Power quality issues can arise from reactive power demand, harmonic distortion, voltage sags and swells, unbalance, flicker, notching, and interruptions. Non-linear loads like rectifiers and adjustable speed drives generate harmonics. Harmonics can overheat equipment and increase losses. Voltage sags are brief reductions in voltage from events like motor starts. Unbalance occurs when three-phase voltages differ in magnitude. Flicker is the perception of lighting variations below 25 Hz. Mitigation methods include active and passive filters, dynamic voltage restorers, static compensators, and surge arresters.

1. Power Quality Issues

2. Basic Requirements for Critical Loads
Continuous, No Break in Power
Voltage Regulation
Sine wave Supply
Isolation
Constant Frequency
LoadVs
Is

3. Understanding
Reactive Power and Power Factor
Vs
Is
R
Is
Vs
XL
ReactivePower(Q)
inVAR
Apparent
Power(S) in
VA
Imp. Phase
Angle
True Power(P)
in Watts
XL
Vs
Is
R

4. Displacement and True Power Factor
Displacement Power Factor:
“Ratio of the active power of the fundamental, in
watts, to the apparent Power of the fundamental
wave, in volt-amperes”
True Power Factor:
“Ratio of the total power, in watts, to the total volt-
amperes. This includes fundamental and all harmonic
components ”

5. Understanding Crest Factor
Non
Linear
Load
Vs
Is
Current drawn by single Phase diode rectifier
Crest Factor = --------------------------
Peak Amplitude
RMS Value

6. Understanding Harmonics
Non
Linear
Load
Vs
Is
Deviation from a perfect sine wave can be represented by Harmonics.
Sinusoidal Component having a frequency that is an integral
multiple of the Fundamental frequency.

7. Total Harmonic Distortion
Defines the total harmonic content of current or voltage
Ratio of the RMS of the harmonic content to the RMS of the
Fundamental, as % of Fundamental
THD =
sum of squares of amplitudes of all harmonics
square of amplitude of fundamental
x 100
Mathematically,THD of a voltage wave form can be defined as,
THD =
V
V
100x
h
h
h
2
1
22=
=∞
∑

8. Power Quality
Supply Voltage at load must
The Voltage at any point in the distribution system is uniquely
described by
Where
v,f are constants (declared Value) for all t
)2(2V(t) ftVSin π=
have fundamental component only
be balanced
have declared magnitude under all conditions

9. PQ affected by Polluting Load
Polluting
Load
A
B
PCC
Distorted
voltage
Pure Sinusoidal
Line Impedance ZL

10. Common PQ Disturbances
Reactive Power Demand
Harmonic Distortion
Voltage sags and swells
Undervoltages and overvoltages
Voltage Unbalance
Voltage Flicker
Voltage Notching
Voltage Interruption
Transient Disturbances
Frequency variations

11. Harmonics-Polluting Loads
Rectifiers
Arc furnaces
Adjustable Speed drives
Power Electronic converters

12. Harmonics-FFT Analysis
Current drawn by PC
Harmonic Spectrum of PC
Current Waveform
6 Pulse Converter/Battery Charger
Harmonic Spectrum of 6 Pulse
Converter/Battery Charger

13. Implication of
Reactive and Harmonics currents
Oversize of all installation equipments to transmit Reactive and
Harmonic currents namely
Transformer
Cables
Circuit breakers & distribution switch boards
Neutral overloads
Increase in Transmission & Distribution loss
Reduction in voltage stability margin
Overheating and loss of life & equipments
Major Increase in cost

14. Voltage sags and swells
• Reduction in the ac voltage, at the power frequency, for durations
from a half-cycle to a few seconds.
• Voltage Sag is Characterized by two parameters – Magnitude and
Duration
• Power Electronics Loads are Sensitive to Voltage Sags

15. Causes of Voltage sags and swells
Causes for Sag
Motor Starting
Transformer Energization
Transmission Faults
Causes for Swell
Single line to ground fault
Removing a large load /
adding a large
capacitor bank
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11190
195
200
205
210
215
220
RMSvoltageinV
Time in Cycles
0 5 10 15 20 2510
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.7
10.8
10.9
11
Time in Cycles
RMSvoltageinkV
Voltage sag due to Motor Starting
Voltage sag due to Transformer
Energization

16. Voltage Unbalance
Definition
In a balanced sinusoidal supply system the three line-neutral voltages
are equal in magnitude and are phase displaced from each other by 120
degrees
Causes for Unbalance
Unequal system impedances
Unequal distribution of
single-phase loads
Phase to Phase loads
Unbalanced Three phase loads
Va
Vb
Vc
1200
1200
1200
Va
Vb
Vc
1200
1210
1190
Balanced System Unbalanced System

17. Effect of Voltage Unbalance
Induction Motor drive
• Overheating and loss of Insulation life
• Reduced Motor Efficiency
• Noisy in their operation due Torque and speed pulsation
• Motor derating factor
NEMA Induction motor derating curve

18. Effect of Voltage Unbalance
AC Variable Speed drive
M
3Ø Diode Rectifier
Line Current of 3Ø diode
Rectifier for Balanced Input
Line Current of 3Ø diode
Rectifier for 5%unbalanced Input
Line Current of 3Ø diode Rectifier
for 15%unbalanced Input
• Draws uncharacteristic triplen harmonics
• Triplen harmonic current can lead to undesirable
harmonic problems
• Excessive thermal stress on diodes

19. Voltage Flicker
Definition
Repetitive or random variations of the voltage envelope modulated at
frequencies less than 25 Hz, which the human eye can detect as a
variation in the lamp intensity of a standard bulb due to sudden changes
in the real and reactive Power drawn by a load
Voltage waveform showing flicker created by an arc furnace

20. Voltage Flicker
Effect
lamp flicker
Human eye is most sensitive to voltage waveform
modulation around a frequency of 6-8Hz.
Causes
Induction Motor drive
• Arc furnaces
• Arc welders
• Frequent motor starts

21. Voltage Notching
Causes
Adjustable Speed Drives
Solid State rectifiers

22. Voltage Interruption
Complete loss of electrical supply
Cause
Transmission Fault clearing time
• Opening / Recloser of circuit breaker

23. Transient Disturbances
Transient disturbances are caused by the injection of
energy by switching or by lightning
Causes
Lightning
Capacitor Switching
Load switching
Oscillatory transient waveform caused by capacitor energizing

24. Need for Power Quality
Business Problems:
• Momentary disturbance can cause scrambled data, interrupted
communications, system crashes and equipment failure
• Lost productivity and idle people and equipment
• Overtime required to make up for lost work time
• Revenue and accounting problems such as invoices not
prepared, payments held up etc
According to Electric Light and Power Magazine, 30 to 40 percent
of all business downtime is related to Power Quality Problems

25. IEEE 519 Harmonic Standard
 IEEE 519 “Recommended Practices and Requirements for
Harmonic Control in Electric Power Systems”
 Specifies load current harmonic limits at PCC
 Specifies supply voltage harmonic limits at PCC
HARMONIC CURRENT DISTORTION LIMITS IN % OF IL
V<69 kV
h 11< 11<h<17 17<h<23 23<h<35 35<h TDD
4.0 2.0 1.5 0.6 0.3 5.0
7.0 3.5 2.5 1.0 0.5 8.0
10.0 4.5 4.0 1.5 0.7 12.0
12.0 5.5 5.0 2.0 1.0 15.0
ISC/ IL
< 20
20-50
50-100
100-1000
> 1000 15.0 7.0 6.0 2.5 1.4 20.0

26. PQ Mitigation
Reactive and Harmonic Demand
 Active Filter
 Passive Filter
Voltage sag and Swell
 Dynamic Voltage Restorer
 Tap changing transformer

27. PQ Mitigation
Voltage Unbalance
 Static Power balancer
 Redistribution of single-phase loads equally
to all phases (Utility level).
 Load Balancing (Plant level)
Voltage Flicker
 Distribution static VAR compensator

28. PQ Mitigation
Transient Disturbances
 Surge Arrester
 Isolation transformer
 Active/Passive Filter