The document discusses bats and their ability to use echolocation to catch insects at night. It notes that bats emit rapidly beating cries and listen to the echoes to detect prey. A similar human analog is a blind person tapping with a cane to sense their environment through sound. The document also mentions that bats and other animals like dolphins have sonar abilities that rival or surpass modern radar and sonar technology.

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2. “ One of the most remarkable discoveries Of the modern times has been long-range Scanning devices like radar and sonar.” “ But these electronic marvels of radar and sonar are matched and even surpassed by the echo ranging of such animals as the bat and the bottlenose dolphin or porpoise.” Bats, though not completely blind are said to not have very good vision. The expression blind as a bat refers to someone who doesn’t see very well without their glasses. “ Bats catch night flying insects on the wing by listening to the echoes of their own rapidly beating cries.” “ A blind man tapping with a cane-and hence producing a regular sequence of sound pulses is probably the closest human analog to the remarkable sonar systems of the porpoise or the bat.” Table Of Contents Next Previous

3. Title Page Types of Blindness Blind as a Bat Blind Species Famous Blind People Conclusion Reference Page Previous Next

4. “ Globally, it is estimated that there are 38 million persons who are blind. Moreover, a further 110 million people have low vision and are at great risk of becoming blind. The main causes of blindness and low vision are cataract, trachoma, glaucoma, onchocerciasis, and xerophthalmia ” Previous Next Table of Contents

5. True or False. Bats catch night flying insects on the wing by listening to the echoes of their own rapidly beating cries. What two types of military use sonar and radar systems? Electronically analyzing echoes that are bounced off of objects in the sky is called____? Electronically analyzing echoes that are bounced off of objects in the ocean is called ____? Previous Next Table of Contents

6. “ Cataracts, the world's leading cause of blindness, are an enormous public health problem in both developing and industrialized countries.” “ Trachoma is still a widespread disease that causes blindness in many developing countries, particularly among rural populations. Considerable efforts have been made to control the disease, including large scale antibiotic treatment schemes (1).” “ A comparison was made with estimated world population data for the year 2000. RESULTS: The number of people with primary glaucoma in the world by the year 2000 is estimated at nearly 66.8 million, with 6.7 million suffering from bilateral blindness. In developed countries, fewer than 50% of those with glaucoma are aware of their disease. In the developing world, the rate of known disease is even lower. CONCLUSIONS: Glaucoma is the second leading cause of vision loss in the world. Improved methods of screening and therapy for glaucoma are urgently needed. “ Previous Next Table of Contents

7. Most baby animals and even humans have their eyes closed and have low vision or are blind at birth. Four of blind Species are: The star-nosed Mole, The Texas salamander, the Mexican Tetra, and cave crickets. Previous Next Table of Contents

8. ONCHOCERCIASIS “ An estimated 17.7 million persons, most of them in Africa, are infected with the parasite Onchocerca volvulus. Onchocerciasis has caused blindness in 270,000 and left another 500,000 with severe visual impairment. Onchocerciasis also can cause disfiguring skin changes, musculoskeletal complaints, weight loss, changes in immune function, epilepsy, and growth arrest. “ XEROPHTHALMIA Vitamin A deficiency remains a major cause of pediatric ocular morbidity. Over five million children develop xerophthalmia annually, a quarter million or more becoming blind. Previous Next Table of Contents

9. 1. Onchocerciasis 2. Cataracts 3. Glaucoma 4. 38 million people Previous Next Table of Contents

10. What type of blindness is caused by a parasite? What is the world’s leading cause of blindness? 3 Which type of blindness is the second leading cause of blindness in the world? 4. What is the estimated number of people in the world who are blind? Previous Next Table of Contents

11. Star-nosed Mole: The Star-nosed Mole can detect, catch and eat food faster than the human eye can follow (under 300 milliseconds). [1] Mexican Tetra Ca ve Fish: A . mexicanus only grows to a length of 12 cm (4.7 in) in the recommended minimum of 30 US gallons. The blind cave tetra is a fairly hardy species. They are not picky on food, as they will eat anything from standard flakes to sinking carnivore pellets. Their lack of sight does not hinder their ability to get any and all food before it hits the bottom. Previous Next Table of Contents

12. “ The Air Force and Navy, as constituted today could not exist without them.” “ By electronically analyzing the echoes which are bounced off of objects in the sky(radar) or from objects in the ocean(“active sonar”), the location, movement, and characteristics of these objects can be detected.” Previous Next Table of Contents

13. 1. True 2. Army and Navy 3. Radar 4. Sonar Next Previous Table of Contents

14. Texas Salamander The Texas salamander grows from 2 to 4 inches (5.1 to 10 cm) in length. It is brown in color, often with yellow or brown mottling, with light yellow spotting down its back. It is neotenic , with a slender body, short limbs, and bright red external gills . Blind Cave Crickets Cave crickets have very large hind legs with "drumstick-shaped" femora and long, slender antennae. They are brownish in color and rather humpbacked in appearance, always wingless, and up to two inches/5 cm long in body and 10 cm (4 inches ) for the legs. On baby crickets the body may appear translucent. As the name implies, cave crickets are commonly found in caves. Previous Next Table of Contents

15. This Blind Species has a light brown spotting down its back. What blind species is it? This Blind Species has drum-stick shaped hind legs and is commonly found in caves. What blind species is it? 3. This Blind Species can detect, catch, and eat food faster than the human eye. What blind species is it? 4. Their lack of sight does not hinder their ability to get any and all food before it hits the bottom of the ocean. What blind species is it? Previous Next Table of Contents

16. Texas Salamander Blind Cave Cricket Star-nosed mole Mexican Tetra Previous Next Table of Contents

17. Previous Next Table of Contents

18. Helen Keller Helen Adams Keller was born on June 27, 1880, in Tuscumbia, Alabama. Her family lived on a homestead, Ivy Green Keller went on to become a world-famous speaker and author. She is remembered as an advocate for people with disabilities , amid numerous other causes. Previous Next Table of Contents

19. Stevie Wonder Stevland Hardaway Morris (previously Judkins ; [1] born May 13, 1950), better known by his stage name Stevie Wonder , is an American singer-songwriter , multi-instrumentalist , record producer and activist . [2] Blind since shortly after birth, [3] Wonder signed with Motown Records ' Tamla label at the age of eleven, [2] and continues to perform and record for Motown to this day. Previous Next Table of Contents

20. Helen Keller Stevie Wonder Ray Charles Previous Next Table of Contents

21. This famous blind person went on to become a world-famous speaker and author. Who are they? 2. This famous blind person was a singer and musician by the age of 11. Who are they? 3.This famous blind person’s gritty and soulful voice shaped the sound of rhythm and blues. Who are they? Previous Next Table of Contents

22. I enjoyed putting this project together. I learned a lot about power point, as well as how creative you can be with it, since it has so many features. The topic I chose to research and to create my presentation over is Visual Impairment. I chose this topic because it is close to my heart. I have a younger brother, named Charlie who is Visually Impaired and attends the Indiana School for the Blind. He is now 20 years old. We have been through a lot with him with his disability. He had to see numerous specialists and have surgery several times in order to maintain what little vision he does have. He does wear glasses, and the cause of his blindness is still not completely known to us. He has overcome so much despite his disability and know he will go on to do great things in his life. Three a-ha moments for me during this project were when I discovered how to merge a sound file and an animated clip art together on a slide, and when I hyperlinked a page for the first time. This was my first non-linear power point presentation that I have done. The third a-ha moment was when I learned about species that are completely blind and how they have adapted to their disability. I learned a lot about power point through this project. My favorite part was hyperlinking to the sites for the Reference or Bibliography page. Previous Next Table of Contents

23. Wikipedia http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_animals http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevie_Wonder http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_crickets http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Keller http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Charles http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images?_adv_prop=image&fr=ytff1-yff35&va=famous+blind+people http://www.encyclopedia.com/video/1yRPfyS_LfA-famous-blind-people.aspx http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images?_adv_prop=image&fr=yfp-t-405&sz=all&va=texas+salamander Bull World Health Organ. 1995; 73(1): 115-121 PMCID: PMC2486591 http ://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2486591/ Br J Ophthalmol 1996;80:389-393 doi:10.1136/bjo.80.5.389 . http://bjo.bmj.com/content/80/5/389.abstract Bull World Health Organ. 1987; 65(4): 477–483. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2491032/ http ://scholar.google.com/ Epidemiol Rev. 1995;17(2):336-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8654515 Trends in Parasitology Volume 17, Issue 12 , 1 December 2001, Pages 558-563 http ://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1471492201021122 Science 10 August 1962: Vol. 137 no. 3528 pp. 399-404 DOI: 10.1126/science.137.3528.399 ; http://www.sciencemag.org/content/137/3528/399.short International Ophthalmology Volume 14, Number 3 , 195-199, DOI: 10.1007/BF00158318 ; http://www.springerlink.com/content/twj404774x6116j3/ Previous