Use no less than 24 pts for main message and 18 pts for bullets Use distance readable fonts line (i.e., san-serif fonts) Do not use close-uptextfonts (i.e., serif fonts), or Fancy Fonts Do not use Script or italics Use Upper and lower case fonts Always spell check http://www.sae.org/events/bce/powerpoint_help.pdf
Visual Should Simplify the Message Use bar/line/pie charts, tables, diagrams, cartoons, clip art, photos, illustration Tables: should contain only necessary information Large numbers should be rounded Pie charts: Show data as % of whole No more than 5 sections Bar charts: Show relationship between variables no more than 3-4 bars Line charts: Make data points readable Use color or shapes for different data points http://www.sae.org/events/bce/powerpoint_help.pdf
Audience Formulate your objectives Consider the audience: Who will be there? Why do they need this information? How will this information help them in their job? If they receive this information - so what? How this will benefit them? http://www.sae.org/events/bce/powerpoint_help.pdf
Audience Learning Audience learn better when: Information relates specially or in general to their work environments They are able to apply session ideas to their own work Use anecdotal examples Link content to experiences Presenter does not READ THE TEXT or READ THE SLIDES http://www.sae.org/events/bce/powerpoint_help.pdf
Delivery Your presentation should reflect the session’s description Be prepared Rehearse the presentation ahead of time Arrive early to check the room & equipment Book End your presentation (strong opening, strong closing) State your objectives clearly early in the presentation Establish good eye contact, get audience involved Be enthusiastic! http://www.sae.org/events/bce/powerpoint_help.pdf
Questions, Answers, and Handouts Provide opportunities for questions & answers Stay after the session and answer any additional questions Provide relevant handouts that: Complement the presentation Provide technical details Provide references Technical detail is presented in the Handouts not in the delivery http://www.sae.org/events/bce/powerpoint_help.pdf
How to Design a Bad Presentation Ways to misuse visuals, text, and animation in PowerPoint presentation Adapted from Brian Satterfield’s article http://www.techsoup.org/learningcenter/training/page6702.cfm
1. Jam as much information into the slides as possible The more information you include, the more your audience will learn and retain. THIS IS OFTEN NOT THE CASE. 2. Avoid the use of visuals Or use clip art of flowers, cartoons no matter what your are talking about 3. Use plenty of animations – just because you can Animation can be fun Flashing icons grab audience attention 4. Use transitions arbitrarily They will wait to see what’s next transition
5. Use tiny, hard-to-read fonts Fancy fonts make your slide more beautiful 6. Choose color schemes at random Hot pink and baby blue are my favorite colors 7. Don’t Proofread Don’t worry, only texts of short words on my slides, not even a full sentence 8. Forget the feedback Your presentation is so good that nobody has any question.

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Presenting data

  • 1.
  • 2.
  • 3.
    Common mistakes foundin data tables Use more complete title. IMPORTANT: List major variables, unit of analysis, year(s), and cases (or selection criterion for cases) Use complete source citation (and don't just list the url) Avoid awkward abbreviations, such as "LA" or "Philly" No need for digits to the right of the decimal place for discrete variables Excel displays ###### if the number is too wide for the column -- expand column width Use 1000 comma separators (e.g., 9,710,156) Be more precise: "Per capita income in 1989, in $000 s " Right justify all digits Be consistent with the degree of accuracy used: In general, no need for digits beyond 1/10th of a percent (e.g., 12.6%) Make sure categories are mutually exclusive (no overlap) and exhaustive (all possibilities covered) "Hispanic origin," for US Census purposes, can be of any race. Therefore, one cannot combine these categories without risking double- Spell out "%" as "percent" in titles. Also explain "percent of … "
  • 4.
    Example 1 Data onFavorite TV Shows
  • 5.
    Favorite TV Showsamong Clague Middle School 8th Graders (Number of Students), 1999Favorite TV Shows among Clague Middle School 8th Graders (Number of Students), 1999Favorite TV Shows among Clague Middle School 8th Graders (Number of Students), 1999Favorite TV Shows among Clague Middle School 8th Graders (Number of Students), 1999Favorite TV Shows among Clague Middle School 8th Graders (Number of Students), 1999Favorite TV Shows among Clague Middle School 8th Graders (Number of Students), 1999Favorite TV Shows among Clague Middle School 8th Graders (Number of Students), 1999Favorite TV Shows among Clague Middle School 8th Graders (Number of Students), 1999Favorite TV Shows among Clague Middle School 8th Graders (Number of Students), 1999Favorite TV Shows among Clague Middle School 8th Graders (Number of Students), 1999 (the result of a nonscientific survey -- note the oversampling of girls vs. boys)(the result of a nonscientific survey -- note the oversampling of girls vs. boys)(the result of a nonscientific survey -- note the oversampling of girls vs. boys)(the result of a nonscientific survey -- note the oversampling of girls vs. boys)(the result of a nonscientific survey -- note the oversampling of girls vs. boys)(the result of a nonscientific survey -- note the oversampling of girls vs. boys)(the result of a nonscientific survey -- note the oversampling of girls vs. boys)(the result of a nonscientific survey -- note the oversampling of girls vs. boys)(the result of a nonscientific survey -- note the oversampling of girls vs. boys)(the result of a nonscientific survey -- note the oversampling of girls vs. boys) gender Real World Simpson's 7th heaven Buffy the Vampire Slayer Party of Five Dawson's Creek Charmed 90210 Total Male 4 7 1 1 1 1 0 0 15 Female 3 4 4 8 5 16 1 3 44 TOTAL 7 11 5 9 6 17 1 3 59 gender Real World Simpson's 7th heaven Buffy the Vampire Slayer Party of Five Dawson's Creek Charmed 90210 Total Male 27% 47% 7% 7% 7% 7% 0% 0% 100% Female 7% 9% 9% 18% 11% 36% 2% 7% 100% Data Table Percents
  • 6.
    ADVANTAGE: a simpleway to show the big and small categories DISADVANTAGES: harder to include multiple variables (without multiple pie charts); takes up a lot of space/ink (low information/ink ratio). preferred TV shows among boys at Clague Middle School, 1998 Real World 26% Simpson's 46% 7th heaven 7% Buffy the Vampire Slayer 7% Party of Five 7% Dawson's Creek 7% Charmed 0% Pie Chart
  • 7.
    Preferred TV showsamong Clague students (comparing boys and girls), in percent, 1998 27% 47% 7% 7% 7% 7% 0%0% 7% 9% 9% 18% 11% 36% 2% 7% Real World Simpson's 7th heaven Buffy the Vampire Slayer Party of Five Dawson's Creek Charmed 90210 Boys Girls This is a "DOUGHNUT CHART" -- a relatively new option on Excel. Fun, but the eye sees variations in the graphic design, not in the data. VERDICT: not very useful here. Doughnut Chart
  • 8.
    0 2 46 8 10 12 14 16 number of students Real World Simpson's 7th heaven Buffy the Vampire Slayer Party of Five Dawson's Creek Charmed 90210 Preferred TV shows among Clague students (comparing boys and girls), 1998 Female Male Note: 3-D graphics can be appealing but distracting. The basic goal: have the eye see patterns in the data, not just patterns in Excel graphing capabilities. Also: harder to see zero values. Horizontal can sometimes be helpful, but not here. 3D Bar Chart
  • 9.
    Preferred TV showsamong Clague students (comparing boys and girls), 1998 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Real World Simpson's 7th heaven Buffy the Vampire Slayer Party of Five Dawson's Creek Charmed 90210 numberofstudents Male Female Note: 2-D is easier on the eye. And compared to the pie chart, easier to include multiple dimensions (gender and show). But: since many more girls answered the survey than boys, it is hard to easily compare what shows appeal to boys vs. girls. 2D Bar Chart (Absolute Values)
  • 10.
    Preferred TV showsamong Clague students (comparing boys and girls), in percent, 1998 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% Real World Simpson's 7th heaven Buffy the Vampire Slayer Party of Five Dawson's Creek Charmed 90210 Male Female Note: by converting to percent of total (for boys or for girls), one can more easily compare what shows appeal to boys vs. girls. 2D Column Chart (%)
  • 11.
    Preferred TV showsamong Clague students (comparing boys and girls), in percent, 1998 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% Real World Simpson's 7th heaven Buffy the Vampire Slayer Party of Five Dawson's Creek Charmed 90210 Male Female Note: add some gridlines, and have all these lines a light greyscale so that the data stands out. The harder question: can you develop a theory to explain these differences in viewing preferences between teenage boys and girls? 2D Column Chart (%)
  • 12.
    Example 2 Data onWorld Cities
  • 13.
    Population, Income andSocial Measures for 25 Major Metropolitan Areas of the World, ranked by latitude, 1980Population, Income and Social Measures for 25 Major Metropolitan Areas of the World, ranked by latitude, 1980Population, Income and Social Measures for 25 Major Metropolitan Areas of the World, ranked by latitude, 1980Population, Income and Social Measures for 25 Major Metropolitan Areas of the World, ranked by latitude, 1980Population, Income and Social Measures for 25 Major Metropolitan Areas of the World, ranked by latitude, 1980Population, Income and Social Measures for 25 Major Metropolitan Areas of the World, ranked by latitude, 1980Population, Income and Social Measures for 25 Major Metropolitan Areas of the World, ranked by latitude, 1980 Percent of Population under Age 20 Regional Population Weekly Earnings Population per Physician Residents Per Housing Unit Latitude (degrees) Santiago 41.7 4,039,287 1,988 -33 Sao Paulo 40 12,588,439 122 437 4.12 -24 Jakarta 52.9 6,555,954 34 1,968 -6 Bogota 51.5 4,012,433 95 4 Manila 51.4 5,925,884 43 14 Bangkok 44.1 5,350,000 64 1,256 6.28 14 Mexico City 48.5 14,750,182 87 554 5.03 19 Delhi 48.9 5,940,119 4.95 29 Cairo 47.4 11,000,000 49 630 4.45 30 Busan 42.1 6,414,631 2,133 8.52 35 Seoul 42.5 12,835,554 129 1,552 8.66 38 San Francisco 19.9 3,250,630 400 179 2.15 38 Istanbul 43.5 4,741,890 82 449 41 Lyon 22.4 4,992,000 223 557 2.18 46 Budapest 23.3 2,060,644 182 2.75 47 Vienna 21.4 1,531,346 259 252 1.86 48 Munich 18 3,658,000 300 213 2.22 48 Paris 18.7 10,046,000 247 281 1.99 49 Dusseldorf 21.1 5,209,000 257 2.05 51 Rotterdam 23.1 3,154,000 52 Warsaw 23 2,773,882 146 2.9 52 West Berlin 21.6 1,888,669 250 230 1.69 53 Hamburg 20.6 1,637,132 285 269 2.06 53 Helsinki 22.1 910,414 262 2.21 60 Source: Marlin, John T., Immanuel Ness, and Stephen T. Collins. 1986. Book of World City Rankings. New York and London: The Free Press.Source: Marlin, John T., Immanuel Ness, and Stephen T. Collins. 1986. Book of World City Rankings. New York and London: The Free Press.Source: Marlin, John T., Immanuel Ness, and Stephen T. Collins. 1986. Book of World City Rankings. New York and London: The Free Press.Source: Marlin, John T., Immanuel Ness, and Stephen T. Collins. 1986. Book of World City Rankings. New York and London: The Free Press.Source: Marlin, John T., Immanuel Ness, and Stephen T. Collins. 1986. Book of World City Rankings. New York and London: The Free Press.Source: Marlin, John T., Immanuel Ness, and Stephen T. Collins. 1986. Book of World City Rankings. New York and London: The Free Press.Source: Marlin, John T., Immanuel Ness, and Stephen T. Collins. 1986. Book of World City Rankings. New York and London: The Free Press. Data Table
  • 14.
    0 2000000 4000000 6000000 8000000 10000000 12000000 14000000 16000000 1 2 34 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Percent of Population under Age 20 Regional Population Goal: to compare regional population and percent of population under age 20. If using a simple column chart, the radically different scale of the two variables obscures the smaller variable (percent of pop). This is not very good. 2D Column Chart
  • 15.
    Goal: to compare regionalpopulation and percent of population under age 20. You can use two different scales, which allows for both variables to be clearly shown. But this can be confusing, and the patterns are still not very clear. Sorting the data from high to low for one variable might help. Line Chart 0 2,000,000 4,000,000 6,000,000 8,000,000 10,000,000 12,000,000 14,000,000 16,000,000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Population 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 PercentofPopulationunderAge20 Regional Population Percent of Population under Age 20
  • 16.
    Goal: to compare regionalpopulation and percent of population under age 20. Using an x-y scatterplot, it is much easier to show the patterns between two variables. (this can be a very useful tool for bivariate graphing.) X-Y Scatterplot 0 2,000,000 4,000,000 6,000,000 8,000,000 10,000,000 12,000,000 14,000,000 16,000,000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Percent of Population under Age 20 RegionalPopulation Note that the larger cities tend to have a greater percent of their population under age 20 (which can either indicate high fertility rates, low life expectancies, or age- selective migration -- all characteristic of cities in developing countries)
  • 17.
    X-Y Scatterplot 2 Notethat the larger cities tend to have larger household sizes. 0 2,000,000 4,000,000 6,000,000 8,000,000 10,000,000 12,000,000 14,000,000 16,000,000 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Residents per housing unit RegionalPopulation
  • 18.
    X-Y Scatterplot 3 Notethat cities with younger populations also tend to have larger household sizes. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Residents per housing unit PercentofPopulationUnderAge20
  • 19.
    Bubble Chart Note: Thesize of the bubble is proportionate to the metropolitan population size Latitude, Percent of Population under Age 20, and Population Size for 25 Major Metropolitan Areas of the World, 1980 (with selected cities labeled) Istanbul Rotterdam Bangkok Lyon Cairo Paris Mexico City Sao Paolo Seoul Jakarta Manila San Francisco Bogota Santiago Delhi Busan -60 -48 -36 -24 -12 0 12 24 36 48 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Percent of Metropolitan Population under Age 20 SOUTH--Latitude(degrees)--NORTH Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Equator (This is an example of juxtaposing variables in an unusual way to reveal patterns. The bubble option allows for 3 variables. Using colors would allow for 4.)
  • 20.
  • 21.
    pt from GuilfordPublications. Guide to Map Design for GIS, John Krygier and Denis Wood What is it? What is it?
  • 22.
    Red Lake Mississippi RiverSt. Louis River Lake Superior 3 1It’s a Map Ojibwe (Native American) ca. 1820 Maps are a powerful way of thinking about the earth. This Native map, drawn on birch bark (which accounts for its shape), shows the migration legend of the Ojibwe, from the creation of their people (on the right) to their home in the upper Midwest (on the left). The left and central portions of the map show Lake Huron, Lake Superior, and Red Lake in Minnesota. The right side of the map relates the spiritual realities of the Ojibwe origins with important spiritual guides symbolized along the route. The map is a sophisticated synthesis of spiritual and physical geography, revealing the vital importance of making maps in the context of your life and belief systems. Lake Michigan Lakes Erie, Huron, & Ontario 1It’s a Map Ojibwe (Native American) ca. 1820 Maps are a powerful way of thinking about the earth. This Native map, drawn on birch bark (which accounts for its sh shows the migration legend of the Ojibwe, from the creation of thei (on the right) to their home in the upper Midwest (on the left). T and central portions of the map show Lake Huron, Lake Superio Red Lake in Minnesota. The right side of the map relates the spi realities of the Ojibwe origins with important spiritual guides sym along the route. The map is a sophisticated synthesis of spiritual physical geography, revealing the vital importance of making map Lake Michigan Lakes Erie, Huron, & Ontario
  • 23.
    3 1It’s a Map Ojibwe(Native American) ca. 1820 Maps are a powerful way of thinking about the earth. This Native map, drawn on birch bark (which accounts for its shape), shows the migration legend of the Ojibwe, from the creation of their people (on the right) to their home in the upper Midwest (on the left). The left and central portions of the map show Lake Huron, Lake Superior, and Red Lake in Minnesota. The right side of the map relates the spiritual realities of the Ojibwe origins with important spiritual guides symbolized along the route. The map is a sophisticated synthesis of spiritual and physical geography, revealing the vital importance of making maps in the context of your life and belief systems.
  • 24.
    What Is aMap? A graphic statement that locates facts Graphic: A visual display of marks which stand for something else. An airplane shape on a map implies an airport. Statement: To put forth information, a formal embodiment of facts or assertions. Locating facts: Tangible and intangible phenomena located in geographic space: what we can see (roads, rivers) and what we cannot see (temperature, radiation), varying in amount (population) and kind (vegetation types). Areas crossed by two or more radioactive clouds during the era of nuclear testing in the American Southwest, 1951-62.
  • 25.
    Maps Shape HowWe See The earth is really big and complex Maps are small and show only a few of the multitude of human and natural features. When making maps, we strip away selected details and flatten the earth’s surface, showing what we could not otherwise see.
  • 26.
    94 curved surface getsdistorted when you flatten it. An orange peel tears when you peel and flatten it. A toad skin tears when you peel and flatten it.
  • 27.
    Less detail Map makersremove detail to show what they choose to show. Entire earth, all at once Map makers flatten the earth’s entire surface. This map stretches continental shapes, revealing distortions that occur when we flatten the earth’s surface. Seeing the invisible On maps we can record what is visible to us – coastlines – and what is not visible to us – temperatures.
  • 28.
    from http://makingmaps.owu.edu 146 intellectual hierarchy,you can choose a visual hierarchy that reflects the intellectual hierarchy. If map elements are not important to your goals for your map, they are probably “map-crap” and can be left off. Depth on the flats... Some elements stand out, and others fall to the back. This is visual hierarchy. A successful visual hierarchy shows you what is most important first; these elements jump out. Less important elements are less visually noticeable and fall to the back. A successful visual hierarchy clearly communicates the intellectual hierarchy and intent of your your map. Side view of graphic above showing depth. Good visual hierarchy:Poor visual hierarchy: St. Quash City St. Quash Serial Murders St. Quash Serial Murders Lupin Lake Mt. St. Quash Contour Interval = 100 m Red C reek bodies found St. Quash City Lupin Lake Mt. St. Quash Contour Interval = 100 m Red C r eek bodies found 146 Some elements stand out, and others fall to the back. This is visual hierarchy. A successful visual hierarchy shows you what is most important first; these elements jump out. Less important elements are less visually noticeable and fall to the back. A successful visual hierarchy clearly communicates the intellectual hierarchy and intent of your your map. Side view of graphic above showing depth. Good visual hierarchy:Poor visual hierarchy: St. Quash City St. Quash Serial Murders St. Quash Serial Murders Lupin Lake Mt. St. Quash Contour Interval = 100 m Red C reek bodies found St. Quash City Lupin Lake Mt. St. Quash Contour Interval = 100 m Red C r eek bodies found
  • 29.
    visual difference see thepoint of your map. Noticeable visual differences separate figure from ground and enhance visual hierarchy. The examples on the following pages all enhance visual differences to build a visual hierarchy. To focus attention on the most important areas on your map, make it visually different from peripheral areas. Poor visual difference: Inatz Lakey Ada Meeker River City Rainville Riegen Tipp City Anatol Buena Vista Campton Westin Deer City Jaybe Campton Meeker Riegen Campton Westin Deer City Jaybe Inatz Lakey Ada River City Rainville Tipp City Anatol Buena Vista Good visual difference: Meeker Riegen Campton Westin Deer City Jaybe Inatz Lakey Ada River City Rainville Tipp City Anatol Buena Vista
  • 30.
    150 detail Figure has moredetail than ground. To focus attention on the most important area on your map, reduce detail in peripheral areas. River City Anatol River City AnatolRiver City Anatol Inatz Lakey Ada Meeker River City Rainville Riegen Tipp City Anatol Buena Vista Campton Westin Deer City Jaybe Poor detail: Meeker Riegen Campton Westin Deer City Jaybe Good detail:
  • 31.
    150 detail Figure has moredetail than ground. To focus attention on the most important area on your map, reduce detail in peripheral areas. River City Anatol River City AnatolRiver City Anatol Inatz Lakey Ada Meeker River City Rainville Riegen Tipp City Anatol Buena Vista Campton Westin Deer City Jaybe Poor detail: Meeker Riegen Campton Westin Deer City Jaybe Good detail:
  • 32.
    Where is ... Whereis 231 Crestview Road, in Columbus, Ohio? What is the route ... How do I get from 231 Crestview Road to Delaware, Ohio? How many ... How many people live in Delaware, Ohio, and where are they?
  • 33.
    Maps Kill! Military targetingmaps Maps have long been used to fight wars, w Targeting maps help to fine-tune bombin to destroy certain select targets and peop Force pilots are briefed with a terrain mod during World War II (top). Geographic I maps of bombing targets – are at the core bombing missions for the war in Iraq (bo Maps Kill!Maps Kill! 6 Maps Kill! Military targeting maps Maps have long been used to fight wars, win battles, and kill people. Targeting maps help to fine-tune bombing during military campaigns, to destroy certain select targets and people and not others. Royal Air Force pilots are briefed with a terrain model prior to a bombing mission during World War II (top). Geographic Information Systems – and maps of bombing targets – are at the core of strategizing and planning bombing missions for the war in Iraq (bottom).
  • 34.
    Route of Marine jet Skilift cable (not on map) hit by jet 20 killed near Cavalese, northern Italy 7 20 killed near Cavalese, northern Italy Despite a long tradition of map making, and expensive and extensive new technologies for making maps, maps still can fail and so kill. A U.S. Marine Corps jet struck and severed a ski lift cable spanning an Alpine valley in northern Italy in 1998, sending the ski lift gondola crashing to the earth, killing 20 people. The jet crew did have a map of the area, but not one that showed the ski lift cable. The cable was shown on Italian maps, but the Pentagon prohibits the use of maps made by foreign nations. Map users and makers should always be critical of maps: maps have the power and potential for failing that every human-created object has.
  • 35.
    2 Why Are You MakingYour Map? What are you trying to say with your map? Who are you saying it to? What do they know? How will they use it? Are they going to see it on a computer, paper, poster, or projected on a screen during a presentation? Careful consideration of these issues will guide the making of your map and will produce a map that more effectively accomplishes what you want it to do. 1Why are you making your map? Prior to making a map, clarify your intent: intent shapes design.
  • 36.
    1Why are youmaking your map? Prior to making a map, clarify your intent. Simply writing out the purpose of the map prior to making it will clarify goals; help determine relevant data, map design, and symbolization choices; and will lead to a better map. What the map is for: A map showing a proposed Black Heritage Trail in Eli County, VA. The map is the visual centerpiece of a proposal for grants to develop the trail and its associated sites, and must visually tantalize granting agencies. Poor: Good:
  • 37.
    Heritage Trail inEli County, VA. The map is the visual centerpiece of a proposal for grants to develop the trail and its associated sites, and must visually tantalize granting agencies. Poor: Good: ü title suggests county rather than trail as primary subject of the map. ü hard to figure out where the trail is. ü cities and roads along trail not visually different from other cities and roads. ü little visual depth to the map: trail is not visually prominent. ü title suggests trail as primary subject of the map. ü easy to see the trail. ü cities and roads along trail are visually prominent. ü meaningful visual depth to the map: trail is visually prominent. Eli County, VA Black Heritage Trail RadenCaspar Tuper Centerton Belle Varney Eli Beebe Cash Reper S everin Mountain Black Heritage Trail Eli County, VA RadenCaspar Tuper Centerton Belle Varney Eli Beebe Cash Reper S everin Mountain
  • 38.
    Goal: The CountyChamber of Commerce shows the shortest and least costly route for the connector. They focus on property values: Good: Good: Different goals call for different maps! Frequently the quality of a map is a matter of perspective, not design. This is because a map is a statement locating facts, and people tend to select the facts that make their case. That’s what the map is for: to make their case. Consider the examples below. A proposed connector road (dashed black) cuts through a city. Different groups create equally good maps to articulate their different perspectives on the proposed route. Though the maps may seem polemical, isolating the facts each presents is useful in focusing debate. Goal: A community group contends the connector will devastate the African American community by cutting it in half:
  • 39.
    28 Goal: The CountyChamber of Commerce shows the shortest and least costly route for the connector. They focus on property values: Good: Good: the maps may seem polemical, isolating the facts each presents is useful in focusing debate. lowmed.highProperty Values: lowmed.high% African Amer: Goal: A community group contends the connector will devastate the African American community by cutting it in half: African American Community Center 1st African Methodist Episcopal Church Lincoln Park MLK High School
  • 40.
    29 Good: Good: lowmed.high% Historical Buildings:lowmed.highDensity of Businesses: Goal: A historical preservation group shows that historical properties in a historical district will be adversely affected: Goal: The Oberlin Business Association argues the proposed road will siphon traffic and thus business away from their members: Historic ‘Shotgun’ Houses, ca. 1860 Oberlin Business District Oldest Home in City Historic City Hall Olmsted’s Lincoln Park Oberlin Historical District
  • 41.
    Goal: An environmentalgroup shows how the proposed connector violates the city’s long- standing policy of avoiding road construction in floodplains: Good: Good: Goal: A newspaper story changes the scale to show that the County Chamber of Commerce wants the connector as part of an incentive package to attract a pharmaceutical firm to a suburban development. Most of the employees for the new facility would come from the suburbs south of the city: Potential Pharmaceutical Facility Downtown Area (detail on previous maps) New Suburban Development 100-Year Floodplain
  • 42.
    Different goals producedifferent maps! The eight maps involved in this debate over the location of the connector are all good. Each is clear. Each makes its point with accurate data in a way that is easy to read and understand. What makes the maps different is the different purposes each was designed to serve. It is this purpose that drove the selection of facts, and these facts that dictated the design and scale. Goal: Due to historical and environmental concerns with the proposed connector, and the embarrassing newspaper article, the planning department is asked to develop two alternative options. When these alternatives are mapped, they raise additional concerns (and maps): Goal: Alternative B, while more costly than A, is cheaper than C (which passes through property owned by influential developers who don’t favor the connector). B also has a lower environmental impact and does not adversely affect any organized social groups or business interests.
  • 43.
    Good: Good: purposes eachwas designed to serve. It is this purpose that drove the selection of facts, and these facts that dictated the design and scale. Goal: Due to historical and environmental concerns with the proposed connector, and the embarrassing newspaper article, the planning department is asked to develop two alternative options. When these alternatives are mapped, they raise additional concerns (and maps): Goal: Alternative B, while more costly than A, is cheaper than C (which passes through property owned by influential developers who don’t favor the connector). B also has a lower environmental impact and does not adversely affect any organized social groups or business interests. Down- town Area A B C Alternative B: Cuts through some older development and small parcels of undeveloped land. Alternative C: Cuts through undeveloped but more expensive land. Down- town Area Connector: Final choice, proposals for funding will be sought.
  • 44.
    balance Balancing map elementsis complicated and intuitive. The map elements to balance vary in weight. Heavier elements include those that are larger, darker, brightly colored, simpler and more compact in shape, and closer to the map edge (particularly the top). Lighter elements include those that are smaller, lighter, dully colored, complex or irregularly shaped, and closer to the map center. Poor balance: Better balance: Coctails Served Miffloe Co. Golf Courses Projection:AlbersYes Coctails Served Miffloe Co. Golf Courses Balance refers to the stability of a map layout. When balance is poor, map readers may be distracted. When balance is achieved, map readers will focus on the content of the map. Balance can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. alance Balancing map elements is complicated and ntuitive. The map elements to balance vary 3Balance refers to the stability of a map layout. Wh balance is poor, map readers may be distracted. W balance is achieved, map readers will focus on th content of the map. Balance can be symmetrical asymmetrical. Map layout: balance
  • 45.
    smaller, lighter, dullycolored, complex or irregularly shaped, and closer to the map center. Poor balance: Better balance: Coctails Served Miffloe Co. Golf Courses Projection:Albers RF=1:15,000 Yes No Coctails Served Miffloe Co. Golf Courses Projection:Albers RF=1:15,000Yes No
  • 46.
    126 Poor layout: Goodlayout: Earwig Bites in Ohio Per 1000 persons, by county, 2000 Data Source: Ohio EPA Projection: Albers Equal Area 0 50 100 mi Earwig Bites Ohio EPA 0 50 100 mi N Earwig Bites per 1000 persons 0 1-3 4-10 11-100 101-455 0 1-3 4-10 11-100 101-455
  • 47.
    256 11Color is avital and vexing part of making maps. Prior to the computer, making color maps was difficult and expensive. With computers, color is always an option and is often used poorly and even when it is not necessary. Yes, you can easily use color on you map, but ask yourself: Is it really necessary? If so, then at least use color well. Color on Maps no! ya! The fruity colors on the above map may appeal to those with dubious tastes, but they make the data tough to understand: ü which counties have the highest rates? ü which counties have the lowest rates? Switch to red & blue and ask the same questions of the map. The reader has a much easier time interpreting the data! Large Bush Win Medium Bush Win Small Bush Win Small Kerry Win Medium Kerry Win Large Kerry Win no! no! ya! ya! Election 2004 11Color is a vital and vexing part of making maps. Prior to the computer, making color maps was difficult and expensive. With computers, color is always an option and is often used poorly and even when it is not necessary. Yes, you can easily use color on you map, but ask yourself: Is it really necessary? If so, then at least use color well. Color on Maps no! The fruity colors on the above map may appeal to those with dubious tastes, but they make the data tough to understand: ü which counties have the highest rates? ü which counties have the lowest rates? Switch to red & blue and ask the same questions of the map. The reader has a much easier time interpreting the data! Large Bush Win Medium Bush Win Small Bush Win Small Kerry Win Medium Kerry Win Large Kerry Win no! no! Election 2004
  • 48.
    11Color is avital and vexing part of making maps. Prior to the computer, making color maps was difficult and expensive. With computers, color is always an option and is often used poorly and even when it is not necessary. Yes, you can easily use color on you map, but ask yourself: Is it really necessary? If so, then at least use color well. Color on Maps no! The fruity colors on the above map may appeal to those with dubious tastes, but they make the data tough to understand: ü which counties have the highest rates? ü which counties have the lowest rates? Switch to red & blue and ask the same questions of the map. The reader has a much easier time interpreting the data! Large Bush Win Medium Bush Win Small Bush Win Small Kerry Win Medium Kerry Win Large Kerry Win no! no! Election 2004 2002 Township Elections 2002 Township Elections The use of colors on maps is complex: colors interact with surrounding colors, there are perceptual differences among map viewers, and color has symbolic connotations. color interacts with surrounding colors Simultaneous Contrast The appearance of any color on a map depends on the colors that surround it. This optical illusion makes the grey dot on the top look slightly darker than the grey dot below (for most people). If the background of a map has varying colors, check that the symbols that are supposed to be the same color look the same everywhere on the map. Purity of Hues When used together on a map, some hues look pure, while other hues look like mixtures. Green and red seem to be relatively pure compared to orange or purple, which seem to be a mix. Consider the purity of hues when combining colors on a map. If your goal for your map is to imply distinctive differences, use pure hues (green, red, blue). If your goal is to imply less distinctive differences, used mixed hues (orange, brown). Poor use of purity of hues: Good use of purity of hues: on maps
  • 49.
    11Color is avital and vexing part of making maps. Prior to the computer, making color maps was difficult and expensive. With computers, color is always an option and is often used poorly and even when it is not necessary. Yes, you can easily use color on you map, but ask yourself: Is it really necessary? If so, then at least use color well. Color on Maps no! The fruity colors on the above map may appeal to those with dubious tastes, but they make the data tough to understand: ü which counties have the highest rates? ü which counties have the lowest rates? Switch to red & blue and ask the same questions of the map. The reader has a much easier time interpreting the data! Large Bush Win Medium Bush Win Small Bush Win Small Kerry Win Medium Kerry Win Large Kerry Win no! no! Election 2004 262 2002 Township Elections Reed County, WI Republican Win Democrat Win 2002 Township Elections Reed County, WI Republican Win Democrat Win hues look like mixtures. Green and red seem to be relatively pure compared to orange or purple, which seem to be a mix. Consider the purity of hues when combining colors on a map. If your goal for your map is to imply distinctive differences, use pure hues (green, red, blue). If your goal is to imply less distinctive differences, used mixed hues (orange, brown). Poor use of purity of hues: Good use of purity of hues:
  • 50.
    11Color is avital and vexing part of making maps. Prior to the computer, making color maps was difficult and expensive. With computers, color is always an option and is often used poorly and even when it is not necessary. Yes, you can easily use color on you map, but ask yourself: Is it really necessary? If so, then at least use color well. Color on Maps no! The fruity colors on the above map may appeal to those with dubious tastes, but they make the data tough to understand: ü which counties have the highest rates? ü which counties have the lowest rates? Switch to red & blue and ask the same questions of the map. The reader has a much easier time interpreting the data! Large Bush Win Medium Bush Win Small Bush Win Small Kerry Win Medium Kerry Win Large Kerry Win no! no! Election 2004 Favorite Hotdog Condiment Majority Opinion, Oregon, 2003 Favorite Hotdog Condiment Majority Opinion, Oregon, 2003 Relish Mustard Ketchup This value series suggests an order in the data that does not exist. Relish Mustard Ketchup Three hues suggest no order and reflect actual condiment colors. Color differences should suggest differences in your data. Qualitative, binary, and ordered (quantitative) differences can be matched to colors that suggest similar variations.Mapping QualitativeData Poor qualitative colors (value): Good qualitative colors (hue):
  • 51.
    11Color is avital and vexing part of making maps. Prior to the computer, making color maps was difficult and expensive. With computers, color is always an option and is often used poorly and even when it is not necessary. Yes, you can easily use color on you map, but ask yourself: Is it really necessary? If so, then at least use color well. Color on Maps no! The fruity colors on the above map may appeal to those with dubious tastes, but they make the data tough to understand: ü which counties have the highest rates? ü which counties have the lowest rates? Switch to red & blue and ask the same questions of the map. The reader has a much easier time interpreting the data! Large Bush Win Medium Bush Win Small Bush Win Small Kerry Win Medium Kerry Win Large Kerry Win no! no! Election 2004 268 Elvis Is Dead? Majority Opinion, Oregon, 2003 Elvis Is Dead? Majority Opinion, Oregon, 2003 Relish Mustard in the data that does not exist. Relish Mustard actual condiment colors. No Yes This pair of values suggests that Yes opinions are more important than No. No Yes Two hues suggest either opinion is as important. Mapping BinaryData OK binary colors (value): OK binary colors (hue):
  • 52.
    278 critiquing the wholemap ü does your map do what you want it to do? ü is your map suitable for your intended audience? Will they be confused, bored, interested, or informed? ü does the map reproduce well on its final medium? Has the potential of a black-and-white or color design been reached? ü describe the overall look of the map in terms of these word pairs, then ask: is that what I want to convey? ü confusing or clear ü interesting or boring ü amorphous or structured ü light or dark ü fragmented or coherent ü constrained or lavish ü random or ordered ü modern or traditional ü crowded or empty ü bold or timid ü free or bounded ü subtle or blatant ü lopsided or balanced ü flexible or rigid ü neat or sloppy ü hard or soft ü crude or elegant ü tentative or final ü high or low contrast ü authoritative or unauthoratative ü complex or simple ü appropriate or inappropriate often noted the location of the event. This map must appeal to a broad audience and be as fun as the data while also being informative. The map your lackey created - which we are looking at – can be critiqued and reworked to be much better.
  • 53.
    279 ü only barely... the data are there but the map is dull and confusing. ü the viewers of this map will certainly expect something easier to interpret and more visually interesting. ü the map has to be black and white, but much more can be done with monochrome than this pitiful map does. ü I don’t think this is what I want to convey ... ü confusing ü definitely boring ü too structured ü too light for dark phenomena ü numbers = fragmented ü overly constrained ü numbers = random ü blandly traditional ü too empty ü timid ü over-bounded ü too subtle ü OK balance ü dull and rigid ü neat but dull ü hard and edgy ü crude looking ü seems tentative, unfinished ü contrast too high ü authoritative but dull ü simplistic ü inappropriate, given map goals! Undertake a systematic critique, then redesign the map ...
  • 54.
  • 55.
    Slide Layout Should beconsistent throughout the presentation Headings, sub-headings, and logo in the same place Margin identical throughout (with exception of tables and charts) Use color for visual interest Replace words with visuals when possible Provide white space Lines, boxes, and open space should be consistent http://www.sae.org/events/bce/powerpoint_help.pdf
  • 56.
    Text Should Providethe Message Highlight Main Points 1 Message per slide Use only keywords or phrases Use bullets when possible One thought per bullet 3-6 bullets per slider NEVER READ THE SLIDES! http://www.sae.org/events/bce/powerpoint_help.pdf
  • 57.
    Fonts Should beReadable Use no more than 2 fonts Use no less than 24 pts for main message and 18 pts for bullets Use distance readable fonts line (i.e., san-serif fonts) Do not use close-uptextfonts (i.e., serif fonts), or Fancy Fonts Do not use Script or italics Use Upper and lower case fonts Always spell check http://www.sae.org/events/bce/powerpoint_help.pdf
  • 58.
    Visual Should Simplifythe Message Use bar/line/pie charts, tables, diagrams, cartoons, clip art, photos, illustration Tables: should contain only necessary information Large numbers should be rounded Pie charts: Show data as % of whole No more than 5 sections Bar charts: Show relationship between variables no more than 3-4 bars Line charts: Make data points readable Use color or shapes for different data points http://www.sae.org/events/bce/powerpoint_help.pdf
  • 59.
    Audience Formulate your objectives Considerthe audience: Who will be there? Why do they need this information? How will this information help them in their job? If they receive this information - so what? How this will benefit them? http://www.sae.org/events/bce/powerpoint_help.pdf
  • 60.
    Audience Learning Audience learnbetter when: Information relates specially or in general to their work environments They are able to apply session ideas to their own work Use anecdotal examples Link content to experiences Presenter does not READ THE TEXT or READ THE SLIDES http://www.sae.org/events/bce/powerpoint_help.pdf
  • 61.
    Delivery Your presentation shouldreflect the session’s description Be prepared Rehearse the presentation ahead of time Arrive early to check the room & equipment Book End your presentation (strong opening, strong closing) State your objectives clearly early in the presentation Establish good eye contact, get audience involved Be enthusiastic! http://www.sae.org/events/bce/powerpoint_help.pdf
  • 62.
    Questions, Answers, andHandouts Provide opportunities for questions & answers Stay after the session and answer any additional questions Provide relevant handouts that: Complement the presentation Provide technical details Provide references Technical detail is presented in the Handouts not in the delivery http://www.sae.org/events/bce/powerpoint_help.pdf
  • 63.
    How to Designa Bad Presentation Ways to misuse visuals, text, and animation in PowerPoint presentation Adapted from Brian Satterfield’s article http://www.techsoup.org/learningcenter/training/page6702.cfm
  • 64.
    1. Jam asmuch information into the slides as possible The more information you include, the more your audience will learn and retain. THIS IS OFTEN NOT THE CASE. 2. Avoid the use of visuals Or use clip art of flowers, cartoons no matter what your are talking about 3. Use plenty of animations – just because you can Animation can be fun Flashing icons grab audience attention 4. Use transitions arbitrarily They will wait to see what’s next transition
  • 65.
    5. Use tiny,hard-to-read fonts Fancy fonts make your slide more beautiful 6. Choose color schemes at random Hot pink and baby blue are my favorite colors 7. Don’t Proofread Don’t worry, only texts of short words on my slides, not even a full sentence 8. Forget the feedback Your presentation is so good that nobody has any question.