GOOD KNOWLEDGE ABOUT ANIMAL HEALTH

1. SUBMITTED BY-
MRITUNJAY KUMAR
51/18
BIHAR VETERINARY COLLEGE
BASU,PATNA-14
TOPIC:-Treatment and Management of
Rabies

2. RABIES/LYSSA/
HYDROPHOBIA

3. INTRODUCTION
It is an acute fatal disease in man & other warm blooded animals
Characterized by:
Abnormal behavior,
Nervous disturbances such as motor nerve irritability,
Mania,
An attacking complex,
Inability to swallow,
Excessive salivation,
Impairment of consciousness,
Progressive ascending paralysis &
Death due to respiratory paralysis

4. ETIOLOGY
Lyssa virus
Family: Rhabdoviridae
RNA virus,
Bullet shaped (180 nm X 75 nm in dia.)
Highly fragile viruses
susceptible to standard disinfectants
Sunlight & moderate heat destroy the virus

5. SOURCE & TRANSMISSION
Worldwide distribution
Primary reservoirs:
Foxes, bats, raccoons, skunks, dogs, cats & cattle
Transmission:
From fresh saliva via bite, scratch or abrasion by an rabid animal
Rabid dogs shed virus in saliva 5-7 days before showing signs
Cat does so for only 3 days before signs
Contamination of skin wounds by fresh saliva from infected animals also
a source of infection

6. DISEASE IN ANIMALS
1. In dogs
Furious form (changes in behaviour & stage of
excitement)
Tendency to bite either inanimate/animate objects till
death
Travel to long distance
Shows imaginary catching stance
Attempt to lick water but unable to drink water due to
the paralysis of pharyngeal & laryngeal muscles
Drooling of saliva
Photophobia
Changes in barking due to paralysis of vocal chords
Finally, dropped jaw & tongue will protrude & head
will drop down

7. DISEASE IN ANIMALS
1. In dogs
Dump form or paralytic form:
Isolated themselves in dark places
Paralysis of lower jaw (dropped jaw ), tongue, larynx &
hindquarters
Not capable to bite
2. In cats
Furious form is more common

8. DISEASE IN ANIMALS
3. In cattle
Furious form is more common:
Violently attack other animals or
Attack to inanimate objects,
loud bellowing,
Incoordination of gait,
Excessive salivation,
Behavioral changes,
Muzzle tremor,
Aggression,
Sexual excitement,
Hyper excitability &
Pharyngeal paralysis
Paralytic form:
 Knuckling of hind fetlock,
Sagging & swaying of hind
quarter while walking,
 Deviation of tail to one
side,
 Drooling of saliva &
yawing movement

9. DISEASE IN HUMAN
The incubation period: few months (usually 30 to 60 days),
Depending on
The distance of bite,
Severity of bite,
Amount of virus inoculated
Aggressive status of the rabid animal
Infection reaches to CNS symptoms begin to show
The infection is effectively untreatable & usually fatal within days
Death almost invariably results 2-10 days after first symptoms
Drinking cause extremely painful laryngeal spasm
Patient refuses to drink (hydrophobia-fear of water)
Muscle spasm, laryngospasm & extreme excitability are present

10. DIAGNOSIS
1. Sign & symptoms
2. Fluorescent antibody test (FAT)
 Corneal impression smear, as well as brain
 Highly specific & rapid test (99.9%)
 Detects different strains using monoclonal antibody
 The identifiable strains correlate well with species & geographic
distributions observed
3. Identification of Negribodies (intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies) in
the brain impression smear by Seller's staining technique
4. Virus isolation from body fluid or brain tissue
Negri
bodies

11. TREATMENT
Post-exposure care to prevent rabies includes:
Washing & scrubbing the wound with phenolic soap and/or plenty of
running tape water
Application of antiseptics
Avoiding bandaging or suturing of wound, or point of contact
Administering anti-rabies immunizations as soon as possible
Anti-rabies vaccine should be given for category II & III exposures
(follow post exposure schedule)

12. TREATMENT
Post exposure schedule
If the animal is not previously immunized,
Post exposure vaccination on
0-day (the day starts within 24 hours after bite), 3rd, 7th, 14th, 28th &
if necessary, on 90th day (Essen's schedule)
If the animal is immunized annually 0 day, 3rd and 7th day, put the
animal under observation for 10 days
If the animal dies, should follow the full regimen (5 doses)

13. VACCINATION
Pre-exposure schedule
Type of vaccine:
Inactivated (from cell culture or embryonated egg vaccine)
Number of doses:
Three: 0, 7th & 21st or 28th day given by IM or ID route (vaccine should
not be given in the gluteal region)
Booster: After one year then every five years
Contraindication:
Severe reaction to previous dose
Adverse reactions:
Mild local or systemic reactions; rare neuroparalytic reactions reported
Special precautions:
Do not use animal-brain-derived vaccines

14. PREVENTION
Postexposure immunization:
Upto 50% of human rabies immune globulin is infiltrated around the
wound; the rest is administered IM
(ERIG or HRIG: anti-rabies antibody)
Human Diploid Cell Vaccine (HDCV):
5 injections IM at days 0, 3, 7, 14, & 28
Vaccination of domestic animals
Enforced animal control measures (Animal Birth Control and Anti-
rabies vaccination programme: ABC-AR)
Controlling stray dog population
Proper immunization of household dogs (ABC-AR programme)
Vaccination of high risk personnel
Awareness programme among public